Wood Decay Fungi: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Identifying Fungi Associated with Hazard Trees

Transcription

1 Wood Decay Fungi: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Identifying Fungi Associated with Hazard Trees Dr. Jessie A. Glaeser Center of Forest Mycology Research U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Madison, WI

2 Why Identify Decay Fungi? Gives an idea of how much and what type of decay is in the tree. HHB Armillaria solidipes - pathogenic Armillaria gallica - nonpathogenic Tom Volk

3 Decay Designations Where it is in the tree o Heart rot o Sap rot o Root rot (butt rot) What type of decay (biochemically) o White rot o Brown rot HHB Oxyporus populinus

4 Heart Rot Decay in the center of living tree. Not necessarily confined to the heartwood. Can occur in trees without heartwood.

5 Heart Rot Initial wounding of sapwood. Colonization by succession of microorganisms. Tree defense - Compartmentalization. Production of new sapwood, heartwood. Seals over so decay appears restricted to central column.

6 Sap Rot Decay in outer wood of living and non-living trees or parts of trees. Center most resistant. Dangerous for climbers. JAG

7 Root and Butt Rots Very dangerous. Pathogenic. Kill roots and lower bole. Can result in wind throw or collapse of tree unexpectedly. USFS

8 Wood Cell Wall Components Cellulose and Hemicellulose Lignin

9 White Rot Metabolize all parts of the wood cell wall - cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Gradual loss of strength by enzymatic digestion of cell wall components. 80% of decay fungi Often associated with hardwoods.

10 Brown Rot Metabolize hemicellulose and cellulose but not lignin. Initially a nonenzymatic depolymerization of cellulose involving superoxide radicals, iron and hydrogen peroxide. Very rapid strength loss early in decay process. Not as common as white rot. Often associated with softwoods.

11 Types of White Rot Uniform white rot Phellinus tremulae on aspen

12 Types of White Rot White pocket rot Porodaedalea (Phellinus) pini on Douglas fir Decay restricted to small pockets. Desirable for paneling.

13 Types of White Rot White laminated rot - wood separates into sheaths. Phellinus weirii USFS CFS Eric Allen Ceriporiopsis rivulosa

14 Types of Brown Rot Brown crumbly rot Fomitopsis pinicola

15 Types of Brown Rot Brown stringy rot Echinodontium tinctorium on western conifers.

16 Types of brown rot pocket rots Pecky cypress Brown pocket rot of cedar

17 Many Wood Decay Fungi are Difficult to Identify. Professional mycologists use microscopic characteristics or DNA sequencing. Many of the important decay fungi are easily recognized.

18 Traits for Identification Substrate Decay type Host Location Texture Positon Fruiting Body Appearance General shape Arrangement on tree Surface of cap (pileus pileus) Fertile Surface Stalk (stipe stipe)

19 Wood Decay Fungi Fruiting Body Shapes Stipitate stalk, stipe Central Eccentric Lateral Broadly attached Conks and shelf fungi.

20 Wood Decay Fungi Fruiting Body Shapes Resupinate Flat Effused reflexed Partially resupinate and partially shelf-like.

21 Wood Decay Fungi Fruiting Body Shapes Imbricate Overlapping groups of fruiting bodies.

22 Parts of a Fruiting Body Cap (pileus) Gills Ring (annulus) Stalk (stipe) Base

23 Parts of a Fruiting Body Pileus (cap) Context Pore layer (s) Spore surface (hymenium)

24 Types of Hymenophores Lamellate Pores Gills Pores Maze-like Gills Daedeloid

25 Types of Hymenophores Wrinkled = phlebioid Toothed irpicoid Flat = corticioid

26 Lichens Algae + Fungi Crustose, foliose, On surface only Do not indicate decay

27 References for Decay ID Books field guides. Journal Articles. Websites. Services: North American Mycological Society Local Chapters Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, WI University of California Berkeley Wood Decay Laboratory