Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total)

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1 Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Chapter 1 Exploring Life Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Guided Reading Questions (80 pts total) This chapter is an overview of the science of Biology we will be going through this chapter very quickly. If you have any problems please see me before school for additional help. 1. Briefly describe the properties of life listed below: a. Order b. Evolutionary adaptation c. Response to the environment d. Regulation e. Energy processing f. Growth and development g. Reproduction 2. List and briefly describe ALL ten levels of biological organization (largest to smallest). 3. Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem. Can energy be recycled? 4. What is the relationship between genes, DNA, and cells as the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms? Page 1 of 16

2 5. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 6. Explain the concept of emergent properties and how they relate to being alive. 7. Briefly explain bioinformatics. 8. What is feedback and how does it relate to the property of life, regulation? 9. In your own words, define the following terms and give an example of each. Then relate the example you choose to your definition and explain how it meets the criteria. a. Positive feedback b. Negative feedback 10. Why is classification of living organisms necessary to understanding Biology? 11. What does the statement there is unity in diversity mean in terms of Biology and why is it said that Evolution is the unifying theme of Biology? Page 2 of 16

3 12. Imagine you are at the dinner table. Explain Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection, in your own words, and give an example that supports your statements. 13. What are the elements of a well-designed controlled experiment? List and define these terms. 14. Review Table 1 on page 27 list each of these themes and explain each of them briefly in a sentence or phrase of your own. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 15. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback regulation? A. The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood-sugar levels. B. A rise in CO 2 in the atmosphere correlates with increasing global temperature. C. When cells have sufficient energy available, the pathways that break down sugars are turned off. D. A rise in temperature when you exercise stimulates sweating and increased blood flow to the skin. E. In the birth of a baby, uterine contractions stimulate the release of chemicals that stimulate more uterine contractions. Page 3 of 16

4 Chapter 2 - The Chemical Context of Life This chapter is a review of basic chemistry we will be going through this chapter very quickly. If you have any problems please see me before school for additional help. 1. Contrast the term element with compound. 2. Label the diagram below and define the terms that you label. Definitions: 3. Contrast the terms atomic mass and atomic number. 4. What is the difference between the terms atomic mass and atomic weight? 5. What is an isotope and what is special about radioactive isotopes? 6. Explain how radioactive tracers are used in science. Page 4 of 16

5 7. Explain how the movement of electrons relates to the concept of potential energy use the diagram below to help answer the question. 8. What determines interactions between atoms? Why are valence electrons important? 9. Define the following terms: a. Chemical bond b. Covalent bond c. Single bond d. Double bond e. Valence f. Electronegativity g. Nonpolar covalent bond h. Polar covalent bond Page 5 of 16

6 10. What is the difference between a structural and molecular formula? 11. How do ionic bonds compare with covalent bonds? 12. Compare and contrast hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. Give an example of an observable biological phenomenon that is due to each type of bond. 13. Based on the reading, what is an example, in a living system, of how molecular shape is critical? 14. Define a dynamic chemical equilibrium in terms of quantities of reactants and products. (This is a critical concept!) AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 15. The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the. A. mean energy level of its electrons B. number of electrons in its outermost shell C. number of electron shells present in the atoms D. number of protons plus the number of neutrons E. degree to which it has more or fewer electrons than protons Page 6 of 16

7 Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment This chapter is a review and extension of information you should have learned in Biology we will be going through this chapter very quickly. If you have any problems please see me before school for additional help. 1. Why is water considered a polar molecule? 2. For each of the properties of water listed below, briefly define the property. Then explain how water s polar nature and polar covalent bonds contribute to that special property of water. Include an example found in nature of each property. a. Cohesion b. Adhesion c. Surface tension d. High specific heat e. Heat of vaporization f. Evaporative cooling 3. Explain the special relationship between water and density. 4. Define the following terms: a. Solute b. Solvent c. Aqueous solution d. Hydrophilic e. Hydrophobic f. Colloid g. Hydration shell h. Molarity Page 7 of 16

8 5. Label the diagram below to demonstrate the dissociation of the water molecule and then relate this diagram to ph. 6. What properties define an acid and a base? 7. Why are apparently small changes in ph so important in Biology? 8. What is a buffer? Write and explain the carbonic acid buffer system in human blood. 9. What is acid precipitation and why is it important to living organisms? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Which of the following is NOT considered to be an emergent property of water? A. cohesion B. transpiration C. a versatile solvent D. moderation of temperature E. insulation of bodies of water by floating ice Page 8 of 16

9 Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Again, this chapter is a review of (mostly) previously-covered material. We will be moving through this chapter very quickly, so please see me for extra assistance if needed. 1. Why is organic chemistry so important in the study of biology? 2. Why was the Urey-Miller experiment so important? 3. Use the diagram below and the space to the right to label and contrast the three types of isomers. Page 9 of 16

10 Use your textbook to complete the table below: Functional Group 4. Hydroxyl Drawing of the Structure Name of Compounds Example Functional Properties 5. Carbonyl 6. Carboxyl 7. Amino 8. Sulfhydryl 9. Phosphate AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by organisms because A. carbon can combine with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons. B. carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis. C. each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions. D. carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes from the body. E. all of the above Page 10 of 16

11 Chapter 5 - The Structure and Function of Macromolecules 1. Label the diagram below identify a monomer, polymer, dehydration reaction, and hydrolysis. 2. What is a glycosidic linkage and what do the numbers 1-4 and 1-2 relate to? 3. Compare and contrast the two storage polysaccharides and the two structural polysaccharides. 4. Why are lipids like fats and steroids grouped together? 5. What are the building blocks of fats? 6. Contrast saturated and unsaturated fats how does this relate to the concept that structure and function are linked? Page 11 of 16

12 7. Label the molecule below. 8. How would you recognize a basic steroid molecule? 9. List the eight types of proteins and their basic functions. 10. Label the diagram below concerning the catalytic cycle of an enzyme. Page 12 of 16

13 11. Draw two amino acids note the amino group, the carboxyl group and the alpha carbon, circle the water molecule to be removed and then note the peptide bond formed when the two are joined. 12. Explain the four levels of protein structure a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary 13. How do the characteristics of an amino acid nonpolar, polar, acidic or basic relate to the issue of tertiary and quaternary structure? 14. What does denaturation mean and why is it important? 15. What are chaperonins and what is their role in protein structure? 16. Describe the technique of x-ray crystallography. Page 13 of 16

14 17. What are the roles of nucleic acids? 18. Label the blank diagram below: 19. What is meant by the term that DNA is antiparallel? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 20. Which of the macromolecules below could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes, or involved in cell movement or communication? A. lipids B. proteins C. minerals D. nucleic acids E. carbohydrates Page 14 of 16

15 Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism (Concepts 8.4 & 8.5) 1. What is activation energy? 2. Label the diagrams below including the change in free energy. 3. Define the following terms: a. Substrate b. Enzyme substrate complex c. Active site d. Induced fit 4. Label the following diagram: Page 15 of 16

16 5. How do temperature and ph (specifically) affect enzyme activity? 6. Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors. 7. What is allosteric regulation and how does assist in the regulation of metabolism? 8. What is cooperativity? 9. How does feedback inhibition work? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Certain metabolic pathways are affected by the buildup of a product which interacts with an enzyme catalyzing one of the initial steps of the pathway. This can be an example of A. induced fit. B. cooperativity. C. feedback inhibition. D. transcriptional regulation. E. thermodynamic regulation. Page 16 of 16