AP Biology: Biochemistry Learning Targets (Ch. 2-5)

Transcription

1 Understand basic principles of chemistry. Distinguish between an element and a compound. Describe the structure of an atom. Compare the various types of chemical bonding. Describe what is meant by a covalent bond. Distinguish between a polar and a non polar covalent bond and give an example of each. Use the term electronegativity in your explanation. Describe an ionic bond and explain why it is fairly temporary in a biological system. Describe a hydrogen interaction and explain why it is not technically a bond. State whether this is a strong or weak interaction. Explain the importance of the biological theme of structure fitting function. Use any biological molecule to explain what is meant by the statement, Structure fits function in biology.

2 Explain what chemical isomers are. Describe what is meant by enantiomers and explain why they are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Understand the properties of water. Describe the structure of one individual water molecule and the bonds responsible for holding it together. Explain the following properties of water: cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, evaporative coolant, good solvent, less dense as a solid. For each of the water properties listed above, describe a biological application of the property.

3 Relate the concept of ph to biological systems. Distinguish between acids and bases on the ph scale and explain what each step on the numeric scale represents. Explain the relationship of hydrogen/hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to ph. Relate the concept of a ph buffer to a biological system. Understand why carbon is a common backbone element in a biological system. Explain how functional groups alter the properties of organic molecules. Diagram the electron configuration for carbon and explain why it can form 4 covalent bonds. Recognize the structure and describe the properties of each of the following functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, methyl, sulfhydryl, phosphate, amino Understand the relationship between biological monomers and polymers. Understand the importance of macromolecules in the body. Describe the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Relate these processes to monomers and polymers. Explain the formation of polysaccharides from monosaccharides, including the name of the bonds involved.

4 Recognize carbohydrates (including distinguishing between aldose and ketose monosaccharides). Explain the formation of lipids, including the name of the bonds involved. Explain why lipids are not considered polymers even though they are formed by dehydration synthesis. Recognize lipids (including distinguishing between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids). Explain the formation of proteins. Include the bonds used at each of the four layers of formation. Recognize the general structure of an amino acid. Predict the expected result if any level of protein structure is disrupted. Which level has the greatest impact on the others? Explain.

5 Explain what is meant by denaturation. Describe at least two factors that could cause this condition. Explain uses in the human body for each of the macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Recognize specific molecules as practiced in class.