INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY A PATH FOR HORIZING YOUR INNOVATIVE WORK SPECIAL ISSUE FOR NATIONAL LEVEL CONFERENCE "RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES & IT S APPLICATION" ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN AKOLA CITY, MAHARASHTRA USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES B. S. MANJARE 1, S. M. TALE 2 1. Department of Geology RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur (MS) India. 2. Collage of Engineering and Technology, Akola, University SGB Amravati, (MS) India. Accepted Date: 12/03/2016; Published Date: 02/04/2016 Abstract: Depletion and pollution of water are the major problems of water resources in India. Rural India lacks proper water supply infrastructure and people do not have access to safe drinking water. By plotting the lineament and river drainage network using Satellite data and inputs of geological, soil and geomorphological data it is very easy to understand where and how the municipal solid waste are being interacting with the local geology and drainage. The study are shows the ground water contamination due to municipal solid waste. By proper disposal of the municipal solid waste could be the best solution for controlling the ground water contamination. Keywords: Environmental Assessment, Geospatial Techniques Corresponding Author: B. S. MANJARE Co Author: S. M. TALE Access Online On: How to Cite This Article: PAPER-QR CODE B. S. Manjare, IJPRET, 2016; Volume 4 (8):

2 INTRODUCTION GIS and remote sensing is widely used as tools to digitize remotely sensed data complemented with various ground-truth data, which are geo-coded using a global positioning system (GPS).Solid waste of different kind may infiltrate in the ground water table and lead to the ground water contamination in the study area (Manjare, 2013). The urban areas, on the other hand, are faced with the problem of inadequate supply and low quality of these services. India has about 20 percent of the world s population but only about 4 percent of the world s fresh water resources. The per capita water availability in the country is expected to drop to 1500 cubic meters in 2005 from 2384 cubic metres in 2000, which is lower than 1700 cubic metres - the benchmark for water scarce regions. Water contamination is so severe that about 70 percent of all diseases in India are water borne and about 73 million workdays are lost each year due to them (Sharma, 2002). Solid waste problems are more obvious in the urban rather than in rural areas. They cover many issues such as collection of mixed waste, lack of use of sanitary landfills, dumping of waste in open grounds, technical and socio-economic problems etc. The daily per capita solid waste generated in small, medium and large towns in India is around 0.1 kg, kg and 0.6 kg, respectively, with the recyclable content varying from 13 percent to 20 percent. Improper disposal of such large quantities of SW has caused significant land degradation. The drive for increased agricultural production has resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in the country. For instance, by the end of the year 2005, India is expected to produce 75 percent of its rice from just 10 varieties compared to the 30,000 varieties traditionally cultivated. Terrestrial biodiversity losses in various ecosystems have been identified as a major concern but these have still to be quantified (UNEP, 2001). The most common problems associated with improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, odor nuisance, atmospheric and water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses (Jilani et al). Generally municipal solid waste is collected and deposited in sanitary disposal, such unscientific disposal attract birds, rodents and fleas to the waste dumping site and create unhygienic conditions (Suchitra, 2007).The degradation of the solid waste results in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and other trace gases. The unscientific disposal may reduce the quality of the drinking water and causes the disease like jaundice, nausea, asthma (MeBean et al., 1995). The present study intend to find out how solid waste interacting to the local geology lineament and river drainage which generated from Akola municipality and surrounding areas through the help of Remote sensing and GIS techniques. 303

3 Study Area The Akola city is located at 19 51' and 21 16' latitude north and 76 38' and 77 44' longitude east, covering an area of 150 Km 2 and falls in parts of Survey of India degree sheets 55 D/14 and 55 H/2 at present city Consists of 72 municipal wards in Akola city (Fig.1). The city broadly classified as agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential, transportation, administration etc. This study helps in parallel phenomena, identifying zones of scantiness and inadequacy in the city system of Akola. The administrators in the city can evolve an expert of a decision support system aimed at for various decision-making processes. The city covering an area of km Population acts on land through a spectrum of activities, which can be broadly classified as agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential, transportation, administration etc. The elevation of the study area ranges from 261 m to 323 m above sea level. The slope angle ranges from 0 to 4. The climate of the district is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year except during the south-west monsoon season, i.e., June to September. The mean minimum temperature is 12.6 C and means maximum temperature is 42.4 C. The normal annual rainfall over the district varies from about 740 mm to 860 mm. The average annual rainfall for the last ten years ranges from (C G W B, 2007). Fig.1: Location map of the stud area 304

4 Contour A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness of slope. In contour maps when the contour lines are close to each other denotes steep terrain and when these lines are widely spaced slope is uniform. Counter map of the study area extracted from the SRTM DEM 90 m resolution. As observed the arrangement and pattern of contour lines reflect the topography of the city. The city area is more or less comprised of undulating slope. The southern part contour lines are closely spaced but towards north the contour lines are widely spaced, which means, in this sector the slope is undulating &area has steep slope (Fig.2). Fig.2: Counter map of the study area extracted from the SRTM DEM 90 m resolution Geomorphology The northern fringe of the district is hilly and forms part of Satpura Range. South of these hill ranges, covering almost entire north-central part constitutes the alluvial plain. Southern part of the district is characterized by hilly rugged terrain as a part of Deccan Plateau. Two types of soils have been observed in the district namely medium black soil occurring in plain central part of trap origin and deep black soil occurring in valley in northern part. 305

5 Drainage pattern Dendritic to subdendritic drainage pattern is most common pattern is formed in a drainage basin composed of fairly homogeneous rock without control by the underlying geologic structure. The longer the time of formation of a drainage basin is, the more easily the dendritic pattern is formed. The study area has dendritic to sub dendritic drainage type pattern (Fig. 2.1). It is characterized by a tree like branching system in which tributaries join the gently curving main stream at acute angles. In the study area at some places the drainage pattern is slightly parallel due to parallel orientation of lineament. Geology of the Study Area Fig.3: Drainage map of the study area Geologically the Area Falls under two formation i.e. Deccan trap and Purna alluvium. Major part of the district is covered by basaltic lava flows of upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene age. The Deccan lava sequence is grouped under Satpura group in the northern part whereas in southern part it is grouped under Sahyadri group. The basalt forming the various flows varies in colour from dark grey to purple and pink. Some of the flow units are massive which are fractured to varying extent. Both sheet joints and vertical joints are seen. At places the rocks show vesicular 306

6 character which are generally filled with secondary minerals like zeolites, carbonate minerals and secondary silica i.e. agate etc. giving rise to amygdaloidal character. Pipe amygdales are also observed. The lower part of a flow unit is usually of massive character which passes upwards into a vesicular or amygdaloidal (zeolitic) horizon. Vesicles and amygdales increase towards the top of a flow unit which in turn merges into a red bole, at some places. The red bole is overlain by the massive horizon of the next younger flow unit (Fig. 3 table 1). The red bole which generally occurs in the upper part of pink zeolitic basalt varies thickness from few cm. to about 1 mt. In all probability, it is a product of atmospheric weathering representing the ancient soil profile which was later buried under the next younger flow. This might have also caused the baking of the underlying soil to some extent due to which typical columnar jointing is developed in red bole in some sections. Hydrothermal alterations might have also been responsible to a limited extent for the formation of red bole. As the permeability of red bole is poor, it usually forms confining layers. At places where it has joints, it forms moderate to good aquifers. Table 1: The stratigraphic succession of the study area Age Group Formation Lithology Recent Black Cotton soil Thick Layer of Black Cotton Soil Local Alluvium Quaternary (Pleistocene to Recent) Purna Alluvium Cretaceous to Sahyadri Group (Deccan Trap) Ajanta Formation 2 Aa and 8-compound Pahoehoe (10-Basaltic Lava flows) Paleocene Characteristics of the Deccan trap in the study area Deccan Basalts are volcanic lava eruptions, of special type being predominantly continental sub aerially and believed to have welled up and spread laterally like floods of liquid magma. The 307

7 nature of such lava and eruptions and structure formed as a result of their cooling to quite complicated but they have important bearing on the movement of Groundwater. Weathering of the basaltic lava flow plays a very important role in the mode of occurrence of groundwater. Based purely on physical and megascopic properties, the basalt in Akola city can be classified as, Hard, compact & Massive basalt, Vesicular, zeolitic basalts, Porphyritic basalts, Fractured and jointed basalts and Weathered basalts. Joints are quite common in the Deccan basalt. Thick lava flows are broken in to in-numerable jointed blocks. The orientation of the most of these joints is normal right angle to the cooling surface of the lava flows and suggest that they are due to shrinkage of cooling. Thick basalt lavas have developed columnar jointing at few places. Columnar jointed flows usually show a two or three tiered arrangement. At the bottom a set of the thick and well formed columns stands essentially normal to base of the flow. Rarely the columns are separated by the joints parallel to the flow surface. Ideally the columns are six sided with angles close to C closed to the ground surface the basalts generally show sheeting and-appear foliated. Purna Alluvium Below the trap there is vertical thick layer of black cotton soil and red bole. The northern part of the district on either side of Purna River is underlain by thick alluvial deposits of Pleistocene to Recent age and is termed as Purna Alluvium. The thick deposits of alluvium sediments comprising of clay, silt and gravel are found in Purna river valley in the Northern part of the study area. The Purna alluvium attains a thickness of 450 m as deciphered in the exploratory bore well of CGWB. The alluvium can be divided into younger and older alluvium. The younger alluvium which is 70 to 80 m thick includes sub angular to sub rounded basaltic gravel. Soil Soils constitute the physical basis of all agricultural practice. The capacity of the soil to retain and transmit moisture depends upon structure and texture. The main factors which influence the formation of soil are climate, Geology, Vegetation, topography & time. However topography appears to have predominant effect in the development of the soils in the districts. The productivity of the crops mainly depends upon the various nutrients present in the soil. These nutrients viz. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium account for soil fertility. The soils of the district are basically derived from volcanic trap rocks and are quite fertile. Based mainly upon the physical characteristics of the soil, they can be divided in three categories, viz., (1) Coarse shallow soils (2) Medium black soils and (3) Deep black soils. 308

8 Lineaments Lineaments are defined as mappable linear surface features, which differ distinctly from the patterns of adjacent features and presumably reflect subsurface phenomena (O Leary et al., 1976).Satellite images and aerial photographs are extensively used to extract lineaments for different purposes. Since satellite images are obtained from varying wavelength intervals of the electromagnetic spectrum, they are considered to be a better tool to discriminate the lineaments and to produce better information than conventional aerial photographs. Lineaments usually appear as straight lines or edges on the images which in all cases contributed by the tonal differences within the surface material. The knowledge and the experience of the user is the key point in the identification of the lineaments particularly to connect broken segments into a longer lineament. In this study several enhancement techniques including filtering operations, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and spectral rationing are applied to reduce the problems in the identification of the lineaments. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of lineaments extracted from satellite images according to their density, intersection density, length and orientation in order to contribute to the understanding of the structural setup of the area and large accept the view that the lineaments are surface expressions of faults, fractures (Sonder 1947; Wilson, 1948). Methodology for lineament analysis Lineaments usually appear as straight lines or edges on the images which in all cases contributed by the tonal differences within the surface material. The knowledge and the experience of the user is the key point in the identification of the lineaments particularly to connect broken segments into a longer lineament. The lineaments vary from 2 km to more than even 1000 km in length with linear and curvilinear expressions. The study of these lineaments in relation to geology, structure, magmatism, mineralisation and deep geophysical responses etc. led to the classification of these lineaments into various groups and classes. Majority of the lineament trending in the area are NE-SW, NW-SE (Fig. 2.4). 309

9 Fig.4: Geology and lineament map of the study area (Geology Modified after GSI, 2000) Data Used IRS LISS-III The present study is based on the remote sensing spatial data as well as the non-spatial data available from the various sources for different periods. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS 1C Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-III) imageries with 23.5 meters spatial resolution (Fig. 3.3). 310

10 Solid Wastes in Akola City Fig.5: Representation lineament on IRS LISS III (FCC) satellite data For many years, waste management in Akola city has been undertaken in the context of an inadequate policy and legislative direction and with insufficient financing. However, there is a lack of detailed standards or specifications for solid waste management as well as specific criteria for selecting appropriate locations of disposal sites. The amount of MSW generated in Akola city in 2011 (table 3). Despite of being the disposal method used in most of the municipalities dumping sites led to less negative environmental impacts, there are still some consequences that require mitigation in performance Benchmarking of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation report (Fig.8 & table 3). Akola Municipal Corporation 311

11 Table 2: Basic information of Solid Waste Management of the Akola city Class District Municipal Corporation Akola Area (sq. km.) 28 Total city population (Lacks) 449,112 Total households (Lacks) 100,919 Density (persons per sq. km.) 16,040 Total municipal staff 2,071 No. of slum settlements 81 Slum population 147,479 Slum households 29,495 Total annual city capital receipts (Rs.) 120,321,111 Total annual city capital expenditure (Rs.) 196,985,801 Total annual city revenue receipts (Rs.) 561,857,404 Total annual city revenue expenditure (Rs.) 465,741,346 Waste generated (TPD) Waste collected (TPD) Quantity of waste treated (TPD) 22.0 Waste received at scientific disposal (TPD) 0.0 Door to door colln.(no. of households and 18,250.0 establishments) Waste segregation at source (Y/N) N 312

12 Annual revenue receipts from SW (Rs.) 0.0 Annual revenue expenditure on SW (Rs.) 0.0 Annual capital expenditure on SW (Rs.) 0.0 (Source -CEPT University, April 2011) Ground water contamination Solid waste from the different source from may come in contact with the surface, subsurface, wells, water table, lineaments/fracture and drainage network and which lead to the ground water contamination. In the study area all the layer which was generated in the GIS 10.1 ver. are being overlying and result calculated. Ground Water Quality In the district, 13 water samples were collected during May 2006, out of which 8 samples were representing Deccan Trap Basalt and 5 were representing Alluvium. The samples were broadly classified into four classes as given in table 3. Table: 3 Geochemical classifications of ground water samples (CGWB, 2007). Sr. Classification Type No. of No. Sample % of Sample 1 Alkaline earths (Ca+Mg > 50%) exceeds Ca-HCO alkali metals and weak acids (CO3+HCO3 > 50%) exceeds strong acids 2 Alkali metal (Na+K > 50%) exceeds Na-HCO alkaline earths and weak acids (CO3+HCO3 > 50%) exceeds strong acids. 3 Alkaline earths (Ca+Mg > 50%) exceeds Ca-Cl

13 alkali metals and strong acids (Cl+SO4+NO3 > 50%) exceeds weak acids 4 Alkali metal (Na+K > 50%) exceeds Na-Cl 3 23 alkaline earths and strong acids (Cl+SO4+NO3 > 50%) exceeds weak acids Total In majority of samples representing Basaltic aquifer, it was found that the water is of Ca-HCO3 type while the water in the samples from Alluvium were of Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl type. The type of water in Alluvium gives an idea about inland salinity problem existing in the Purna Alluvium basin of the district. Ground Water Related Issues and Problems Drought area has been observed in northern part of the area i.e., in northern part of study area. Deeper water levels of more than 20 m bgl are also observed Akola talukas. These areas being occupied by Purna Alluvium, where restricted thickness of potential granular zones in the shallow phreatic aquifer is observed. The special study carried out by CGWB in Purna River Alluvial basin indicates that in southern parts of study area brackish to saline ground water has been observed with EC ranging from 2000 to more than10000 m mhos/cm at 25 C. Thus it is inferred that these areas of Purna River Alluvium are affected by inland salinity problem due to diagenetically altered meteoric water having longer residence time, high rate of evapotranspiration and it is restricted to the sandy aquifers inter-layered with clayey beds due to which less recharge of ground water is taking place (CGWB, 2007). Caving Formation Red boles and inter-trappean beds have collapsible nature when they are saturated. The weathered/highly fractured saturated formation at the contact zones also collapse resulting in to the stucking of drill rods. This sometimes leads to loss of circulation fluid there by 314

14 compounding the problems further. It starts collapsing after water zone is encountered this results in stucking of drill rods. The casing or cement sealing of the red bole is not possible below 100 m bgl, as the present rig is equipped to lower casing down to 100 m bgl depth. Loss of Drilling Formation Loss of air in jointed and fractured Basalt was observed during drilling. The problem can be solved by sealing the zones by lowering casing or by cement sealing. This process may often damage the potential aquifer zones if not carried out meticulously with proper equipment. Such problem was noticed during drilling of exploratory well at Shivni at 256 m bgl. Surface, subsurface Aquifers, dug well and bore well The water resources in Akola are in very critical situation. Therefore, it is very important to give the surface aquifers more attention when selecting suitable sites. There are two type of surface aquifer are found i.e. phreatic aquifer in alluvium and basaltic and non phreatic aquifer in basaltic rock. Phreatic aquifer behaves as a, where precipitation enters directly through the fractured outcrops. Another aquifer exists in the study area, which considered as minor aquifer, is the Basalt aquifer because of its importance towards the environment in general and groundwater in particular, beside its effect on the community in the long run. Closeness of a disposal site to a groundwater well is an important environmental criterion in the disposal site selection so that wells may be protected from the runoff and leaching of the disposal. There is no specific criterion of what is the best distance to locate the disposal site away from groundwater wells. Depth to Water Table It represents the depth from the ground surface to the water table. The depth to water table was determined using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation technique of the water level data, which obtained from existing wells in the study area, provided. In Basalt 06 exploratory wells and 03 observation wells were drilled and their depth ranged from to metres below ground level (m bgl). The discharge from these wells varied from traces to litres per second (lps), for a drawdown of 2.78 to 31.7 m (table). Static water levels ranged from 2.42 to m bgl. The potential aquifer zones have been encountered up to m depth, whereas deeper zones do not form potential aquifer in the district. In Purna Alluvium, 09 exploratory wells, 01 observation wells and 11 Piezometers were constructed. The alluvial area has been divided into fresh ground water belt in the north and saline area in the south, based on the ground water exploration findings. The depth of the wells ranged from 315

15 27.00 to m bgl. Static water levels vary from 4.21 to m bgl. Discharge from exploratory wells ranged from 1.31 to lps for draw downs ranging from 0.67 to m. (CGWB, 2007).The solid waste should not come in contact with wells to avoiding water contamination (Table 5). Table 4: The depth to water table for the stud area (CGWB, 2007) Sl. No. Area Formation Wells Depth (mbgl) SWL (mbgl Discharge (lps) Draw- Down Zones (mbgl) (m) Alluvium > Akola Basalt Lineaments/Fracture Zone It is safer if the disposal sites can be located away from the lineaments/fracture system. This can prevent the leachate from finding a way to percolate into the groundwater. In this study, the lineaments/fracture system was extracted from the geologic maps and IRS LISS-III satellite data through a digitizing process. Based on the disposal site shall not be located within 60 meters of a f lineaments/fracture. To be more careful regarding the distance from the fault system, a buffer of 100 m distance was created around the lineaments/fracture (Fig.4). Streams Solid waste disposal sites must not be located into surface water (streams, rivers, lakes, sea). Most of the surface water in the study area is in the form of streams that occurred during heavy rains in winter season because of its influence on the environment. In this study he stream map have been prepared from the toposheet map (Fig.3). 316

16 Conclusions Solid waste of different kind may infiltrate in the ground water table and lead to the ground water contamination in the Akola City. The lineament/ fracture and drainage are the surfacial features where the solid waste is coming in contacts. Remote sensing is the key to extract the lineament/fracture and drainage. The Morna River is major drainage passing through the Akola city on the western side of the study area. The ground water contamination and the internal flow of ground water passes contaminated ground water in to the dug well and bore well near to the agricultural field. The maximum solid waste of the city are being dumping near to the Morna river, which is very hazardous to the ground water table, air and agricultural field near to the river and Akola city.. The depth of the water table is being exposed to the air and solid waste deposited in or near to the tow water body lead to ground water contamination in the area. The solid waste from the Khadki and Koulkhed area are also deposited near to the small drainage passing near from the Khadki and Koulkhed area of the city which also leads to the ground water contamination in the area. Lithologically most of the area under study is covered by Deccan trap and which also makes the barrier to the infiltration of the contaminated water in to the ground water table below, despite this the ground water below the trap are being contaminated by the improper disposal of the solid waste in the city. The fractured /lineament from the satellite data clearly indicates that in the city there are many fracture zone and causing the more infiltration in the study area which contaminate the dinking dig well and bore well through ground water contamination in the area. The solid wastes from the MIDC area are more serious issue in the city. All the solid waste in the city is met to the Morna River and pose threatens creating for agricultural irrigation and domestic purposes ultimately polluted water threatens crops, soil quality, and public health. Recommendations The dumping site for the solid waste should not be nearer to the lineament/ fracture zone which leads to infiltrate and mixed-up the chemicals with the underground ground water table and contaminate the groundwater. There are some lineaments in the study area are parallel to the major river and dumping the solid waste hear is very dangerous. However the fracture zone or the lineaments in the study area has direct linked to the subsurface geology causing the ground water contamination. The site should be away from the settlement which causing the air pollution in the city. The disposal site should be away from the agriculture lad which causing the soil pollution and harmful to the seasonal crops. The disposal site should be away from the major water body including the major river, nalas and important steams which also leads to the water pollution. The planners and the decision makers can get useful information about the 317

17 possible locations of landfill sites using this methodology. Especially that the disposal site selection process allows for easily readjustment of the criteria weights in case a sensitivity analysis is required. Nevertheless, defining detailed and standard criteria by Government and NGOs with the local conditions of Akola city can enhance the outputs of GIS models used for the purpose of finding a suitable landfill site. However, getting public agreement on any landfill site is a must, and cannot be avoided. Therefore, the local community should participate in the selection process of a landfill site to avoid any opposition in the future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks to UGC (Let. No. F /2010(SR) dated 12th Jan. 2011) India, for the financial assistance towards the field and other work. REFERENCES 1. CGWB, (2007) Ground Water Information Akola District Maharashtra, pp GSI, (2000) District resources map of Akola district. 3. Jilani T, (2002).State of Solid Waste Management in Khulna City. Unpublished Undergraduate thesis, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University Khulna, pp Manjare B.S., (2013) Integrated Geological Investigation For Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection For Akola City, (M.S.) India, By Using High Resolution Remote Sensing GIS Techniques; Unpublished UGC Minor Research Project Report: MeBean E A, Rovers F A and Farquhar G J, (1995) Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and Design, Prentice Hall, NJ,, p O'Leary, D.W., Freidman, J.D., Pohn, H.A., (1976). Lineaments, linear, lineation-some proposed new standards for old terms. Geological Society of America Bulletin vol. 87,pp Sharma, (2002): Wastelands- Status Paper ( searchsubmitshow.php). 8. Suchitra M, (2007). Outside: Burnt or buried, garbage needs land. Down To Earth, 15 March, pp UNEP (2001): State of India s Environment: India 2000, UNEP, Thailand. in/soer/index_ soer_2001.html. 318