Life Science Notes Chapter 1 Exploring and Classifying Life
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1 Section 1.1 What is Science? Types of Science- Life Science Notes Chapter 1 Exploring and Classifying Life Life Science: Biology, Anatomy, Zoology Earth Science; Astronomy, Mineralogy, Meteorology Physical Science: Chemistry, Physics Critical thinking- looking at a problem and trying to figure out what happened. Scientific Method- A series of steps or procedures used to solve a problem. Steps: State the problem Gather information Form a hypothesis Perform an experiment Analyze data Draw conclusions If experiment proves hypothesis correct, retest many times for accuracy. If experiment proves hypothesis is NOT correct then reform a hypothesis and begin again. An in-depth look at each step of the scientific method State the problem- Usually there is something that a person wants to find out. This leads to the person stating what it is they want to find out. The thing they want to find out is the
2 problem or thing they want to find an answer about. Gather Information- The information gathered should relate to the problem. Information can be gathered in laboratory observations and experiments, fieldwork (observations and experiments done outside the lab), and even observation. Form a Hypothesis- After observing people can come up with testable explanations of what they have seen. This is called a hypothesis, or an explanation that can be tested by performing an experiment. Perform an experiment- In an experiment the hypothesis is tested using controlled conditions. In the experiment there should always be a control (standard to which the outcome of a test is compared) and a variable (something in an experiment that can change). Analyze data- Any information collected during an experiment is data. When people have finished an experiment, they can look at all the data and try to find patterns, or reasons that they got the results that they did. This is analyzing data. Draw conclusions- After the data is analyzed people can draw conclusions, or figure out the answer to the problem. They can then accept or reject their hypothesis. Ethical decisions- decisions based on morals, values and what is culturally accepted. Reporting results- usually done in a journal, or newsletter. Why is this step important? Developing Theories
3 After results of many, many experiments turn out the same a theory can be proposed. A theory is an explanation of things or events based on scientific knowledge that is the result of many observations and experiments. Theories usually explain many hypotheses, like the cell theory. Theories also raise many new questions, which provide more experimenting and possibly new information. If new information shows a theory isn t 100% correct, the theory must be changed. Law- a statement of how things work in nature that seem to be true all the time, like gravity. Laws tell you what will happen but not necessarily why it happens. Scientific Methods Help Answer Questions Using this method is a great way to answer questions. Sometimes it leads to more questions. Sometimes it gives you a different answer than what you think and sometimes it doesn t answer your questions at all. Measuring with SI SI- International System of Units Meter- distance Gram- mass Second- time Liter- volume Safety- make sure you follow directions, read safety symbols and follow all rules. Section 1.2 Living Things
4 What are Living Things? Organism- any living thing Can range in size from one cell to billions of cells, What makes something living? Living things are organized. Living things respond Living things use energy Living things grow and develop Living things reproduce 1. Living Things are Organized Cell- smallest unit of an organism that carries out the functions of life Cells take in materials from their surroundings and use them in complex ways. Each cell has an orderly structure and contains hereditary material, which carries instructions for what the cell is supposed to do. Many celled organisms- have special cells to do specific jobs (cardiac cell, nerve cell) 2. Living Things Respond Living things- interact with their surroundings Stimulus- anything an organism responds to. Plural stimuli Response- reaction to the stimulus
5 Organisms respond to things both externally and internally. External- heat, rain, wind Internal- temperature, water levels, food levels, ph Homeostasis- ability to maintain proper internal conditions no matter what is going on outside 3. Living Things Use Energy Energy- all energy comes directly or indirectly from the sun Plants- use sun to change carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to make food (carbohydrates or sugars). Plants use oxygen to break that food down for energy Animals and other organisms- can t use sunlight to make food, so they must eat other living or once living things to obtain energy. They also use oxygen to break down food for energy. 4. Living Thing Grow and Develop Growth- living things usually get bigger in size as they get older. This growth usually occurs because more cells are made. Development- all changes that take place during the life of an organism 5. Living Things Reproduce Reproduce- make more of their own kind It s necessary for any form of life to continue What Living Things Need
6 A place to live Raw materials/energy A Place to Live Environment limits where organisms can live. Not many living things can live in extreme conditions. An organisms surroundings must provide for all an organisms needs. Raw Materials Water- most organisms are composed of 50% water or more. Humans are 60%-70% water Living things are also made of proteins, fats, and sugars. Section 1.3 Where Does Life Come From? Before the 1800 s no one ever tested where living things came from and some people believed in spontaneous generation. Spontaneous generation- the idea that living things can come from non-living things. Like maggots from meat, and earthworms from rain. Through many experiments, it was shown that spontaneous generation did not occur. Biogenesis- theory that living things can only come from other living things Know the experiments on pg 20
7 Life s origins- If living things can only come from living things, where did the first living thing come from? Oparin- Russian scientist in 1924, suggested that Earth s early atmosphere had everything needed for a cell to spontaneously form. This included ammonia, hydrogen, methane and water vapor. Miller and Urey- American scientists in 1953 set up an experiment to test Oparin s theory. It showed that chemicals in living things could be produced this way but NOT that life began this way. Section 1.4 How are Living Things Classified? Classification- putting things into groups by similarities History of Classification Aristotle- Greek philosopher and scientist ( BC), classified all living things as plants or animals. He also split these groups into smaller groups like number of legs, hair/no hair, blood/no blood. Carolus Linnaeus- Swedish naturalist ( ), developed a new system for grouping organisms. It was based on similar structure. Used by most scientists. Modern classification- also uses structure to group, but also uses internal structure, cell structure, number of chromosomes, fossil information, hereditary information, and early developmental stages. Phylogeny- evolutionary history of an organism, or how it has changed over time
8 Six Kingdoms- All organisms are placed into six kingdoms: Plants Animals Protists Fungi Archaebacteria Eubacteria Each kingdom can be divided into smaller groups. The order from largest to smallest is Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Scientific name- all scientists use scientific names to name organisms. These names are made up of genus and species. Two word naming system is called binomial nomenclature Genus- group of similar species Species- usually a descriptive name Why would it be useful to use scientific naming instead of using common names?? Four reasons scientific names are used
9 Helps avoid mistakes Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are grouped together Gives descriptive information about the species Allows information to be easily organized Tools for Identifying Organisms Field Guide- shows pics and descriptions of many organisms like trees, or fish in North America Dichotomous Key- detailed list of identifying characteristics arranged in steps with two choices
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