Complexity in Spatial Planning Practice and Theory The Kiruna Case

Transcription

1 Complexity in Spatial Planning Practice and Theory The Kiruna Case Kristina L Nilsson Architect ass. Prof. in Spatial Planning Department of Urban and Rural development Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ultuna, Sweden Kristina.nilsson@sol.slu.se

2 The rock is cracking! ground deformation

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4 Cracking zones 10-years intervals 1/3 of existing town must be moved

5 The railway must be moved by 2012

6 The Model Town of Kiruna from 1905 National interest

7 Cultural Heritage of buildings

8 Dependence on few but various types of industry and commerce Iron mine Space technology Tourism Reindeer herding

9 Nature- outdoor recreation-tourism

10 Mineral resourses national interest

11 Infrastructure Railway track, highway E10, airport

12 Reindeer herding National interest

13 Local authority comprehensive plan alternative directions of urban expansion

14 LKAB s proposal of urban development

15 LKAB s speculative vision

16 Planning and assessment activities Comprehensive plan for the town of Kiruna Railway plan Road plan Permit of extended ore mining Overarching and sector intergrating planning Sector planning Sector planning Sector planning

17 Actors Involved Kiruna local authority LKAB, iron mine company National Road Adm. National Railway Adm. National Airport Adm Stately Energy Company County Board

18 Stakeholders concerned Other authorities Inhabitants Commercial companies Tourism Sami people Space institute NGOs

19 Overlaping requirements on land-use

20 Conflicting interests and values Interacting with power relations

21 Intentions of an open democratic planning process Many parallell planning processes The actors have power over their type of sector process Challenges for the local authority comprehensive plan

22 Long-term planning under time pressure Iron company plans for 100 years ahead Comprehensive plan has vision of 25 year * The mine extension is related to the global iron prize The railway must be moved 1012

23 Uncertainties and risks Global iron price size of mine extension size of the new town Commuting convenience multi-functional region How to manage the complexity consisting of a manifold of uncertainties and risks

24 A Complex Planning Situation with a manifold and interconnected requirements and expectations

25 Various forms of planning perspectives Local authority comprehensive planning Road planning Muddling-through Communicative plan. Railway planning Technical rational plan. LKAB, iron company Negotiative planning

26 Hierarchy and power relations The local authority has power over land use by planning monopoly - Struggles with rules, laws and representative democracy The mining company has the economic power - Has possibilities of free and persuading visions The inhabitants trust both the local authority and the company

27 Strategic choices a more focused and more synoptic treatment of problem scope; a more simplifying and more elaborating treatment of complexity; a more reactive and a more interactive treatment of conflict; a more reducing and a more accommodating treatment of uncertainty; and a more exploratory and a more decisive treatment of progress through time. (Friend & Hickling 1997:1-25)

28 Governance and Institutions Formal institutions Most institutions keep there independence Limited partnerships

29 Actor Network Perspective Both heterogenic and homogenic actors are involved The formal institutions should act as homogenic actors The inhabitants are a heterogenic actor There are three main formal network levels A national network A regional network A local network

30 Complex and confused When the complexity is extremely high When the knowledge and uncertainties are too many There is a risk the planning organisations hang on and strengthen the formal hierarchies and rules

31 All actors are interconnected and dependent on each other Nevertheless they act for the specific sectors as they were independent

32 The complexity will stain with separate planning perspectives and The planning processes are in progress and the same with my observations and analysis

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