Holocene dune reactivation along the northern Curonian Spit: geological, paleoecological, and archaeological implications
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1 Holocene dune reactivation along the northern Curonian Spit: geological, paleoecological, and archaeological implications Ilya Buynevich Temple University (USA) Collaborators: Albertas Bitinas Donatas Pupienis Aldona Damušytė Coastal Research & Planning Institute Vilnius University Lithuanian Geological Survey TEMPLE UNIVERSITY
2 Dauphin Island, AL - Erosion - Flooding - Submergence Chandeleur Islands, LA July 21 Aug 25 July 21 Hurricane Katrina Sep 24 (post-ivan) Aug 25 Photos by USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program
3 Deposition (sand invasion) Ingleses, Brazil Desert dunes, Mauritania Baltic Sea coast Atalaia, N. Brazil
4 Coastal Dune Research ocean prevailing wind Major Dunefields - Activity through Holocene - Global distribution - Sensitivity to environmental changes Record of: - wind patterns (GCM groundtruth) - wind velocity - sea-level change - sediment supply - precipitation/water table elevation - vegetation dynamics
5 Basin-Scale Links Baltic Sea USA Cape Cod, Massachusetts Visbeck et al (21) - NAO-sensitive regions Martha s Vineyard Aquinnah Dunefield - Similar: post-glacial SL history sediment sourcing prevailing winds vegetation Curonian Spit, Lithuania
6 Complementary Paleoenvironmental Records Dunes Intradunal Wetlands paleosol/ peat aeolian sand Landscape stability Climate: warm/humid/storminess Age control: AMS 14C Dune activity Climate: cold/dry/storminess Age control: OSL
7 Chronology of European Dune Activity European coastal dunes Existing Chronology Medieval Little Warm Ice Age Period Climate deterioration - abrupt cooling (Meese et al., 1994; Bond et al, 1997) N. America Cape Cod N. Carolina Curonian Spit previous active phases Poland N. Europe Netherlands Northern Ireland NE England SW Denmark 5 Short activity phases: large 14C dating errors? (AD 195) Calendar years BP
8 Aeolian activity phases: number, timing, and triggers? Outline High-resolution subsurface (GPR) imaging Paleosols: distribution and chronology Revised optical (OSL) chronology Lithological anomalies (geophysics, ichnology) Paleoecology: Holocene dune and lagoon faunas Geoarchaeology: human-landscape interaction
9 Highest coastal dunes in Northern Europe Baltic Sea Baltic Sea Lithuania wind STUDY AREA Curonian Spit dune migration lagoon Russia massive (17-19 m3) landward sand transfer N 1 km GoogleEarth Image lagoon oversteepening and collapse
10 Outcrop/core studies limited information borehole water table limited outcrops
11 Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Rapid, continuous, high-resolution subsurface imaging SIR-2 GSSI Inc. GPR paleosol survey wheel control unit 2 MHz antenna Layer 1 λ Layer 2 electromagnetic waves
12 Paleosols Chronology of Landscape Stability deflation remnant Naglių Nature Reserve Lithuania Paleosol 2 km Russia Baltic Sea deflation surface exposed paleosol P1 Depth (m) deflation surface (25 m above MSL) o dune slipfaces Two-way travel time (ns) 33 P1 P2 water table P3 dune migration Range: 3 ns Vertical Resolution: cm 5 1 m
13 Paleosols Chronology of Landscape Stability Evolving dune morphology N Baltic Sea Juodkrante C Curonian Lagoon dr GPR profile paleosol wind 3,355±115 Nida P3 Lithuania Russia deflation remnant (dr) paleo-dune migration 5 km 1,255±85 P2 P1 ds dr ds 5,69±8 P4 P1 7±4 Little Ice Age begins vegetated dune Baltic Sea Curonian Lagoon (17 m) (2 m) ds 5 m 1 GPR profile Legend MS profile P1 Paleosols: exposed buried
14 Improved 14C Chronology of Dune Activity European coastal dunes Revised Chronology Climate deterioration - abrupt cooling (Meese et al., 1994; Bond et al, 1997) N. America Cape Cod N. Carolina Curonian Spit new previous Poland N. Europe Netherlands Northern Ireland NE England SW Denmark (AD 195) Calendar years BP
15 Activity-Stability Phases Phase 1: ~5,7 cal BP Age of spit > 6 ka P4 soil with SL rise Phases 2-4: 3,4-7 cal BP P1 soil buried paleosols Phase 5: post-7 cal BP (Little Ice Age) P4 P3 P2 deflation burial Similar evolution: Łeba dunes, Poland (Borówka, 1975) Cape Flattery dunes, Queensland, Australia (Pye, 1993) P4 P3 P2 P1
16 Activity-Stability Phases timing (inception and duration) of aeolian activity burial P4 P3 P2 P1
17 Coupled 14C and OSL Chronology (cal ybp) OSL Baltic Sea N Juodkrante C Curonian Lagoon dr GPR profile 3,355±115 Nida C 14 3,893±21 Lithuania Russia deflation remnant (dr) P3 1,255±85 P2 paleo-dune migration 5 km 7±4 P1 ds dr Little Ice Age begins ds 5,69±8 5,243±33 P4 Baltic Sea Curonian Lagoon (17 m) P1 (2 m) ds 1,283±8 5 m GPR profile 163±2 vegetated dune 1 Legend MS profile P1 Paleosols: exposed buried
18 Chronology of Dune Activity: Summary paleosol (stability) paleosol (stability) aeolian sand (activity) bulk 14C? 2σ bulk 14C? 2σ AMS 14C AMS 14C 2σ? bypassing (non-deposition)? OSL 2σ
19 Revised Chronology of Dune Activity Revised Chronology (red-osl ages) European coastal dunes Medieval Little Warm Ice Age Period Climate deterioration - abrupt cooling (Meese et al., 1994; Bond et al, 1997) N. America Cape Cod N. Carolina Curonian Spit new previous active phases Poland N. Europe Netherlands Northern Ireland NE England SW Denmark (AD 195) Calendar years BP Short episodes of large-scale dune migration (Buynevich et al, 27; Gaigalas and Pazdur, 28)
20 Reactivation of aeolian activity: Triggers Storms, disease, deforestation P1 Fires (natural and man-made) P1 charcoal
21 Reactivation Surfaces (paleosols absent) AD Baltic Sea Lithuania wind Karvaičių 1 km GoogleEarth Image 18th century advance phase, Karvaičių
22 Atlantic Ocean Reactivated Dunes equatorial Brazil dune migration buried forest ~1m 5m OSL
23 Heavy-Mineral Concentrations Gray Value A 2 1 paleosol 1 5 HMCs: high-amplitude reflections 5 1 dune migration A 15 HMC Depth (m) B P1 P2 paleosol 2 water table Range: 3 ns 2 1 Vertical Resolution: cm B 5 1 m 35 Distance (m) texture: high-amplitude reflections
24 Paleo-Wind Intensity and Sand Transport modern ripple HMC modern dune paleo-hmc Impact threshold velocity (Bagnold, 1954): u*t = A (ρs-ρair)/ρair)gd Quartz: 2.65 Garnet: Magnetite: 5.18
25 MS as paleo-wind proxy surface trench volume MS profile ground exposure 6.6*1-5SI relict dune migration.7 dune migration Medieval Warm Period 3 HMCs (intensified wind activity) few HMCs (calm period?) Little Ice Age dune migration 1 magnetic susceptibility (κ*1-5si) ,255± Distance (m, upwind of P1) 1 7±4 Buynevich et al. (27)
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