Life Science Notes Chapter 1 Exploring and Classifying Life. Life Science:, Anatomy, Earth Science;, Mineralogy, Physical Science:,

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1 Section 1.1 What is Science? Types of Science- Life Science Notes Chapter 1 Exploring and Classifying Life Life Science:, Anatomy, Earth Science;, Mineralogy, Physical Science:, Critical thinking- looking at a and trying to figure out what. Scientific Method- A series of or used to solve a. Steps: State the Gather Form a Perform an Analyze Draw If experiment proves hypothesis, retest many times of accuracy. If experiment proves hypothesis is then reform a hypothesis and begin again. An in-depth look at each step of the scientific method State the problem- Usually there is something that a person wants to find out. This leads to the person what it is they want to find out. The thing they want to find out is the or thing they want to find an answer about. Gather Information- The information gathered should to the problem. Information can be gathered in observations and experiments, (observations and experiments done outside the lab), and even. Form a Hypothesis- After observing people can come up with of what they have seen. This is called a,

2 or an that can be by performing an. Perform an experiment- In an experiment the is using conditions. In the experiment there should always be a (standard to which the outcome of a test is compared) and a (something in an experiment that can change). Analyze data- Any information collected during an experiment is. When people have finished an experiment, they can look at all the data and try to find, or that they got the results that they did. This is analyzing data. Draw conclusions- After the data is analyzed people can draw, or figure out the to the problem. They can then accept or reject their hypothesis. Ethical decisions- decisions based on, and what is culturally accepted. Reporting results- usually done in a, or. Why is this step important? Developing Theories After results of many, many experiments turn out the same a can be proposed. A theory is an of things or events based on that is the result of observations and experiments. Theories usually explain many, like the cell theory. Theories also raise many, which provide more experimenting and possibly new information. If new information shows a theory isn t 100% correct, the theory must be. Law- a of how things work in that seem to be true the time, like gravity. Laws tell you what but not necessarily it happens. Scientific Methods Help Answer Questions Using this method is a great way to questions. Sometimes it leads

3 to questions. Sometimes it gives you a different answer than what you think and sometimes it doesn t answer your questions at all. Measuring with SI SI- of Meter- - mass Second- - volume Safety- make sure you follow, read safety and follow all. Section 1.2 Living Things What are Living Things? Organism- Can range in size from cell to of cells, What makes something living? Living things are. Living things Living things use Living things and Living things 1. Living Things are Organized Cell- smallest of an organism that carries out the of Cells take in materials from their surroundings and use them in ways. Each cell has an and contains, which carries for what the cell is supposed to do. Many celled organisms- have cells to do

4 (cardiac cell, nerve cell) 2. Living Things Respond Living things- with their Stimulus- an organism to. Plural stimuli Response- to the Organisms to things both and. External-,, Internal-,, food levels, ph Homeostasis- ability to maintain proper conditions no matter what is going on outside 3. Living Things Use Energy Energy- all energy comes directly or indirectly from the Plants- use sun to change (CO2) and (H2O) to make (carbohydrates or sugars). Plants use to break that down for energy Animals and other organisms- can t use to make, so they must other living or once living things to obtain energy. They also use to break down food for energy. 4. Living Thing Grow and Develop Growth- living things usually get in size as they get older. This growth usually occurs because more are made. Development- all that take place during the of an organism 5. Living Things Reproduce Reproduce- make of their own kind It s necessary for any of life to

5 What Living Things Need A place to A Place to Live Environment limits where organisms can live. Not many living things can live in conditions. An organisms must provide for an organisms. Raw Materials Water- most organisms are composed of % water or more. Humans are %- % water Living things are also made of,, and. Section 1.3 Where Does Life Come From? Before the 1800 s no one ever where living things came from and some people believed in. Spontaneous generation- the idea that can come from. Like maggots from meat, and earthworms from rain. Through many, it was shown that spontaneous generation occur. Biogenesis- theory that things can only come from things Know the experiments on pg 20 Life s origins- If things can only come from things, where did the first living thing come from? Oparin- scientist in 1924, suggested that Earth s early atmosphere had everything needed for a to form.

6 This included ammonia, hydrogen, methane and water vapor. Miller and Urey- American scientists in 1953 set up an to test Oparin s theory. It showed that chemicals in living things could be this way but that life this way. Section 1.4 How are Living Things Classified? Classification- putting things into by History of Classification Aristotle- philosopher and scientist ( BC), all living things as or. He also split these groups into smaller groups like number of legs, hair/no hair, blood/no blood. Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish naturalist ( ), developed a new system for grouping organisms. It was based on structure. Used by most scientists. Modern classification- also uses to group, but also uses internal structure, cell structure, number of chromosomes, fossil information, hereditary information, and early developmental stages. Phylogeny- history of an organism, or how it has over Six Kingdoms- All organisms are placed into six kingdoms:

7 Each kingdom can be divided into smaller groups. The order from largest to smallest is Scientific name- all scientists use to name organisms. These names are made up of and. Two word naming system is called Genus- group of species Species- usually a name Why would it be useful to use scientific naming instead of using common names?? Four reasons scientific names are used Helps avoid Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are grouped Gives information about the species Allows information to be easily Tools for Identifying Organisms Field Guide- shows and of many organisms like trees, or fish in North America Dichotomous Key- detailed list of characteristics arranged in with choices