Tree morphology and identification. TreeKeepers March 18, 2017

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1 Tree morphology and identification TreeKeepers March 18, 2017

2 Tree identification keys What if you don t know what kind of tree it is? Dichotomous keys work you through it. Ask a series of yes or no questions that will lead you to the right tree.

3 Dichotomous key

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6 Deciduous vs coniferous Deciduous: Broad leaves Lose leaves in winter Coniferous: Needles Leaves persistent (evergreen*) Seeds in a cone

7 Types of conifers Needles Scales

8 Pines Needles in bundles Needles usually long

9 Spruces Single needles Needles square or diamond shaped See if you can roll them in your fingers Needles pointy Cones downwards

10 Firs Single needles Needles flat Cannot roll in your fingers Needles tips rounded Cones upright

11 Quiz!

12 Tree identification website tree/index.cfm

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14 Deciduous species

15 Whorled Leaf attachment Alternate Opposite

16 Alternate

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20 Maple MAD Horse Ash Dogwood HORSEchestnut/ BUCKeye

21 Twig morphology

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24 Bark texture

25 Twig pubescence

26 Staghorn vs. smooth sumac

27 Leaf texture

28 Armaments

29 Crabapple vs. hawthorn

30 Fruits

31 Seeds

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33 Fall color

34 Leaf characteristics

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36 Types of compound leaves

37 Leaf venation

38 Leaf shape

39 Leaf margins

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41 Quiz!

42 Tree identification website tree/index.cfm

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44 Honey locust* (Gleditsia triacanthos) Pinnately compound leaves Alternate attachment May have armaments Gray, plate-like bark Long seed pods

45 Gleditsia triacanthos Skyline

46 Some common trees

47 Ashes

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49 White ash Green ash*

50 Fall color

51 Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)* Opposite leaves Pinnately compound leaves Pinnate venation Fruit is a samara (winged)

52 EAB

53 EAB

54 Oaks

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56 White oak Bur oak Red oak* Swamp white oak

57 Red oak (Quercus rubra)* Alternate leaves Simple, pinnately lobed leaves Pointy tips Good fall color

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60 Maples

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62 So many maples Red Maple Sugar Maple Silver Maple Norway Maple*

63 Norway maple (Acer platanoides)* Opposite leaves Simple, palmately lobed leaves Yellow in fall White sap in leaves Overplanted in cities Invasive

64 Norway maple Crimson King

65 Cultivars and hybrids Cultivars are trade names o Consistent appearance o Frequently genetically identical o Bred for specific traits Hybrids occur when two species (or sometimes genera) interbreed o Sometimes occurs naturally o Frequently used to create interesting new plant varieties

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69 Boxelder (Acer negundo)* Opposite leaves Palmately compound leaves Quite weedy Not frequently planted, but abundant

70 Questions?

71 Binomial nomenclature

72 What are they? Latin or scientific names

73 What do they look like? Genus species Upper case Lower case Italics

74 Genus Quercus Acer Ulmus Fraxinus Carya Juglans Platanus Fagus Oak Maple Elm Ash Hickory Walnut Sycamore Beech

75 species Usually describes a unique attribute of that plant

76 But they re so long You can abbreviate them Acer platanoides = A. platanoides

77 Where did they come from?

78 Where did they come from? Arbutus caule erecto, foliis glabris serratis, baccis polyspermis (Arbutus with upright stems, hairless, sawtoothed leaves and many-seeded berries) Arbutus unedo

79 Linnaeus Named over 9,000 plants. Had minions send him plant samples from around the world. Most of his names are still used.

80 Binomial names Is it really necessary to know two names? o Yeah, probably

81 Scientists love them Same name regardless of language They are widely used, so it is important that you have a little bit of familiarity with them.

82 Common names confusing Pin oak Pin oak

83 Common names confusing Pin oak Quercus palustris Pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis

84 Common names confusing Ironwood Hop hornbeam Hardhack Leverwood Ostrya virginiana

85 Latin names are descriptive Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust)

86 Latin names are descriptive Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue ash)

87 Latin names are descriptive Tilia cordata (Littleleaf linden*)

88 Littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata)* Alternate leaves Simple, pinnate venation Flowers inconspicuous Smell incredible Showy flower stipules

89 Latin names are descriptive (kind of) Tilia tomentosa (Silver linden)

90 Sometimes latin names are the same. Aesculus hippocastanum

91 What do we do with cultivars? Acer platanoides Crimson King Normal latin name No italics, capitalized, in...

92 What do we do with hybrids? Acer x freemanii Genus X denotes hybrid hybrid name OR A.rubrum x A. saccharinum Mommy Daddy

93 Freeman maple

94 More species to know!

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99 American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)* Alternate leaves Leaves look kind of like maples, but huge Exfoliating bark = really pretty Seeds are in poofy balls

100 American elm* (Ulmus americana)

101 American elm* (Ulmus americana) Simple leaf Alternate attachment Pinnate venation Uneven leaf base

102 American elm* (Ulmus americana) Simple leaf Alternate attachment Pinnate venation Uneven leaf base Vase shaped tree

103 American elm* (Ulmus americana) Simple leaf Alternate attachment Pinnate venation Uneven leaf base Vase shaped tree Dutch elm disease

104 Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) Doubly pinnately compound leaf Alternate attachment Brown pods Great street tree