Knowledge and data gaps on the Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean benthic and pelagic ecosystems
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1 Workshop Towards the development of a strategic Environmental Management Plan for deep seabed mineral exploration and exploitation in the Atlantic basin (SEMPIA) 1-3 June 2015, Horta, Azores, Portugal Knowledge and data gaps on the Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean benthic and pelagic ecosystems Angel Perez
2 Origin Ma - On-ridge intense basaltic volcanism Atlantic expansion - Separation fron Walvis Ridge - Thermal subsidence, Eocene (30-50 ma) - RGR underwent alkaline vulcanism - Formation of seamounts and guyots - uplifted bove the sea level Erosion - shallow watter sedimentation - subsidence
3 Geomorphology ERGR WRGR km 2 Complex topography: Western Eastern components Western Large Elyptic Bulge (1.5 the area of Portugal!) 5km above ocean basin plateau 600 m deep On plateau: NW SE troughs: grabben over plateau
4 Questions Surface Productivity Topography x Current flow Nutrient enrichment? Plankton trapping? Biodiversity Fauna Diversity - Abundance Connectivity Drivers Depth Habitats Topography Heterogeneity? Energy sources?
5 Studies in the RGR
6 Benthic & Benthopelagic Fauna Rock Cnidaria Porifera Echinodermata Mollusca Polychaeta Crustacea Bryozoa Sipuncula Ascidiacea Pisces Brachiopoda Percentual de ocorrência nos lances Al Ch Pockmarks Width ~30km Sediment
7 Grabben Bottom 1200m Grabben Wall m Summit - Crust m Summit Carbonate Rock 600m Summit Sediment 1000m
8 Perez et al. (submitted) Hajdu et al. (submitted) Sarostegia oculata Regular plane of growth (n=85, r = 0.97) Regular current direction (313⁰)
9 Megafauna: Fish & Crustacean (video analysis) Gadiformes Anguilliformes Lophiiformes Albuliformes Beryciformes Aristeidae Argentiniformes Redfish Order2 Zeiformes Dendrobranchiata1 Redfish Order1 Palinuridae Squaliformes Geryonidae Scorpaeniformes Polychelidae Ophidiiformes Stomiiformes Nematocarcinidae Dendrobranchiata 2 Lithodidae Unid Fish Dendrobranchiata NI Decapoda NI Exploration: ~5500 m - ~9.5 hours 466 fish (30 morphotypes) 13 Orders/~16 Families 26 Decapoda (7 morphotypes) ~7 Families Dive 1338 Dive 1339 Projasus parkery Malacocephalus okamurai Synaphobranchus sp. Chaunax sp.
10 Number of Morphotypes More habitats Fish and crustacean community composition vary significantly among habitats (ANOSIM p = 0.001) Less habitats 40 60% species turnover between adjacent habitats Two diving sites differed in abundance (<0.001) Number of records/ 80 m observation 0 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 Observation Time (h) Records with Susp. Feeders Records on habitats with high sediments coverage Current effect? 0 GB SCR SCA SSD SCT Dive Dive GB GW SCR SCA All SSD SCT All
11 Megafauna: Hypothesis RGR sectors exposed to intense/ regular current regime many suspension feeders concentrate OM (Sponges) - increased fauna abundance RGR sectors where current regime is less intense/regular more sediments less suspension feeders less fish/crustacean abundance Fish react to current regime in different ways Cabeça Cauda Current direction (as derived from sponge growth plane) Cabeça Cauda
12 Depth (m) Pelagic Ecosystem 0 clorofila-a (ug/l) ZOOPLÂNKTON Mg/l
13 Top Predators Brazilian longliners concentrateon slope waters aiming at Swordfish Long Distance operations on SE RGR - targetting at large concentrations of blue shark Food concentration does not seem to be the driver of those concentrations life cycle? B Fraction of Data A Fraction of Data Kg/1000 hooks Slpe Waters RGR RGR Slpe Waters Xyphias gladius Prionace glauca Kg/1000 hooks
14 Final Remarks Understanding biological community structure in RGR is becoming critical as Brazil has applied for exploration of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts 2015 onwards Plan of Work First Phase (5 years) Series of Oceanographic Cruises planned to build Environmenl Baselines Ecological Questions will be addressed in a specific sampling program
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