AP Biology Review

Transcription

1 Page 1 The first 3 chapters of our AP Biology book and Chapter 26 cover background information from your Biology class. These reading guides are meant as a review of what you have previously learned. They are due on the first day of your AP Biology class in September and you will be tested on the material during the first week of class. All work must be done by hand do NOT do the reading guides or vocabulary on the computer(so do not type your answers). This work is for you; complete sentences are not required; drawings are strongly recommended. o Complete the Reading Guides: To complete the following reading guides, read the chapters in the AP Biology book and thouroughly complete the reading guides. You can also go to the website for your book. Your textbook online is o Chapter 1 The Science of Biology Reading Guide and vocabulary o Chapter 2 - The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water Reading Guide and vocabulary o Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Reading Guide and vocabulary o Chapter 26 The Tree of Life Reading Guide and vocabulary Vocabulary: see next page Additionally: o Any questions can be directed to o Mr. Harty at: mark.harty@lcps.org

2 Page 2 Vocabulary Make flash cards for the following words with the word on one side and the definition on the back. DO NOT copy from the text book or other source. Put the definitions in your own words to receive credit! I need to know you understand the meaning of the term, not that you can copy out of a book. Diagrams help most people learn and are encouraged! Ch inductive reasoning 2. deductive reasoning 3. homologous 4. analogous Ch atomic number, atomic mass 2. isotope 3. radioactive isotope 4. half-life 5. cation, anion 6. oxidation/reduction 7. octet rule (rule of eight) 8. ionic bond 9. covalent bond 10. polar 11. hydrogen bonds 12. specific heat 13. hydration shell 14. cohesion 15. adhesion 16. properties of water 17. hydrophilic, hydrophobic 18. buffer Ch dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis 2. peptide bond 3. polypeptide 4. motif 5. domain 6. primary, second, and quaternary structure of proteins 7. chaperonins 8. denaturation 9. dissociation 10. nucleotide (include a diagram of the structure) 11. complementary 12. ATP (include structure and show where energy is stored) 13. phospholipid 14. triacylglycerol 15. terpene 16. steroid 17. monosaccharide (include examples) 18. disaccharide (include examples) 19. isomer 20. glycogen 21. cellulose 22. chitin Ch homeostasis 2. Miller-Urey experiment 3. microfossil 4. primary abiogenesis 5. coacervate 6. prokaryote 7. eukaryote 8. archaebacteria 9. methanogen 10. extremophiles 11. anaerobic 12. halophile, thermophile 13. eubacteria 14. endosymbiotic theory

3 Page 3 Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Raven and Johnson, All Living things have 7 basic characteristics. Briefly describe each one The biological world is organized in levels that build on the level below it. Briefly describe each one What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? Give an example of each. 4. How does a scientific theory differ from a hypothesis? 5. Briefly describe Darwin s trip on the Beagle. 6. What were Malthus main conclusions? How do these relate to natural selection? 7. Briefly describe evidence that led Darwin to the idea that evolution occurs by natural selection? 8. How did artificial selection add to Darwin s belief in natural selection?

4 Page 4 9. Who was Alfred Russel Wallace? 10. Did Darwin include the evolution of humans in his books? 11. How have the following added to the theory of evolution recently? a. fossil record b. age of the Earth c. mechanisms of heredity d. comparative anatomy e. molecular evidence 12. What are the 7 unifying themes in Biology

5 Page 5 Chapter 2: Nature of Molecules and Properties of Water Raven and Johnson, Briefly review the structure of atoms. 2. Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Explain what these numbers mean and how to get them. 3. Draw the structure of a carbon molecule using energy rings. How many valence electrons does it have? How many bonds can it form? 4. What is an isotope? How do the isotopes of carbon differ from one another? 5. The half-life of carbon-14 is about 5600 years. If a sample contains one gram of C14, how many grams would it have contained years ago? (Yes you have to show your work.) 6. What is an ion? anion? cation? Are their masses different than the neutral atom? 7. What happens when an electron changes energy rings? 8. Explain oxidation and reduction. These are important terms that we will be using throughout the year. a. oxidation b. reduction 9. Why are valence electrons important in chemical reactions? 10. What is the octet rule and how does it affect the chemical nature of atoms? Does helium fulfill the octet rule (this is tricky!)? 11. How do atoms form ionic or covalent bonds? Give an example of each.

6 Page Draw 2 atoms forming a covalent bond. An ionic bond. 13. Which is the strongest covalent bond - single, double, or triple bond? 14. What is a chemical reaction? What things affect chemical reactions? 15. Why is water considered to be made of polar covalent bonds? 16. What are hydrogen bonds? 17. List the special properties of water and why they are important to living things. 18. Why are hydrogen bonds important for the properties of water? 19. Sketch a few water molecules. Indicate the polarity and where the H-bonds form. 20. How does water organize nonpolar molecules such as lipids? 21. Explain ph. What does it measure? Give examples. 22. A substance at ph 6 will have how many more hydrogen ions than a substance of ph 9? 23. How do buffers work? Why are they necessary in living systems?

7 Page 7 Chapter 3: Chemical Building Blocks of Life Raven and Johnson, What do biologic organic molecules consist of mostly? 2. Functional groups have specific chemical properties. Give the structural formula of each of the following functional groups and where they are found. Group Structural formula Found in: Hydroxyl carbonyl - aldehyde carbonyl - ketone carboxyl amino sulfhydryl phosphate methyl 3. Describe the reaction by which chemical subunits are put together to make macromolecules. 4. Describe the reaction by which macromolecules are disassembled into subunits. 5. What is the basic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates? 6. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide?

8 Page 8 7. What are the two 5-carbon sugars? the three 6-carbon sugars? 8. What is an isomer? 9. What are the components of the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, and lactose? 10. Complex carbohydrates are energy-storage molecules. What are starch and glycogen, and where are they found? 11. Complex carbohydrates can also be used for structure. What are two important structural carbohydrates, and where are they found? 12. Draw a nucleic acid including all 3 components. 13. What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines? Draw them. 14. What are the basic structures of (a) DNA, (b) RNA, (c) ATP?

9 Page What are the 7 functions of proteins? Give an example for each Draw the structure of an amino acid. 17. What does the R stand for? 18. What are the 5 side group categories? These are important in how proteins fold. 19. What is the bond called that connects amino acids into peptides? 20. The way proteins fold is very important to how they function. What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Indicate what bonds are used to maintain these structures. 21. What are motifs and domains? 22. What is the function of a chaperone protein? 23. What diseases can result from incorrectly folded proteins?

10 Page How does denaturation differ from disassociation? 25. Describe and give examples of these other types of lipids: a. triacylglycerol b. steroids c. terpenes d. prostaglandin 26. Why are saturated and unsaturated fats different structurally? 27. Phospholipids are the main molecules of biological membranes. Draw a diagram of the basic structure of a phospholipid. Include glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Indicate the hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) ends. 28. Why do phospholipids form membranes while triglycerides form insoluble droplets? Chapter 26: The Tree of Life Raven and Johnson, What are the 8 fundamental properties of life? Give an example of each.

11 Page What are the 3 theories of the origin of life, briefly describe each one? Which do you think is a plausible theory? 3. What type of evidence would you accept to support the claim that life has been found on Mars? 4. How did Miller and Urey s experiment support the spontaneous origin of life theory? What compounds have been made using their techniques? 5. Which do you think sound more likely as the first major molecules: RNA, proteins, or peptide-nucleic acid? 6. What is Oparin s bubble theory? (Use the terms primary abiogenesis and protobionts.) not in the book 7. What is a coacervate? not in the book 8. Scientist believe that life started billion years ago(bya) and that the first eukaryotes existed. 9. What role did Cyanobacteria play in transforming the Earth s atmosphere? 10. Explain how taxonomists name and group organisms. 11. What are the origins of the nuclear membrane and the ER thought to be? 12. What is Lynn Margulis s theory of endosymbiosis? What organelles are involved?

12 Page Complete the following table. Organization of Living Organisms Domains Eukarya Kingdoms Major characteristics of each kingdom Example organisms 14. What is an evolutionary advantage of compartmentalization? 15. What is an evolutionary advantage of multicellularity? 16. What is an evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction? Can all eukaryotes undergo sexual reproduction?