Tree Physiology. Sara Rose
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1 Tree Physiology Sara Rose
2 What is a Tree?
3 U.S. Forest Service Woody plants that have well-developed stems and that usually are more than 12 feet tall at maturity.
4 Merriam-Webster A woody perennial plant having a single usually elongate main stem generally with few or no branches on its lower part
5 Botanical Tree is not a botanical term
6
7 Key Needs of Trees Five Basic Needs: 1. Air 2. Space 3. Sun 4. Water 5. Soil
8 Air Source of Carbon Dioxide used in Photosynthesis Source of Oxygen used for Respiration
9 Space Above Ground: Stem and Leaf Growth Below Ground: Root Growth
10
11 Sun (Light) Source of full spectrum light energy for photosynthesis: Food Production
12 Water Component of Photosynthesis Transports minerals into roots Transpiration
13 Soil Substrate for anchoring Beneficial organisms: Fungi and Bacteria Source of mineral nutrition
14 Nutrients: Derived from Air or Soil/Water Macro Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Potassium Phosphorous Sulfur Calcium Micro Magnesium Boron Chloride Copper Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Zinc
15
16 Tree Parts Trees Common Use Crown: Leaves and branches Trunk: Central Stem Roots Botanical Plant Parts Leaves Stems: Trunk, Branches, Twigs Roots
17 Vascular Tissue Phloem: Transports products of photosynthesis from source to sink Xylem: Transports water and minerals throughout the tree Vascular tissue is found throughout the plant.
18 Meristem Undifferentiated tissue Rapidly dividing cells New Growth
19 Meristem Locations: Apical meristem : Apical/terminal buds and just behind the root caps Lateral meristem Nodes Vascular Cambium Cork Cambium Roots
20 LEAVES
21 Leaves Leaves Primary site of photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration
22 Roots Water intake Mineral intake (dissolved in water) Anchoring
23 3 Types of Roots Tap - grow deep, food storage and anchoring Lateral- close to the surface, responsible for water and mineral intake Adventitious: Prop roots, climbing roots
24 Roots Lateral Roots Tap Root
25 Fibrous Roots
26 Adventitious Roots
27 Root Tip Zones
28 Mycorrhizae (fungus root) Mutualistic relationship between fungi & plant Symbiotic fungi greatly increase surface area for absorption of water & minerals. Fungus receives carbohydrate from plant.
29 Stems Trunk, Branches, Twigs Provides structure Transportation between leaves and roots Xylem from previous years = Wood
30 Growth Primary growth: Generated by apical meristems. Occurs in all plants Secondary growth: Growth in girth. Generated by lateral (secondary) meristems. Occurs in woody plants
31 Meristems: annual growth can also be seen in the branching patterns of many tree species (esp. conifers).
32 Simple layers of a Tree
33 Note the five major portions of the tree trunk.
34 Trunk/Branch Parts Bark: Outer surface that protects the cambium, phloem, and xylem. Produced by cork cambium. Inner Bark: Phloem Vascular Cambium: Secondary meristem between xylem and phloem Sapwood: Newly formed secondary xylem Heartwood: Xylem from previous growing seasons
35 Growth Rings Springwood Lighter in color, often softer wood develops in early spring. Summerwood gif Darker in color, produced later in the growing season, less porous than springwood.
36 Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll glucose + oxygen 6CO 2 +6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Occurs in the presence of light
37 Why is Photosynthesis important? Synthesizes organic molecules (glucose) from inorganic molecules (carbon dioxide and water) Oxygen is released Beginning food chains
38 Respiration Equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O (Glucose) (oxygen) (Carbon Dioxide) (water) Consumes oxygen (oxidation of sugars) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. 24/7, even when tree is dormant
39 Transpiration Regulates temperature in plants Water enters root Exits stoma Sweating
40 Gas exchange occurs when stomata are open gas. O 2 can diffuse out and CO 2 can diffuse in. Water vapor from transpiration exits leaf.
41 Stoma Open Guard cells are filled with water: Often during the day Closed Guard cells are lacking water (dehydrated): Often at night Closed vs. Open
42 How do Trees Reproduce? 1. Seeds Primary source of reproduction. 2. Offshoots Suckers Some trees produce spouts from the roots. r2.jpg
43 Flower-Fruit
44 Compartmentalization: Trees Seal but do not Heal.
45 Questions? Sara Rose Subject Line: Treekeeper
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