Montana State University Extension

Transcription

1 Montana State University Extension An educational resource dedicated to improving the quality of people s lives by providing research-based knowledge to strengthen the social, economic and environmental well-being of families, communities and agriculture enterprises. Cultivating Your Yard and Garden Knowledge

2 Classification and Nomenclature Pages of the Montana Master Gardener Handbook Helianthus annuus L. cv. Sunspot

3 Theophrastus BC Father of Botany

4 Theophrastus of Eresos BC Greek Philosopher Successor to Aristotle History of Plants and Causes of Plants (may be lecture notes). Earliest books of this kind in world Described the origins of plants Seeds Germination Abiotic factors Ecology Pollination Described species

5 Romans Naturalis Historia Pliny (23 79 AD) Chap. 45. p Book XVII. Vol. 3. Errors that may be Committed in Pruning But, before everything, especial care should be taken that intended remedies are not productive of ill results; as these may arise from either remedial measures being applied in excess or at unseasonable times. Clearing away the branches is of the greatest benefit to trees, but to slaughter them this way every year, is productive of the very worst results. The vine is the only tree that requires lopping every year, the myrtle, the pomegranate, and olive every other; the reason being that these trees shoot with great rapidity. The other trees are lopped less frequently, and none of them in autumn; the trunk even is never scraped, except in spring. In pruning a tree, all that is removed beyond what is absolutely necessary, is so much withdrawn from its vitality. Clearing away the branches is of the greatest benefit to trees, but to slaughter them this way every year, is productive of the very worst results.

6 The Middle AD 450 to 1450 The Dark Ages Fall Over the Western World Science and horticulture survived in the monasteries Monasteries became the protector of all scholarship; Greek works translated into Latin Monasteries were part of the Roman Catholic Church, the Universal Church Latin was the language of the church and therefore universally understood by scholars

7 The End of the Dark Ages Dodonacus (~1616) Pseudocapsicum altius ac frutiquondoque bicubitales, lignosi, ramosi; folia oblonga, latiuscula, laevia, longiora angustioraque..etc.

8 Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne) Father of Taxonomy Wrote Species Plantarum (Species of plants Introduced Binomial nomenclature Widely used in biological sciences Portrait of Carolus Linnaeus ( ) engraved by C. E. Wagstaff from an oil painting by L. Pasch after an original by A. Roslin (1775) at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.

9 The End of the Dark Ages Dodonacus (~1616) Pseudocapsicum altius ac frutiquondoque bicubitales, lignosi, ramosi; folia oblonga, latiuscula, laevia, longiora angustioraque..etc. Carl von Linne (Linnaeus) Species of Plants (1753) The above account becomes Solanum pseudocapsicum

10 Solanum pseudocapsicum In the nightshade family Jerusalem Cherry Tomato Potato Eggplant Poisonous

11 ANIMALIA PLANTA DIVISION THALLOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, PTERIDOPHYTA, SPERMATOPHYTA fungi club mosses ferns seed plants CLASS - GYMNOSPERMAE ANGIOSPERMAE conifers, cycads, dicots and monocots bromeliads ORDER FAMILIES GENERA SPECIES SUBSPECIFICS VARIETY, CULTIVAR

12 Brussels sprouts SPERMATOPHYTA (Division) ANGIOSPERMAE (Class) DICOTYLEDONEAE (Subclass) CRUCIFERALES (Order) BRASSICACEAE OR CRUCIFERAE (Family) BRASSICA (Genus) OLERACEA (Species) GEMMIFERA (Variety) GREEN JADE (Cultivar)

13 Nomenclature It s all in the name according to Linnaeus Used Latin and Greek Understood by scholars of the time Ordered plants into a hierarchy, with a descending order of specificity Affiliations based on flower structure Binomial is the Genus and species together

14 One Family may have Many Genera Family Rosaceae Genus Rosa Genus Sorbus Genus Malus

15 The Genus (Genera plural) Always the first word of the binomial First letter is always capitalized Always italicized or underlined Often the Roman name for the plant If a plant has no Roman name it is given a Latinized modern name Poinsettia (Poinsett) Forsythia (Forsythe) Franklinia (Franklin) Acer or Acer (Maple)

16 Some Genera Common in Acer (maple) Juniperus (juniper) Pinus (pine) Picea (spruce) Thuja (arborvitae) Fraxinus (ash) Betula (birch) Syringa (lilac) Caragana (caragana) Montana Malus (apple) Tilia (linden) Cotoneaster (cotoneaster) Rosa (rose) Prunus (cherry) Poa (bluegrass) Festuca (fescue)

17 The species (species, singular or plural, is always species) Always the second word of the binomial Almost always begins with a small letter Always italicized or underlined Usually descriptive rubrum or rubrum (RED)

18 Commonly-used Species Names Red = rubra (rubrus, rubrum) White = alba Green = viridis Yellow = lutea, xantho- Silver = argentea Black = nigra Blue = cyano- Northern = borealis Summer = aestivalis

19 More Commonly-used Species Small = micro Big = grand-, macro- Leaf = -phyll Plant = phyto Sugar = sacchar- Fuzzy = pubescens Hairy = hirsutus Root = radix Korea = koreanis Names

20 One Genus may have many Species Genus Rosa Species rugosa Species foetida Species rubrifolia

21 Acer rubrum red maple

22 Genus and Species Together Both are always underlined or italicized Acer rubrum Acer rubrum Betula papyrifera Betula papyifera

23 Why do we need universal nomenclature? English cauliflower Japanese kalifurawaa Chinese Hua ye cai French Chou fleur German Blumenkohl Spanish coliflor Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

24 Variety A group having characteristics of its own within a species Characteristics are insufficient to justify a new species Naturally occurs Sometimes descriptive The first letter is lower case and, because it is part of the binomial so it is italicized or underlined

25 Brassica oleracea var. Brassica oleracea italica - Broccoli capitata Cabbage botrytis - Cauliflower acephala Kale, collard gemmifera Brussels sprouts

26 Cultivar Meaning cultivated variety A variety of a plant that has been created or selected intentionally and maintained throughout cultivation Not part of the binomial, therefore it is not italicized or underlined Three ways to write cultivar: Brassica oleracea capitata Golden Acre Brassica oleracea capitata cv. Golden Acre Brassica oleracea capitata cultivar Golden Acre

27 Hybrids Interspecific hybrids Most of what we see are interspecific hybrids Hybrid between two species within the same Genus An X between Genus and species indicates an interspecific hybrid The species given is the dominant species Examples: Abelia x grandiflora Fragraria x ananassa

28 Intergeneric hybrids Less often An X preceding the Genus indicates in intergeneric hybrid The Genus is often an amalgamation of the two Genera involved Example: X Cupressocyparis leylandii Leyland cypress This is a hybrid of Chamaecyparis nootkanensis and Cupressus macrocarpa.

29 Subspecifics Strain: A subcultivar category Contains a distinctive trait worthy of cultivation Kentucky Wonder, rust resistant strain

30 Sport: A mutation Subspecifics cont. Peach and nectarines are sports of each other

31 Authority The name of the person who named the plant appears abbreviated after the botanical name Examples: Syringa vulgaris L. = L. stands for Linnaeus Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. = Ait. Stands for Aiton

32 Writing Binomial Nomenclature Genus - always capitalized, italicized or underlined Lactuca sativa L. var. inermis (species) specific epithet - always lower case, italicized or underlined

33 Writing Binomial Nomenclature Genus - always capitalized, italicized or underlined Lactuca sativa Grand Rapids cv. Grand Rapids (species) specific epithet - always lower case, italicized or underlined

34

35 Reference Books on Nomenclature Bailey, L.H How plants get their names. New York, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. Gough, R.E Glossary of Vital Terms for the Home Gardener. Binghamton, New York: The Haworth Press Brako, L., A.Y. Rossman, and D.F. Farr Scientific and Common Names of 7,000 Vascular Plants in the United States. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS Press

36 Cool Website for Pronunciation! ronunciation-guide-to-botanicallatin.aspx

37 End