ALGAE. Marlia Singgih Wibowo School of Pharmacy ITB

Transcription

1 ALGAE Marlia Singgih Wibowo School of Pharmacy ITB

2 PHOTOSYNTHETIC ALGAE Algae is the simplest eucariotic microorganism which having chlorophyll, photosynthesis activity Different from cyanobacteria and prochlorophyte (bacteria) Photoautotroph produce oxygen during photosynthesis process Can grow in inorganic media with CO 2 as the only carbon sources

3 Cyanobacteria Green algae

4 Chlorophyll

5 Ecology of Algae Habitat Range of algae is various, from ice area to hot spring water 70 C Grow well in deep sea with no or very little sunshine (±( 200 m deep)

6 Characteristic of ALGAE Some are unicellular, loose colonies, cells with flagella, or filament Some algae form a feature like plant, with root, stem and leaves However, unlike plants, algae has non- vascular properties algae do not use vascular transport system, algae use photosynthesis process to assimilate water and other nutrition directly from their environment

7 Characteristic of ALGAE (cont d) In suitable condition, algae do asexual reproduction Some algae also do sexual reproduction Algae can grow in many places, like river, lakes, moisty soil Some genus live with fungi or animals, or plants (epiphytic), or as free-floating floating organisms (plankton)

8 Characteristic of ALGAE Algae play an important role in converting CO 2 into organic carbon in deep sea and other water land area Participated in oxygen cycle, it is considered that 50% of oxygen released into atmosphere is from algae photosynthetic activity

9 CLASSIFICATION of ALGAE Classification of algae is based on : Photosynthetic pigment Structure/composition of cell walls Metabolites Motility properties

10 CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE Rhodophyta (algae merah = red algae) Phaeophyta (algae coklat = brown algae) Chrysophyta (algae emas = golden algae) Chlorophyta (algae hijau = green algae) Bacillariophyta (diatome) Euglenophyta (euglena) Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagelata)

11 Morphology of Algae with flagella 1,2: Euglena, 3,4:Phacus, 5:Lepocinclis, 6:Trachelomonas, 7:Phacotus, 8:Chlamydomonas, 9:Carteria, 10:Chlorogonium, 11:Pyrobotrys, 12:Chrysococcus, 13:Synura, 14:Pandorina, 15:Eudorina, 16:Dinobyron, 17:Peridinium, 18:Ceratium, 19:Gonium, 20:Volvox

12 Morphology of Algae with filament 1:Rhizoclonium, 2:Cladophora, 3:Bulbochaete, 4:Oedogonium, 5:Vaucheria, 6:Tribonema, 7:Chara, 8:Betrachospermum, 9:Microspora, 10,11:Ulothrix, 12:Desmidium, 13:Mougeotia, 14:Spirogyra, 15:Zygnema, 16:Stigeoclonium, 17:Draparnaldia

13 Morphology of Algae with no flagella and no filament 1:Chlorococcum, 2:Oocystis, 3:Coelastrum, 4:Chlorella, 5:Sphaerocystis, 6:Micractinium, 7:Scendesmus, 8:Actinastrum, 9:Phytoconis, 10:Ankistrodesmus, 11:Pamella, 12:Botryococcus, 13:Tetraedron, 14:Pediastrum, 15:Tetraspora, 16,17:Staurastrum, 18:Closterium, 19:Euastrum, 20:Micrasterias

14 Rhodophyta (algae merah = red algae) Unicellular, filamentous or leafy Grow mostly in warm sea Contains chlorophyll a dan d, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin Produces cellulose as a major cell-wall composition Energy : floridean starch (α-1,4( 1,4-dan 1,6- glucan) Produces Polysaccharides of cell wall, which are used for food : Agar dan Carrageenan

15 Polysiphonia (red algae)

16 Red Algae

17 Agar is produced by Gelidium, Gracilaria Agar is used as solidifying agent for microbiology media Carrageenan is produced by Chondrus crispus Carrageenan is used as thickening agent and smoothing agent in ice-cream cream production, mustard, evaporated milk, and other food

18 Seaweed

19 Phaeophyta (brown algae) Multicellular microorganisms Contains a lot of chocolate pigment (fucoxanthin), chlorophyll a dan c Figure like plants, with black-brown brown colour Species : Macrocystis pyrifera,, grown on seashore, iodium producer, Laminaria sp

20 Chrysophyta (algae emas = golden algae) It can grow in land water or sea water Unicellular, golden color due to its carotenoid content Contain chlorophyll a and c, β-carotene Cell walls contain cellulose, silica, reserved nutrition in the form of fat, oil and chrysolaminarant Having flagella Species : Nitzschia

21 Nitzschia (golden algae)

22 Bacillariophyta (diatoms) Diatoms (diatomae( diatomae) ) is an unicellular algae which has a hard shell called frustule,, consist of silica and covered by organic layer Similar content with Chrysophyta, sometimes categorized as sub-class Chrysophyta Fosill are exploited as bricks or porous filter or brushing agent Species : Stephanodiscus, Cymbella

23 Diatomae

24 Chlorophyta (green algae) Can grow in land water, sea water, snow, humid/moisty moisty soil, and epiphyte Photosynthetic Pigment resemble to green plants Morphology are various, from unicellular to filamentous form Species : Chlamydomonas Reservoir nutrition : amylum Having flagella Sexual Reproduction

25 Green algae : Micrasterias (single cell)

26 Green algae

27 Volvox colony Scenedesmus, a pack of 4

28 Euglenophyta (euglena) Euglena has structure between true algae and protozoa Examples : Euglena granulata, E.gracilis Euglena granulata has no cell-wall, citoplasmic organel,, contains vacuola, caryon,, chloroplast, mitocondria, paramylon (glucose polimer) Can not undergo sexual reproduction

29 Morphology of Euglena Euglena gracilis (a) Euglena granulatum (b)

30 Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagelata) Unicellular Algae with two flagella Heterotroph (saprophyte, symbiotic, parasites, or free living Containing chlorophyll a and c, β- carotene, xanthophyll Species : Gonyaulax catenella,producing toxin Saxitoxin which is neurotoxic,, and contaminating marine organisms, such as seashell, squid

31 Marine dinoflagellate : Ornithocercus magnificus

32 The dinoflagellates are the second most important group of phytoplankton, responsible for producing energy in the ocean food chain. They have a whiplike structure called a flagellum that acts as an organ of locomotion

33 List of Algae in Catalogue (UKNCC) pdf.file