Field Identification of Algae
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1 Field Identification of Algae H. Dail Laughinghouse IV, Ph.D. Asst. Professor of Applied Phycology Ft Lauderdale Research & Education Center University of Florida / IFAS hlaughinghouse@ufl.edu
2 Outline Brief introduction on algae What is a bloom and what can trigger them Common bloom-forming and other nuisance algae
3 Attitude Pond scum Frog spittle Seaweed Green slime Pea soup
4 What are Algae?
5 What are Algae? Group of photosynthetic organisms Cyanobacteria ~3.8 billion years old Eukaryotic algae ~2 billion years old Many shapes and sizes Some capable to regulate position in the water column Some fix nitrogen Occur in many habitats
6 Why are they important? Primary producers of organic matter base of the food chain Provide oxygen for other aquatic life Food, cancer treatment, HIV treatment, medicine, etc. Biofertilizers Produce many different bioactive compounds (toxins)
7 What causes blooms and what are blooms?
8 Nutrient loading, eutrophication and blooms
9 Sources of nutrients Fertilizer Pet waste Wildlife Livestock/agriculture Municipal wastewater Industrial effluent Atmospheric deposition Septic tanks
10 What is a bloom? Toledo bans drinking water > 1 x 10 3 cells/ml Huge blooms in Florida Dense growth of microscopic algae Capable of producing toxins Able to harbor pathogenic bacteria on their mucilage Contain taste and odor compounds Florida-s-algae-bloom-Satellite-photos-reveal-clues
11 Warm weather, little mixing 5m * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 * 000 * * * cells * * * ml * -1 * * * * * * mixing * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Vertical migration * **** **** **** **** **** **** * * cells ml -1 Stable condition Few centimeters Gas vacuole Dense blooms: increase ph of H 2 O to ±9 Release of phosphorus (P) from sediments Cell migration allows cyanobacteria to absorb this P also Photosynthesis increases ph increasing P release from sediment Allowing for more plant growth
12 Location of algal accumulation in waters
13 Are blooms a new phenomenon?
14 Toxic Bloom Timeline 1188: Observed (bright green = Microcystis, scarlet = Planktothrix rubescens) 1833: Livestock deaths 1870's: Recognized as cyanobacteria 1980 s: Toxins start being studied
15 Toxic bloom poisonings dogs cattle pigs water buffalo sheep cats poultry / birds humans deer muskrats frogs salamanders skunk mink squirrels Bats rhinoceros giraffe honeybees fish manatees dolphins crocodile turtles dinosaurs
16
17 Blooms In warm climates: intensity and duration of bloom events are high. Our future is blue-green In Florida, bloom-forming species have been found throughout the state Cyanotoxins detected in: surface waters post-treated drinking waters
18 Common bloom-forming and other nuisance algae
19 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Planktonic and benthic Blooms can be many colors Blue-green Brown Red Yellow Most species produce toxins Many different species Found all year Difficult to identify in the field
20 Microcystis & Radiocystis blooms Small clumps made by the microscopic colonies. Almost grainy-like Scum on the water s surface
21 Microcystis aeruginosa Light microscopy photo Surface of the water
22 Microcystis spp. Microcystis panniformis Microcystis protocystis Microcystis wesenbergii Microcystis aeruginosa
23 Radiocystis fernandoi
24 Planktothrix blooms Dark blue-green color No scums Bloom throughout the water column
25 Planktothrix Forms blooms in the water column due to light
26 Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Considered an invasive species in Florida
27 Aphanizomenon blooms Forms characteristic flakes Grassy like
28 Dolichospermum ( Anabaena ) blooms
29 Dolichospermum & Sphaerospermopsis Dolichospermum crassum blooms Dolichospermum circinalis Sphaeropspermopsis torques-reginae Dolichospermum solitarium
30 Microseira (Lyngbya) wollei benthic bloom
31 Bloom pre-treatment Bloom post-treatment
32 Blooms are usually MIXED
33 Blooms are usually MIXED
34 Requires Expert ID
35 Chlorophyta (green algae) Planktonic and benthic Nuisance filamentous algae that form floating mats Blooms of grassy-green color Do not have toxins Can be detrimental by depleting oxygen
36 Blooms are usually MIXED
37 Spirogyra
38 Pithophora
39 Cladophora glomerata
40 Hydrodicyton (water net)
41 Chara (stoneworts)
42 Euglenophytes Planktonic Characteristic red blooms Can be confused with Archaea or bacterial blooms Some species have toxins lethal to fish
43 Euglena sanguinea
44 Planktonic and benthic over 250K species Diatoms Freshwater do not have toxins Can be detrimental consume O 2 Glass House
45 Diatoms Melosira varians Navicula Gomphonema Didymosphenia geminata Cymbella
46 Conclusions Color Algae Blue Green Cyanobacteria Red Euglenophytes Grass/Lime Green Green Algae Green Hair Mats Green Algae Dark Hair Mats Cyanobacteria Brown Hairy surfaces Diatoms Blooms: many species, requires expert ID targeted treatment methods
47 Laughinghouse Phycology Lab Thank you for your attention Contact information
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