4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools.

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1 Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. 1. The luster of this mineral could be determined by A) using an electronic balance B) using a graduated cylinder C) observing how light reflects from the surface of the mineral D) observing what happens when acid is placed on the mineral 2. Which mineral was tested? A) amphibole B) quartz C) galena D) graphite 3. Different arrangements of tetrahedra in the silicate group of minerals result in differences in the minerals' A) age, density, and smoothness B) cleavage, color, and abundance C) hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape D) chemical composition, size, and origin

2 4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools. Which statement is best supported by Bowen's Reaction Series? A) Most minerals crystallize at the same temperature. B) Most felsic minerals usually crystallize before most mafic minerals. C) Muscovite mica and quartz are the last minerals to crystallize as magma cools. D) Biotite mica is the first mineral to crystallize as magma cools. Base your answers to questions 5 through 8 on the data table below. 5. Moh's scale would be most useful for A) finding the mass of a mineral sample B) finding the density of a mineral sample C) identifying a mineral sample D) counting the number of cleavage surfaces of a mineral sample 6. Moh's scale arranges minerals according to their relative A) resistance to breaking B) resistance to scratching C) specific heat D) specific gravity 7. Which statement is best supported by the data shown? A) An iron nail contains fluorite. B) A streak plate is composed of quartz. C) Topaz is harder than a steel file. D) Apatite is softer than a copper penny. 8. The durable gemstones ruby and sapphire are valuable due to their color and hardness. These gemstones would most likely be located on Moh's scale at the hardness level of A) 1 B) 9 C) 3 D) 4 9. Which characteristic do samples of the mineral pyroxene normally exhibit? A) yellow to amber color B) bubbling in hydrochloric acid C) cleaves at 56 and 124 D) hardness of 5 to 6

3 10. Scratching a mineral against a glass plate and rubbing a mineral on a streak plate are helpful procedures for determining a mineral s A) density B) identity C) cleavage D) internal atomic structure 11. Which mineral bubbles when acid is placed on it? A) Calcite B) Pyroxene C) Potassium Feldspar D) Garnet 12. Base your answer to the following question on the table below, which shows the characteristics of four different mineral samples. Which two mineral samples would be most difficult to distinguish from each other based on their color, luster, and streak? A) halite and quartz B) halite and gold C) galena and quartz D) galena and gold 13. An unidentified mineral that is softer than calcite exhibits a metallic luster and cubic cleavage. This mineral most likely is A) galena B) pyrite C) halite D) pyroxene 14. What is the best way to determine if a mineral sample is calcite or quartz? A) Observe the color of the mineral. B) Place the mineral near a magnet. C) Place a drop of acid on the mineral. D) Measure the mass of the mineral. 15. The relative hardness of a mineral can best be tested by A) scratching the mineral across a glass plate B) squeezing the mineral with calibrated pliers C) determining the density of the mineral D) breaking the mineral with a hammer

4 16. The diagram below represents the mass and volume of a mineral sample being measured. These measurements were used to determine the density of the mineral sample. What is the density of this mineral sample? A) 6 g/ml B) 24 g/ml C) 34 g/ml D) 60 g/ml 17. Which property is most useful in mineral identification? A) hardness B) color C) size D) texture 18. Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when rubbed against an unglazed porcelain plate? A) galena B) graphite C) hematite D) pyrite

5 Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the diagram below, which shows three minerals with three different physical tests, A, B, and C, being performed on them. 19. The results of all three physical tests shown are most useful for determining the A) rate of weathering of the minerals B) identity of the minerals C) environment where the minerals formed D) geologic period when the minerals formed 20. Which sequence correctly matches each test, A, B, and C, with the mineral property tested? A) A cleavage; B streak; C hardness B) A cleavage; B hardness; C streak C) A streak; B cleavage; C hardness D) A streak; B hardness; C cleavage 21. Base your answer to the following question on the information below. A student on a field trip in New York State collected a sample of metamorphic bedrock containing bands of coarse-grained crystals of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, quartz, and mica. Describe two physical properties of pyroxene. 22. A human fingernail has a hardness of approximately 2.5. Which two minerals are softer than a human fingernail? A) calcite and halite B) sulfur and fluorite C) graphite and talc D) pyrite and magnetite 23. Which mineral would most likely become rounded at the fastest rate when tumbled along A) garnet B) pyroxene C) plagioclase feldspar D) selenite gypsum

6 Base your answers to questions 24 and 25 on the diagram and table below. 24. If the volume of mineral sample A is 28 cubic centimeters, sample A is most likely A) copper B) galena C) chalcopyrite D) dolomite 25. The original shape of mineral sample A was altered when it was hit with a rock hammer. Which physical property caused the mineral to break as it did? A) hardness B) luster C) cleavage D) streak 26. Which mineral will scratch fluorite, galena, and pyroxene? A) graphite B) calcite C) olivine D) dolomite 27. Which diagram best shows the grain size of some common sedimentary rocks? A) B) C) D)

7 28. A nonvesicular rock is made entirely of green 2-millimeter-diameter crystals that have a hardness of 6.5 and show fracture, but notcleavage. The rock is most likely A) shale B) phyllite C) dunite D) schist 29. Scratching a mineral against a glass plate is a method used for determining the mineral's A) color B) hardness C) luster D) cleavage Base your answers to questions 30 and 31 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The table provides information about four minerals, A through D. 30. The diagram below represents a sample of mineral A. Mineral A is most likely A) garnet B) galena C) olivine D) halite 31. Which mineral can scratch A, B, and C, but can not scratch D? A) talc B) selenite gypsum C) fluorite D) quartz 32. The diagram below shows four mineral samples, each having approximately the same mass. If all four samples are placed together in a closed, dry container and shaken vigorously for 10 minutes, which mineral sample would experience the most abrasion? A) quartz B) amphibole C) pyroxene D) galena

8 33. The photograph below shows an outcrop where a light-colored, igneous rock is cross cut by a dark-colored, igneous rock. This fine-grained, dark-colored, igneous rock is most likely A) rhyolite B) diorite C) basalt D) gabbro 34. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 35. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? A) calcite B) halite C) pyrite D) mica

9 36. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below. The map shows the generalized landscape regions of Vermont. Landscape Regions of Vermont Most of Vermont's landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains that were covered by several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand, cobbles, and boulders were deposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into six landscape regions. (1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlain moderating its temperature. (2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400 million years ago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is known for its deposits of talc and asbestos. (3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble are commonly mined in this region. (4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Most of the bedrock in the region is limestone and marble. (5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This region consists of rolling hills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry. (6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granite bedrock.

10 Some of the bedrock in the Green Mountains is actually green in color because of the presence of the mineral chlorite. Which other mineral can cause rocks to appear green? A) sulfur B) magnetite C) olivine D) halite 37. Which mineral has a metallic luster, a black streak, 41. Which mineral scratches dolomite and is scratched and is an ore of iron? by olivine? A) galena B) magnetite C) pyroxene D) graphite 38. Which home-building material is made mostly from the mineral gypsum? A) plastic pipes B) window glass C) drywall panels D) iron nails 39. Which common mineral fizzes when dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is placed on it? A) calcite B) feldspar C) quartz D) talc 40. Which mineral has a hardness of and makes a good electrical insulator? A) Pyroxene B) Biotite Mica C) Gypsum D) Magnetite A) galena B) quartz C) potassium feldspar D) muscovite mica 42. Which two properties are most useful in distinguishing between galena and halite? A) cleavage and color B) luster and color C) hardness and streak D) streak and cleavage

11 43. Halite has three cleavage directions at 90º to each other. Which model best represents the shape of a broken sample of halite? A) 45. In which set are the rock drawings labeled with their correct rock types? A) B) B) C) D) C) 46. Which mineral is commonly used as a food additive? A) calcite B) talc C) halite D) fluorite 47. The diagram below shows the results of one test for mineral identification. D) 44. The photograph below shows a piece of halite that has been recently broken. Which mineral property is being tested? A) density B) fracture C) streak D) luster 48. Which mineral has a hardness of 6, and shows cleavage? A) Olivine B) Talc C) Hematite D) Potassium Feldspar Which physical property of halite is demonstrated by this pattern of breakage? A) hardness B) streak C) cleavage D) luster

12 Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on map below, which shows areas where certain minerals were mined in significant amounts during The mineral wollastonite has a hardness of 4.5 to 5. Which New York State mineral could easily scratch wollastonite? A) garnet B) halite C) talc D) gypsum 50. What is a common use for the mineral that is mined at the southern end of the two largest Finger Lakes? A) making talcum powder B) vulcanizing rubber C) polishing jewelry D) melting ice 51. What is the hardness of Sulfur? A) 6.5 B) 2 C) 3 D) 2.5

13 52. The data table below gives information on mineral hardness. 56. Base your answer to the following question on Moh's mineral hardness scale and on the chart below showing the approximate hardness of some common objects. Moh's scale would be most useful for A) identifying a mineral sample B) finding the mass of a mineral sample C) finding the density of a mineral sample D) counting the number of cleavage surfaces of a mineral sample 53. Which mineral will scratch glass (hardness = 5.5), but not pyrite? A) gypsum B) fluorite C) orthoclase D) quartz 54. Which mineral has a greater hardness? A) Galena B) Olivine C) Garnet D) Biotite Mica 55. What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 1.8 g/cm 3 B) 5.7 g/cm 3 C) 6.1 g/cm 3 D) 12.2 g/cm 3 Which statement is best supported by this scale? A) A fingernail will scratch calcite, but not quartz. B) A fingernail will scratch quartz, but not calcite. C) A piece of glass can be scratched by quartz, but not by calcite. D) A piece of glass can be scratched by calcite, but not by quartz. 57. The graph below shows the hardness of four minerals. Which mineral is hard enough to scratch calcite but is not hard enough to scratch amphibole? A) muscovite mica B) fluorite C) olivine D) graphite

14 58. One of the most abundant minerals in beach sand is quartz. Which property of quartz could account for its abundance? A) hardness B) texture C) color D) luster 59. Minerals are identified on the basis of A) the method by which they were formed B) the type of rock in which they are found C) the size of their crystals D) their physical and chemical properties 60. The internal atomic structure of a mineral most likely determines the mineral's A) color, streak, and age B) origin, exposure, and fracture C) size, location, and luster D) hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape Base your answers to questions 61 and 62 on the photograph below. The photograph shows several broken samples of the same colorless mineral. 64. Which mineral property is illustrated by the peeling of muscovite mica into thin, flat sheets? A) luster B) streak C) hardness D) cleavage 61. Which mineral is most likely shown in the photograph? A) quartz B) calcite C) galena D) halite 62. Which physical property of this mineral is most easily seen in the photograph? A) fracture B) hardness C) streak D) cleavage 63. Which two rocks are primarily composed of a mineral that bubbles with acid? A) limestone and marble B) granite and dolostone C) sandstone and quartzite D) slate and conglomerate

15 65. The data table below gives characteristics of the gemstone peridot. Peridot is a form of the mineral A) pyrite B) pyroxene C) olivine D) garnet 66. A student created the table below by classify six 68. The diagrams below represent fractured samples of minerals into two groups, A and B, based on a four minerals. single property. Which property was used to classify' these minerals? A) color B) luster C) chemical composition D) hardness 67. Which mineral is an ore of iron and has a characteristic reddish brown streak? A) magnetite B) pyrite C) hematite D) olivine Which mineral property is best illustrated by the samples? A) hardness B) streak C) cleavage D) density 69. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? A) rock salt B) rhyolite C) basalt D) conglomerate

16 70. The table below shows some observed physical properties of a mineral. Based on these observations, the elements that make up this mineral's composition are A) sulfur and lead B) sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen C) oxygen, silicon, hydrogen, and magnesium D) oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron 71. The table below shows the hardness of four common materials. Which statement best describes the hardness of the mineral dolomite? A) Dolomite can scratch window glass, but can not be scratched by a fingernail. B) Dolomite can scratch window glass, but can not be scratched by a steel nail. C) Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a fingernail. D) Dolomite can scratch a copper penny, but cannot be scratched by a steel nail.

17 Base your answers to questions 72 and 73 on the data table below, which lists some properties of four minerals that are used as ores of zinc (Zn). 72. A mineral with a hardness of 5 would scratch A) all four zinc minerals in the table B) zincite, but not sphalerite, smithsonite, or willemite C) zincite and sphalerite, but not smithsonite or willemite D) zincite, sphalerite, and smithsonite, but not willemite 73. Which mineral belongs in the same mineral group as quartz and olivine? A) zincite B) willemite C) sphalerite D) smithsonite 74. Which statement about the minerals plagioclase feldspar, gypsum, biotite mica, and talc can best be inferred from the chart? A) These minerals have the same chemical and physical properties. B) These minerals have different chemical properties, but they have similar physical properties. C) These minerals have different physical and chemical properties, but they have identical uses. D) The physical and chemical properties of these minerals determine how humans use them.

18 75. The diagram below shows the index minerals of Mohs hardness scale compared with the hardness of some common objects. Which statement is best supported by the diagram? A) A fingernail will scratch calcite but not gypsum. B) Calcite will be scratched by a copper penny. C) The mineral apatite will scratch topaz. D) A steel file has a hardness of about The mineral graphite is often used as A) a lubricant B) an abrasive C) a source of iron D) a cementing material