Characteristics Of Eukaryotic Algae Eukaryotic Algae
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1 Characteristics Of Eukaryotic Algae Eukaryotic Algae I. General Characteristics II. Reproduction and Life History Patterns III. Photosynthetic Pigments IV. Chloroplast types V. Major Polysaccharide Reserves VI. Flagellated stages and Flagella types true nucleus well developed organelles tochondria chloroplasts - surrounded by 2 or 3+ membranes more complex reproductive cycles asexual reproductive spores sexual reproduction Reproduction Asexual 1. tosis (cell division) 2. zoospores (flagellated) 3. Fragmentation (filaments) Sexual Reproduction Two steps in sexual reproduction: 1. meiosis (reduction division) 2. syngamy (fusion of sex cells) Zygote - diploid cell resulting from gamete fusion Three Basic Life History patterns: differ in when and where meiosis occurs Haplontic () Diplontic (2n thallus) Diplohaplontic (sporophyte) Sexual (production of gametes) Gametes - types: isogamous (gametes identical, flagellated) anisogamous (gametes differ in size, flagellated) + - gametes Haplontic life History vegetative phase is haploid (thallus) only diploid cell meiosis occurs in (zygotic meiosis) oogamous (flagellated sperm and nonflagellated egg) zoospores meiosis
2 gametes meiosis Diplontic Life History vegetative phase in diploid Hydrodictyon reticulatum Volvox aureus Spirogyra meiosis occurs in diploid thallus (gametic meiosis) Chara excelsa tosis gametes are only haploid stage Fucus gardneri gametes me zy zoospores Diplohaplontic Life History meiosis in thallus sporophyte (sporic meiosis) gametes produced by tosis zoospores grow into thallus (gametophyte) Alternation of Generations Some General Distinguishing Features photosynthetic pigments Chl a - all have Chl b Green, some Cyanobacteria Chl c 1, c 2, c 3 - found in Brown Algae (Ochrophyta), Dinophyta, Cryptophyta & Haptophyta carotenoids - excess energy dissipation? Xanthophyll cycle Ulva fenestra Antithammnion occidentale
3 1.0 chlb 0.8 chla 0.6 carotenoids abs Wavelength (nm) Carotenoids cont. ca. 60 different carotenoids fucoxanthin major carotenoids: β-carotene major yellow pigment in ochrophytes fucoxanthin e.g. Browns peridinin e.g. Dinoflagellates siphoxanthin e.g. Greens (light absorption in deep water?) siphonoxanthin peridinin More photosynthetic pigments phycobilins (Phycobiliprotiens) Cyanobacteria and Red Algae (Rhodophyta) phycobiliproteins are a phycobilin (pigment) and associated protein water soluble organized in phycobilisomes abs Chl a & carotenoids phycoerythrin phycocyanin allophycocyanin Wavelength (nm)
4 Energy Transfer Sequence 4 types of Phycobiliproteins Model of a Phycobilisome Chl a phycoerythrin ( nm) phycocyanin ( nm) green 1. Phycoerythrin 4. Allophycocyanin 2. Phycoerythrocyanin red 3. Phycocyanin allophycocyanin ( nm) thylakiod chloroplast structure number varies (one in Chlamydomonas to many) shape disk shaped (most) star shaped (Zygnema) spiral (Spirogyra) reticulate (Microspora) position parietal axial central chloroplast origin 1 endosymbiont 2 endosymbiont chlorophyte 1 cryptomonad 2 Polysaccharide Reserves polysaccharide reserves - glucose chains (Glucans), side branching varies between groups and species two basic groups rhodophyte 1 chromophyte 2 (ochrophyte) α-1,4 linked glucose β-1,3 linked glucose
5 Some Storage Products α-1,4 linked glucose (starch) β-1,3 linked glucose (lanaran) α-1,4 linked glucose β-1,3 linked glucose Starch Cyanophytan starch (glycogen) Floridean starch paramylon chyrsolanaran lipids flagella 9+2 organization (eukaryotic, however no prokaryotic algae are flagellated) no flagellated cells in the Rhodophyta number of flagella position (anterior, posterior, transverse) Flagellar Appendages smooth (fine hairs) whiplash tinsel (stiff hairs - mastigonemes) Flagallated Cell Types isokontous flagella identical in shape and structure heterokontous - (two unequal length flagella usually one smooth one tinsel) isokont heterokont
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