AFRICAN 54 STATE LAW OF THE SEA SUMMARY
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2 AFRICAN 54 STATE LAW OF THE SEA SUMMARY Robert van de Poll International Manager, Law of the Sea, Fugro N.V., Leidschendam, The Netherlands
3 Disclaimer very effort has been made to ensure the accuracy f the graphics/figures contained in this resentation and the accompanying paper. evertheless, these are necessarily: Illustrative Indicative Independent Preliminary t is requested that the figures contained in this
4 LOS LOS POLICY EEZ Limits Limits STAKEHOLDERS & Boundaries & Boundaries Governments Impact (Coastline (*166 on offshore to EEZ 194 (0nm Countries Oil & Gas up to have Industry? 200nm)) Ratified UNCLOS) Have States to Applicable collect issuing all Concession to data all *162 sources Blocks Coastal to implement near, on States EEZ all and Waters LOS beyond applications Unresolved and/or Disputed Maritime Boundaries *(AS OF December 2014) Law of the Sea (LOS) Applications The Rules of Procedure for all Offshore Maritime Spaces Law of for the World *162 Sea = = Global *194 Countries Law Countries of the Sea Marine around (LOS) Application the World Coastal States = **155 Applications (*Coastal (Application (*United = 155 Nations & Land-Locked Members for All / **Fugro Coastal LOS (Lake) Database) States) States= 7) BENEFACTOR STAKEHOLDERS LOS ECS Extended Continental Shelf LOS UNCLOS Article 76 (Extended Continental Shelf) Industry (Offshore)... Impact on offshore Oil & Gas Industry? (200nm EEZ to Computed (Scientific) Outer Limit) Exploration & Exploitation of Seabed Resources Deep & Ultra deep water plays will be Next 25 years Frontier..
5 162 Coastal (Lake) States (Countries); EEZ MAPPING APPLICATIONS
6 75 Full & 24 Preliminary Submitted Claims (to the United Nations) ECS MAPPING APPLICATIONS ECS UNCLOS Article 76 (Continental Shelf Extended) Waters 81 Unique Countries Claimed as *99x New Area (beyond 200NM); *34,552,539 km2 32,280,643.8 km2 (77x Full Submissions (Red Shaded) 2,271,894.8 km2 (24x Preliminary Submissions (Orange Shaded) (*NOTE : 7 More countries still to come)
7 aw of the Sea = Global Marine Application = Impacts 162 Countries Government Mandated to Impose Law of the Sea Rules of Procedures APPLICATIONS; (no imposed deadlines) 1: Map Coastlines / Nearshore-Foreshore (Coastal Zone management) 2: Assemble the Countries LOS Territorial Sea Baseline Model (ex. Straight and/or Normal and/or combinations of both) 3: Produce the LOS Legal Limits [12NM (TS) / 24NM(CZ) / 200NM(EEZ)] 4: Produce the LOS Maritime Boundaries [Bilateral Treaties] APPLICATIONS; (10 years United Nations Imposed Deadline) 5: Collect New Deep Water Data (i.e. Continental Slope / Continental Rise) (ex. Multibeam Bathymetry + Seismics + Gravity + Magnetics + Geochem Coring) 6: Implement LOS ECS Procedures. ((i) Constraint Line (ii) Formulae Line (iii) Final Outer Limit = ECS) Z MARITIME FRONTIER (~ 169,000,000 km2); ernments = National Oil Corporations (NOC s) = Issue new Offshore Acreage (Concession Blocks) stry = International Oil Corporations (IOC s) = Bid on Acreage (Blocks) = Exploration = Exploitation
8 Law of the Sea Scientific Mapping Applications Begins with Coastlines Coastlines Mapping Techniques ( Least to Most accurate) curate (The 50 s to the 70 s Technology) ; (Mapping Accuracies 1000m to 5000m) 70 Paper (hand-drawn) Nautical Charts (~Pencils & Rulers calculations) (Global 100,000 to 1,000,000 scale (accuracies ~ meters) 70 sextant field surveys (accuracies ~ 2000 meters) curate (The 80 s and the 90 s); (Mapping Accuracies 5m to 1500m) igital Chart of the World (Global 1,000,000 scale (accuracies ~ 1500 meters) orld Vector Shoreline (Global 250,000 scale (accuracies ~ 500 meters) 99 Global Satellite Imagery (Landsat 28.5m) (accuracies ~ 100 meters) esent Global Positioning Systems (~ 100 meters) & Differential GPS (~ 5 meters) curate (Present day); (Mapping Accuracies 1m to 700m) orld Vector Shoreline II (Global 75,000 scale (accuracies ~ 100 meters) (NOTE: ONLY 75% COMPLETE) esent source: Digital Nautical Charts (Global 10,000 to 350,000 scale (accuracies ~ meters) 06 Global Satellite Imagery (Landsat 14.25m) (accuracies ~ 25 meters) 15 Global Satellite Imagery (Landsat 14.25m) (accuracies ~ 25 meters) 15 Global Satellite Imagery (Landsat 14.25m & *NEW* DEM Component ~ SDB-ODB) (maximum depth 35 meters)
9 h American Compilation (23 Coastal States ) European Compilation (32 Coastal States) Asian Compilation (36 Coastal State) Arctic astal States ) duplicate) Fugro s LOS Regional Compilation Database 162 Country Law of the Sea Inventory (75+ Terabytes of Digital Information) Antarctica (*7 Coastal States ) (*duplicate) rican Compilation African Compilation Oceania Compilation
10 Limit & Boundary EEZ Applications The Fugro Global Law of the Sea Database (Examples from Africa Compilation) UNCLOS A76 ECS Applications e Global Borders Mapped 75,000 Scale Global Landsat Coverage (TM7 & TM8 Recent ~ 2000 to 2015) (14.25 meter) Territorial Sea Baselines (Gazetted ~ 9200 LOS documents) Maritime Boundary Agreements (Gazetted 9200 LOS documents) topo2 / Etopo1 Missing Baseline & Maritime Raster Images Boundary Lines 0 meter) Interpreted (Hypothetical) Bathymetric Images meter) Single-Beam Bathymetry (24 Million NM of data) (Various Resolutions) d Sediment (Fine) aster Images meter) Multi-Beam Bathymetry (selective Regions) (Various Resolutions) ved Sediment ss Raster Images meter) Fugro Global Cable Database
11 aw of the Sea Maritime Boundaries around the World (November 2015)? the Status of Maritime Boundaries (inside EEZ) around the World Today? are approximately *512 Maritime Boundaries in the World s EEZ s. 1/512 of these are Signed or In Force (47.1% of the World). This means 271/512 (52.9%) remains Un-resolved and/or In-Dispute
12 Global Country List for EEZ (Law of the Sea) Applications United Nations Table of Claims July 2011 = 152 Countries Fugro Global 75+ Terabyte LOS Database List (2007) = *155 Countries (*Includes Caspian States = Azerbaijan & Kazakhstan & Turkmenistan) Fugro Global LOS List (2015) = **162 Countries * Includes African International Lakes = Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe) hor RVDP has to date completed Law of the Sea projects in 130 of these 162 Countries on this list)
13 All Coastal States (Countries) Law of the Sea Applications begins with the Territorial Sea Baselines.. All Territorial Sea Baselines (Straight and/or Normal) comes from All Coastline Data Sources for the Coastal State.
14 LOS SUGGESTED DATA SOURCES : Part I United Nation s CLCS Guidelines Suggests ALL LOS Applications begins with ; *Nautical Charts (*basically accepted now to be 1:20,000 to 1: 350,000 scale)
15 LOS SUGGESTED NAUTICAL CHARTS (Small Scale and Large Scale) Scale : 1: 4,000,000 SANHO Chart SAN 0076 Small Scale (1:300,000) Mapping: Basic Coastline Information Accuracy +/- 1000m
16 LOS SUGGESTED DATA SOURCES : Part II Depending on Large Scale Nautical Chart availability. Modern-day Satellite Imagery o aid in Coastline Mapping and in turn aid in the compilation of the Territorial Sea Baseline Mapping for Coastal States
17 LOS SUGGESTED SATELLITE DATA: LANDSAT TM7 000 scale 1:150,000 scale
18 S SUGGESTED SATELLITE DATA: LANDSAT TM7 (14.25m) VS. COMMERCIAL DIGITAL GLOBE (1.0m) Unresolved Maritime Boundary South Africa vs. Namibia Digital Landsat TM7 August : March 5, 29, Digital Digital Globe Digital Globe Globe : September Globe : June 1, 2011 : November : January 27, 21, 14, LTP (Land Terminus Point) Staring Point for Maritime Boundary 1745 meter Discrepancy RESOURCES = ALLUVIAL DIAMONDS US$630,000,000 (2015 Annual Production Estimate)
19 All Coastal States (Countries) Territorial Sea Baselines comes from Coastlines (including all nearshore foreshore legal features (ex. Islands, Islets, Sand spits and/or bars, reefs and rocks ) All Coastline Features must be Mapped accurately and precisely and the United Nations Law of the Sea Guidelines suggests combinations of the following data sources.. i) Official Nautical Charts ii) Satellite Imagery (Landsat TM5 / Landsat TM7 / Landsat TM8) iii) HiRES (Commercial) Satellite Imagery (Quick Bird, IKONOS, SPOT, Digital Globe etc) iv) LiDAR Surveys v) Nearshore shallow water Multibeam Bathymetry
20 TYPE OF BASELINES AND USE OF NAUTICAL CHARTS
21 Basic Law of the Sea Mapping Considerations: Present day South African Academic Example (West Coast South Africa ~ Cape St Martin to Saldanha Bay) (1:150,000 ~ 20 nautical miles of Coastline reviewed)
22 United Nations Table of Claims for Coastal States (July 2011)
23 frican Territorial e 12 nm Maritime Territorial Sea Legal Frontier Limit Sea Legal Gain Results Limit r Additional South Territorial African Mapped Sea Straight waters) Features) Baselines) South African Maritime Frontier Gain Landsat TM7 Satellite Images (For Exclusive Economic Zone waters) (MrSID Imagery Format) (14.25m Ground Resolution) Landsat TM8 Satellite Image (August 9, 2015) (Optically Derived DEM) (30m Ground Resolution) South African Navy Nautical Chart SAN 1011 (1: 20,000 scale) November 30, 1984
24 GOVERNMENTS RATIFY LAW OF THE SEA TREATY IMPLEMENT ALL LOS RULES DEFINE EEZ & ECS WATERS LAW OF THE SEA (UNITED NATIONS) (RATIFIED BY 166 STATES) NATIONAL OIL COMPANY (NOC ~ GOVERNMENTS) ISSUE/MANAGE ALL OIL & GAS CONCESSION BLOCKS INTERNATIONAL OIL CORPORATIONS BID $$ s ON BLOCKS WIN RIGHT TO EXPLORE/EXPLOIT
25 IAN EAST COAST BLOCK ORE BID ROUND RESULTS NOVEMBER 12, 2015)
26 African Regional Law of the Sea Compilation (38 Coastal States & 9 Overseas Territories & 7 International Lake States )
27 African States = 54 Not Ratified UNCLOS (Eritrea & Libya) African International Lake States ( 7x Countries) African Overseas Territories ( 9x ~ France & United Kingdom)
28 Region #1 (1: 8,500,000 scale) 1 Coastal State: (South Africa)
29 #2 (1: 15,000,000 scale) 2 Coastal States: (Namibia & Angola (plus Cabinda) & UK Overseas Territories) LOS: Regional EEZ Waters UK Overseas Territories= 893,938 km2 LOS: Regional EEZ Waters Angola & Namibia = 1,075,796 km2
30 Region #3 Central West Africa (1: 7,500,000 scale) 9 Coastal States: (DRC + Republic of the Congo + Gabon + Sao Tome & Principe + Equatorial Guinea + Cameroon + Nigeria + Benin + Togo) LOS: Regional EEZ Waters Regional 9x Countries = 934,333 km2
31 Region #4 (1: 6,000,000 scale) 3 Coastal States: (Liberia & Cote D Ivoire & Ghana) aritime LOS: Offshore Maritime Hydrocarbon Boundaries Activities = 4x nown Oil & Gas 100% Discoveries Disputed (Blue Stars) ilateral robable Treaty LOS Border Boundary Disputes = 0x Blue (Red Lines Shaded Regions) Maritime LOS: Regional Regional Offshore LOS: Extended Legal EEZ Hydrocarbon Maritime Waters Continental Limits Activities Shelf Liberia Blocks & Cote Exclusive Issued D Ivoire (Green) Economic & Ghana = 96,128 Zone = 667,333 37,376 km2 (200 km2 nm) Blocks Open (Red) = 235,065 km2 ical (Strict Equidistance ) Boundary = 4x Pink Lines Major Maritime Boundary Dispute Cote D Ivoire vs. Ghana Disputed Area = 31,000 km2 EEZ Waters Covered = 49.6% Very poor(old) Small Scale Nautical Charts (Border = LTP) In the Courts for Maritime Boundary Dispute Resolution Entered Court : September 2012 Expected verdict: November 2017 Hydrocarbon Resources in Dispute ~ US$7 Billion ne oastline Mapping Mapping
32 Region #5 (1: 9,000,000 scale) astal States: (Sierra Leone & Guinea & Guinea-Bissau & Gambia & Senegal & Cape Verde & Mauritania) LOS: Regional EEZ Waters 7x States Area = 1,575,089 km2
33 Region #6 (1: 8,000,000 scale) 1 Coastal State: (Morocco (includes Western Sahara)) LOS: Coastline Coastline Regional = Territorial Mapping Mapping EEZ Sea Waters Baselines UKHO Straight Morocco USA Admiralty Baselines NGA = = ,358 nm Nautical (Red) km2 Charts = Charts 587nm Normal 1x 5x = Baselines 300, ,000 (small (Blue) scale) = 1100nm 8x 12x = = 50,000 to - 150,000(large scale)
34 Region #7 (1: 10,000,000 scale) 3 Coastal States: (Algeria & Tunisia & Libya) LOS: Maritime Boundaries = 12x 66.7% Disputed Bilateral Treaty Boundary = 4x Blue Lines Hypothetical (Strict Equidistance ) Boundary = 8x Pink Lines LOS: Regional EEZ Waters Algeria & Tunisia & Libya = 569,912 km2 tline stline ffshore LOS: Mapping Mapping Hydrocarbon Legal Maritime Activities Limits miralty GA erritorial sued itime Nautical (Green) *Exclusive Offshore Nautical Sea Charts = Baselines Hydrocarbon 220,325 Charts Economic km2zone Activities 00,000 00,000 own ere aselines s oastline Open is Oil no (small (small (Red) & 200 Mapping Gas nm scale) scale) = Discoveries 139,139 Legal 1022nm Limit km2 (Blue as opposing Stars) States 000 aselines Waters obable close, to Tunisia 150, ,000 therefore LOS Covered (Blue) & Libya (large Border (large = ONLY 797nm = scale) = 63.1% scale) Disputes 2708 Maritime nm (Red Boundaries Shaded Regions) Regional Extended Continental Shelf None as no 200NM EEZ Limit with High Seas
35 Region #8 (1: 8,500,000 scale) 2 Coastal States: (Egypt & Sudan) LOS: Regional EEZ Waters Egypt & Sudan = 331,431 km2 *NEW* Egyptian Gas Discovery = August 30, 2015 IOC (Zohr) ~ Estimated Value = up to US$5 Billion Regional Extended Continental Shelf None as no 200NM EEZ Limit with High Seas LOS: Maritime Boundaries = 12x Total 91.6% Unresolved/In Dispute Bilateral Treaty Boundary = 1x Blue Lines Hypothetical (Strict Equidistance ) Boundary = 11x Pink Lines
36 Region #9 (1: 11,000,000 scale) 3 Coastal States: (Eritrea & Djibouti & Somalia) LOS: Maritime Boundaries = 10x Total 90.0% Unresolved and/or In Dispute Boundaries Bilateral Treaty Boundary = 1x Blue Lines Hypothetical (Strict Equidistance ) Boundary = 9x Pink Lines Maritime Offshore Hydrocarbon Activities Known Oil & Gas Discoveries (Blue Stars) Possible/Probable LOS Border Disputes (Red Shaded Regions)
37 Region #10 (1: 12,000,000 scale) 5 Coastal States: (Kenya & Tanzania & Seychelles & Mauritius & Comoros & French Overseas Territories)) Maritime LOS: Offshore Maritime Hydrocarbon Boundaries LOS: Legal Activities = Maritime 17x Total Limits Known 35.3% Unresolved Oil & Gas Discoveries and/or Exclusive In Dispute (Blue Economic Stars) Boundaries Zone (200 nm) Possible/Probable Bilateral LOS Treaty Border Boundary Disputes = (Red 11x Blue Shaded Lines Regions) Hypothetical (Strict Equidistance ) Boundary = 6x Pink Lines Major Maritime Boundary Dispute Kenya vs. Somalia Disputed Waters = 45,000 km2 In the Courts now No discoveries in dispute zone but IOCs actively working Region LOS: Regional EEZ Waters 5x States = 3,258,429 km2 LOS: Regional EEZ Waters French Oversea Territories = 906,705 km2
38 Region #11 (1: 9,500,000 scale) 2 Coastal States: (Mozambique & Madagascar) Maritime Coastline Offshore Mapping Hydrocarbon Activities LOS: Legal Maritime Limits Coastline Mapping UKHO Blocks Admiralty Issued USA NGA LOS: (Green) Nautical Maritime Nautical = 78,660 Charts Charts Boundaries km2 = 10x Total Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nm) *NEW* Gas Discoveries Blocks 9x = 350,000 (small scale) 10x 66.7% Open = 300,000 Unresolved (Red) = 1,040,916 (small and/or scale) In km2 Dispute Boundaries IOC s (2010) & IOC s (2011) = 160TCF ~ *US$39 Billion 2x = EEZ 50,000 Waters to 150,000 (large scale) 11x = 50,000 Bilateral Covered 150,000 Treaty = (large Boundary 63.5% scale) = 3x Blue Lines (*To the Mozambique economy) Hypothetical (Strict Equidistance ) Boundary = 6x Pink Lines Regional Extended Continental Shelf Mozambique & Madagascar = 970,897 km2
39 LAW OF THE SEA APPLICATIONS WHY INCLUDE INTERNATIONAL LAKES? WHY NOT?
40 Scale : 1: 8,000,000
41 Scale : 1: 6,000,000 Maritime Boundaries of the Caspian Sea iv. Kazakhstan vs Turkmenistan (Dispute) v. Kazakhstan vs Azerbaijan (Dispute) vi. Turkmenistan vs. Azerbaijan (Dispute) vii. Turkmenistan vs. Iran (Dispute) viii. Iran vs. Azerbaijan (Dispute) NOTE: 100% Hypothetical Maritime Boundaries shown using Strict Equidistance Line Calculations Maritime Boundaries of the Caspian Sea
42 Region #12 (1: 10,000,000 scale) 7 Land-Locked Lake States (International Lakes): (Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe) Major Oil &Malawi, Gas Discoveries Lake Albert Lake at TM7 Kivu ( ) tic ~ MrSID Format) sat TM8 SDB/ODB Accuracy +/- 100m) mber 15, 2015 Image) 150,000 scale) (First Discovery = IOC s 2006) Latest Estimate 6.5 BBOE (Billion Barrels Oil Equivalent) Lake Albert MOU = UGANDA & TANZANIA = Pipeline Possible Landsat TM7 ( ) DRC & Uganda Multispectral Image Analysis Lake Turkana (GeoTIFF Format) Ethiopia & Kenya Lake Edward (Accuracy +/- 50m) DRC & Uganda Lake Victoria Kenya & Uganda & Tanzania Lake Kivu DRC & Rwanda Lake Tanganyika & DRC & Zambia & Tanzania No Nautical Charts Burundi. Mapping Options? (Example Lake Kivu ~ 300,000 scale) e to Pressure from the Oil & Gas Industry for Blocks vs. Lake Boundary uncertainties Lake Malawi (Nyasa) Malawi & Tanzania & Mozambique Lake Mweru vernments reacted, November 2014 aactivities 4-way Maritime Lake Hydrocarbon DRC & Zambia Country Technical team was formed Blocks Issued (Green) = 147,679 km2 ( Burundi + Tanzania + Zambia + DRC) Blocks Open (Red) = 89,262 km2 all Lake CoastlinesLake (collect new Hires= Imagery Waters Covered 59.5% d also LiDAR (ALB ~ Topo & Bathy) and International Lakes Coastline Mapping (11 States ~ 7x Land-Locked )
43 54 Country Africa Summary ~ (1:45,000,000 scale) Coastal States + 9 Overseas Territories & 7 Land-locked International Lake States ) Maritime Offshore Maritime Hydrocarbon Limits Activities & Boundaries Spaces (EEZ waters) Blocks Issued (Green) = (13,025,612 3,745,365 km2 km2) Blocks Open (Red) = 5,4906,616 km2 All Regions Estimated Offshore Hydrocarbon Reserves TS, EEZ & ECS Discovered: circa 95 BBOE Yet To Find: 70-80* BBOE Subject to basin limits *NOTE: Presented by Robert van de Poll Upstream Africa Conference(Nov 2014) African Study by David Bishopp (GALP) & Robert van de Poll (FNV) LOS: Maritime Boundaries = 10x Total LOS Coastline 66.2% = Territorial Unresolved Mapping Sea Baselines and/or In Dispute Boundaries
44 F THE SEA = GLOBAL (162 COUNTRY) MARINE MAPPING APPLICATION OF THE SEA = GOVERNMENTS (MOFA & NOC S) & INDUSTRY (IOC S) OF THE SEA = DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSHORE SEABED RESOURCES W OF THE SEA SEABED RESOURCES = HUGE $$$$ S REVENUE F THE SEA BOUNDARY DISPUTES ARE AND WILL CONTINUE TO ARISE NEW GLOBAL MARINE DATA WILL NEED TO BE COLLECTED
45 Thank You ROBERT VAN DE POLL International Manager Law of the Sea Fugro N.V. Leidschendam The Netherlands (based in Canada)
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