TABLE OF CONTENTS CENTRE STATE/ FEDERAL RELATIONS PARLIAMENT/STATE LEGISLATURE : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING

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3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 CENTRE STATE/ FEDERAL RELATIONS 1.1 ROLE & POSITION OF GOVERNOR PUDUCHERRY LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR: RECENT CONTROVERSY INTERSTATE COUNCIL (ISC) INTER STATE WATER DISPUTE: NEED FOR SINGLE PERMANENT TRIBUNAL NAGALAND UNREST: PROTEST OVER WOMEN S QUOTA IN ULBs ARTICLE 35A OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION: SIGNIFICANCE & ISSUES PUBLIC SAFETY ACT: JAMMU & KASHMIR PARLIAMENT/STATE LEGISLATURE : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING 2.1 INDIAN PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM: SHOULD INDIA SWITCH TO PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM? PARLIAMENTARY FUNCTIONING IN INDIA PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE RELEVANCE OF RAJYA SABHA EFFICACY OF ANTI DEFECTION LAW ORDINANCE: A ROUTE TO AVOID LEGISLATURE? OFFICE OF PROFIT JUDICIARY & IMPORTANT JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTS 3.1 JUDICIAL REFORMS NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISISON (NJAC) NATIONAL COURT OF APPEAL CONTEMPT OF COURT SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON LOKPAL SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON INSULT TO RELIGION: SECTION 295A (IPC) SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON LIQUOR BAN ON HIGHWAYS SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON BCCI SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON RIGHT TO PRIVACY SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON TRIPLE TALAQ & NEED FOR UCC INDIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM 4.1 HOLISTIC ELECTORAL REFORMS : NEED, CHALLENGES & WAY FORWARD ECI s DEMAND FOR CONTEMPT POWERS NOTA OPTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM EVM CONTROVERSY & NEED FOR VVPAT ISSUE OF POLITICAL FUNDING Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

4 4.6 ELECTORAL BONDS PAID NEWS ELECTION FREEBIES & ELECTORAL PROMISES CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS RIGHT TO RECALL (RTR) SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS: ONE INDIA, ONE ELECTION QUALIFICATION CRITERIA IN PANCHAYAT ELECTIONS DIRECT ELECTION OF MAYOR CONSTITUTIONAL, REGULATORY & OTHER BODIES 5.1 NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (NHRC) NATIONAL COMMISSION ON BACKWARD CLASSES (NCBC): CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OVERTRIBUNALISATION GOVERNANCE 6.1 POLICE REFORMS CIVIL SERVICES REFORM RISING PROPORTION OF UNDERTRIALS LATERAL ENTRY IN CIVIL SERVICES BAN ON BEACONS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IMPORTANT BILLS & ACTS 7.1 AADHAAR ACT REAL ESTATE (REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT) ACT, ENEMY PROPERTY (AMENDMENT AND VALIDATION) BILL, DRAFT NATIONAL MEDICAL COMMISSION BILL, MOTOR VEHICLES (AMENDMENT) BILL, CENSOR BOARD & CINEMATOGRAPHIC ACT Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

5 1 CENTRE STATE/ FEDERAL RELATIONS 1.1 ROLE & POSITION OF GOVERNOR Context A i le of the Co situio e ui es that the e shall e a Go e o fo ea h tate. The post of Go e o is a ital li k et ee the Ce t e a d the tates. But u e ous i sta es of P eside t s ule i posed i the states su h as e e tl i A u a hal P adesh, Ut akha d, and Goa e tai l i g the post u de s a e. The 11 th ta di g Co itee eei g of the I te tate Cou il as o e ed ate ea s to dis uss the e o e daio s of the Pu hhi Co issio o e the dis eio a po e s of Go e o s du i g go e e t fo aio. ole of the Go e o Go e o ai tai s he ks a d ala e to uphold a d p ote t Co situio al alues, if iolated the state. Go e o also e o e ds P eside t ule i the state if the e is a eakdo of Co situio al a hi e. Go e o a ese e e tai ill passed the state legislatu e fo the app o al of the president. Go e o has to appl his i d to see that a sta le Go e e t is fo ed in a state. Othe fu io s like s/he su o s a d p o ogues the asse l sessio, gi es e pe t ad i e to the Chief Mi iste et. The Go e o s ha e ee e do ed ith e tai spe ial po e s ith ega d the Fith heduled A eas to i g a out posii e i pa t o the t i als li i g i these egio s. Co t o e sies elated to the post of go e o Polii isaio of the post of Go e o is taki g pla e hi h is u health fo Ce t e- tate elaio s. Go e o as a age t of the Ce t e: - A i le : ese aio of ills fo P eside t s asse t o Go e o s dis eio - A i le : i posiio of P eside t s ule as pe the Go e o s epo t Appoi t e t of Go e o s ithout o sultaio ith the Chief Mi iste s of the espe i e tates. F e ue t t a sfe of the Go e o s that akes the posiio e e a igu e head. M.M.Pu hi Co isio i its epo t ha shl o e ted that the p a i e of t eai g Go e o s as Polii al Foot all ust e stopped. Misuse of Co situio al po e the Go e o s eai g pa allel po e e t es i thei tates to that of Chief Mi iste. Fo eg: the tussle et ee LG a d CM i Delhi Dis issal of a dul ele ted go e e t e o e di g P eside t s ule A i le fo ested i te est as as see i A u a hal P adesh, Uta akha d i efo s Needed: I po ta t e o e daio s Appoi t e t of Go e o Pu hhi Co issio - A go e o should e a e i e t pe so - hould ot elo g to the state he e he is to e posted 3 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

6 - hould e a deta hed igu e, a d ot a i el i ol ed i polii s of the state o i recent past - The tate Chief Mi iste should ha e a sa i the appoi t e t of go e o. - The appoi t e t of Go e o should e e t usted to a o itee o p isi g the P i e Mi iste, Ho e Mi iste, peake of the Lok a ha a d Chief Mi iste of the o e ed tate. The Vi e-p eside t a also e i ol ed i the p o ess. e o al of Go e o up e e Cou t Guideli es: B.P. i ghal s U io of I dia ase - The e o al of go e o the P eside t a ot e e e ised i a a it a a e, a d should ha e so e st o g ause i a e a d e epio al ases of a use of dut. - A ha ge i e t al go e e t a ot e a ause of e o al of go e o s - A de isio to e o e go e o s a e halle ged i the ou t of la, e o i g the p eside t as the sole autho it to de ide o e o al of go e o s. a ka ia Co issio : - Go e o s should ot e e o ed efo e o pleio of i e ea te. - The go e o s should get a oppo tu it to e plai thei o du t i a pa i ula situaio, hi h has ade the lia le fo e o al. Ve kat halliah Co issio : - Go e o s to ha e se u it of te u e. - CM should also e o sulted efo e e o al. Pu hhi Co issio : - Te u e of oi e of the Go e o ust e i ed. - The te Pleasu e of p eside t to e e o ed. - The state legislatu e should e the e o al autho it. e o al o the g ou ds of i pea h e t, o the sa e li es as the i pea h e t of the P eside t the Parliament. - Go e o s should ot e eligi le fo a fu the appoi t e t o oi e u de U io of State. - Go e o shall ot etu to a i e pa isa polii s o o pleio of his/he te. Naio al Co issio fo e ie i g the Wo ki g of Co situio NC WC) - No all i e ea s te u e should e adhe ed to - e o al o t a sfe ust also e do e i o sultaio ith Chief Mi iste of tate. aja a a o itee epo t e o e ded that the go e o should ot e e o ed e ept u de p o ed is eha iou o i apa it ate i ui up e e Cou t. P eside t s ule: A i le a ka ia Co issio - A i le should e used e spa i gl, i e t e e ases a d o l as a ate of last resort - Go e o s epo t should e a speaki g do u e t la i g do all ate ial fa ts - No dissoluio of Asse l ill p o la aio is aiied the pa lia e t - I ase of dis issal of CM, Go e o should i a ia l i sist o CM p o i g his/he ajo it o the loo of the House, fo hi h a i e li it should e gi e Pu hhi Co issio - e o e ded suita le a e d e ts i A i le to i o po ate the guideli es of up e e Cou t i. Bo ai ase 4 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

7 Naio al Co issio fo e ie i g the Wo ki g of Co situio NC WC - A a i g should e issued to the e a t tate, a d a e pla aio e ei ed f o the tate should e take i to a ou t efo e taki g a io u de A i le - Go e o s epo t should e gi e ide pu li it i all the edia a d i full. Dis eio a Po e s of Go e o Pu hhi Co issio - The s ope of dis eio a po e of the Go e o u de A i le to e a o l o st ued to dispel the app ehe sio that Go e o has ide, u li ited dis eio a po e. Go e o s ole i appoi t e t of CM i a Hu g Asse l a ka ia Co issio - Go e o should se ue e his/he p efe e e fo appoi t e t of CM i the follo i g a :. The pa t o o i aio of pa ies hi h o a ds idest suppo t i the Legislai e Asse l. P e-poll allia e o oaliio o a di g ajo it. The la gest si gle pa t staki g a lai ith suppo t of othe s. A post-poll allia e ith all pa t e s joi i g the go e e t.. A post-poll allia e ith so e pa ies joi i g the go e e t a d the e ai i g suppo i g f o outside. Co lusio The a ahead lies i follo i g the essage of P eside t of I dia. He said that go e o s ust pla thei assig ed ole hile espe i g the disi t autho it a d espo si ilit ested i the e e ui e, the judi ia a d the legislatu e, a d help eate a ha o ious elaio ship et ee the Ce t e a d the tates. 1.2 PUDUCHERRY LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR: RECENT CONTROVERSY Context Pudu he s Lieute a t Go e o LG o e uled Chief Mi iste s o de to a the use of so ial edia fo all oi ial pu poses easo ehi d a as to a oid passi g the ad i ist ai e hie a h a d oui e oi ial ha el. Issues i ol ed The Chief Mi iste s o te io is that the Co situio al p o isio i A i le, A a d p o ides the oad ap fo go e a e of the U io Te ito of Pudu he, a d that the Lt. Go e o has o ole i the da -to-da ad i ist aio of the go e e t. O the othe ha d, Lt. Go e o has asse ted he ight to e ei e all iles fo he app o al, e e isi g he o t ol o e ad i ist ai e ate s The la ge poi t i the LG-CM tussle i Pudu he is ot o the use of so ial edia plafo s, possi le se u it issues the ei, o e e, the i pa t of te h olog o go e a e. The issue is o e of pe se e i g ith the o situio al spi it that e essitates that gu e ato ial a io s ele t o te tual so iet. This does ot de a a io -o ie ted easu es, ut a dates a e tai to e a d de a ds the go e o to e the e e ole t elde, ho ould legii atel ei i the go e e t of the da, e e though it ep ese ts the la ge ill of the ele to ate, he a o situio al isis loo s. 5 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

8 Co situio al a d legal p o isio s U de A i le AA, i ase the LG has a dife e e of opi io ith the Chief Mi iste, he/she a efe the ate to the e t al go e e t fo the de isio of the P eside t. Ho e e, the Ad i ist ato a also lai that the ate is u ge t, a d take i ediate a io as he/she dee s e essa. ule of Busi ess of the Go e e t of Pudu he p o ides that LG a all fo iles elai g to a ase a d e uest the CM fo update o a dou t o ue hi h may arise. Under e io of the Go e e t of U io Te ito ies A t,, p io sa io of the Ad i ist ato is e ui ed fo e tai legislai e p oposals. e io of the A t also akes it o ligato o the pa t of the UT go e e t to seek the e o e daio of the LG efo e o i g a Bill o a a e d e t to p o ide fo the i posiio, a oliio, e issio, alte aio o egulaio of a ta a d a thi g that has to do ith the Co solidated Fu d of the UT. O e the Asse l has passed a Bill, the LG a eithe g a t o ithhold his/he asse t; o ese e it fo the o side aio of the P eside t. He/she a also se d it a k to the Asse l fo e o side aio. Under ule, the Ad i ist ato e e ises po e s egulai g the o diio s of se i e of pe so i the UTs i o sultaio ith the Chief Mi iste. Po e s of LG of Delhi Vis-à- is LG of Pudu he The po e s of the LG of Pudu he a e dife e t f o the o es of the LG of Delhi, the othe UT that has a ele ted legislatu e a d go e e t. i pl put, the LG of Delhi e jo s g eate po e s tha the LG of Pudu he. A i les a d AA of the Co situio, as ell as the Go e e t of Naio al Capital Te ito of Delhi A t,, lea l u de li e that Delhi is a UT, he e the Ce t e, has a u h o e p o i e t ole tha i Pudu he. The LG of Delhi has E e ui e Fu io s that allo hi to e e ise his po e s i ate s o e ted to pu li o de, poli e a d la d i o sultaio ith the Chief Mi iste, if it is so p o ided u de a o de issued the P eside t u de A i le of the Co situio. While the LG of Delhi is guided the Go e e t of Naio al Capital Te ito of Delhi A t,, a d the T a sa io of Busi ess of the Go e e t of Naio al Capital Te ito of Delhi ules,, the LG of Pudu he is guided ostl the Go e e t of Union Territories Act, U de the o situio al s he e, the Delhi Asse l has the po e to legislate o all su je ts, e ept la a d o de a d la d. The Pudu he Asse l a legislate o a issue u de the Co u e t a d tate Lists. Ho e e, if the la is i o li t ith a la passed Pa lia e t, the la passed Pa lia e t p e ails. Co lusio Despite the fa t that LGs ha e o e po e s i the U io Te ito tha the Go e o s i the tate, the asi p i iple of oope ai e fede alis should ot e sa ii ed at the alta of o f o taio al polii s. The Lt. Go e o ust a t to st ike a golde ala e et ee his/he o situio al dut as ad i ist ato o the ehalf of the U io Go e e t, a d espe t the popula a date of the people, as ep ese ted a ele ted go e e t The e ust e a lea i te p etaio of la, i the i te est of ep ese tai e de o a 6 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

9 . INTE TATE COUNCIL I C Context Recently 11 th I te - tate Cou il eet as held ate the gap of ea s A i le of the Co situio of I dia p o ides fo the esta lish e t of a I te - tate Cou il The P eside t Fi st I te state Cou il I C as set up i o the e o e daio s of the a ka ia o issio Majo Fo us/age da du i g last eei gs Fi st dis ussed the e o e daio s of a ka ia Co issio th eei g adopted -poi t A io pla o Good Go e a e fo i ple e taio. th eei g i poi t of Co se sus ate detailed e ie of the status of i ple e taio of heduled Castes a d heduled T i es A t,. I pedi e ts efo e I C Though the ou il as uilized i its ea lie da s ut it e ai ed do a t i the late pe iod due to: One party dominance at Centre and State I C ot e po e ed to follo up the i ple e taio of its de isio s/ e o e daio s e o e daio s a e ot i di g o the go e e t P ese e of othe odies like NDC, pla i g o issio, NITI Aa og et. Coaliio go e e t edu i g I C to a ki d of i te -go e e tal fo u No egula eei gs. The th eei g o e ed ate gap of ea s La k of polii al ill Pu hhi Co issio e o e daio s o st e gthe i g I C I C eed to e su sta iall st e gthe ed a d a i ized as the ke pla e i i te go e e tal esoluio s. It ust eet at least th i e i a ea o a age da e ol ed ate p ope o sultaio ith tates. The I C ust e e po e ed to follo up the i ple e taio of its de isio s fo hi h app op iate statuto p o isio s should e ade. Issues of go e a e ust as fa as possi le e so ted out th ough the polii al a d ad i ist ai e p o esses athe tha pushed to lo g d a adjudi aio i the Cou t. The Cou il should ha e fu io al i depe de e ith a p ofessio al e eta iat o situted ith e pe ts o ele a t ields of k o ledge suppo ted Ce t al a d tate oi ials o deputaio fo li ited pe iods. Gi e the Co situio al a d uasi-judi ial tasks, the Cou il should ha e e pe ts i its o ga izaio al set up d a f o the dis ipli es of La, Ma age e t a d Polii al ie e esides the All I dia e i es. The e eta of I C should e desig ated e -oi io e eta of the Depa t e t of tates epo i g di e tl to the U io Ho e Mi iste ho is to e e -oi io Deput Chai a of the Cou il. Age da of th I C eei g Pu hhi o issio e o e daio s Aadhaa Issue Edu aio I te al e u it 7 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

10 alie t out o es of the eet Coope ai e fede alis is gai i g i po ta e i e e t i es a d I C ould p o e to e a atal st i a hie i g it. Ce t e- tate oo di aio is e i po ta t i the ield of health a d edu aio and I C a e a plafo fo this Naio al se u it is o e of the iggest o e s a d s e gei a io et ee dife e t stakeholde s of the go e a e is eeded to deal ith it Coope ai e app oa h the states is eeded fo su essful i ple e taio of poli ies and schemes of the Centre egula eei gs of the I C ill eate a feeli g of health o peiio a o g the states to gi e thei est. P o le s of fu d de oluio to lo al odies a also e sol ed i the I C Me ge of NITI Aa og a d I C as also ooted. Be eits of the sa e a e listed as - Co situio al suppo t: NITI Aa og ill get a o situio al a ki g he asso iated ith I C, i easi g its i situio al status - Coope ai e fede alis : to p o ote i te - state a d e t e state elaio s as NITI Aa og i ludes all Chief Mi iste s of dife e t states, PM as hai pe so a d Lieute a t Go e o s of all UTs. - I eased pa i ipaio : Ma states a e sill ot ate di g NITI Aa og s eei g - De e t alized de isio aki g is st e gthe ed ith dis ussio ased app oa h o policies - Co st u i e e gage e t ith Opposiio : E a i g opposiio is a health sig of de o a hi h keeps he k o the e e ui e. Co lusio Thus, it ould e i the est i te ests of ou ou t, ith so a states a d a st o g Ce t e, to ake full use of the I te state Cou il. It ill help p o ote o peii e and oope ai e fede alis a d to ie the ou t togethe i all the aspe ts, fa ilitai g the isio of Ek Bha at, h esth Bha at. INTE TATE WATE DI PUTE: NEED FO INGLE PE MANENT T IBUNAL Context The Centre has decided to amend the I te - tate Wate Disputes A t, I o de to esol e g ie a es of tates i a speed a e, a si gle-pe a e t T i u al to adjudi ate all i te - tate i e ate disputes has ee ooted Ce t e Co situio al & Legal P o isio s Wate is a state su je t a d i te -state ate is a U io su je t Ho e e, i pu li i te est, egulaio a d de elop e t of a i te -state i e a e egulated Ce t e, a d it a e a t a la to that efe t A i le e po e s Pa lia e t to ake la s fo the adjudi aio of disputes elai g to ate s of i te -state i e s o i e alle s As per A i le, eithe the up e e Cou t o a othe ou t shall e e ise ju isdi io i espe t of a su h dispute. The I te - tate Wate Disputes A t,, p o ides fo the efe e e of a I te - tate i e dispute fo a it aio to the Wate Dispute T i u al T i u als a a d i this ega d is i al The i e Boa ds A t, e isio s esta lish e t of i e Boa d to ad i e the states i o li t 8 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

11 o e of the i te -state disputes & pa ies i ol ed Na ada ate dispute Guja at Guj at, Maha asht a, Madh a P adesh & ajastha atluj Ya u a Yu a a Li k Ca al Pu ja, Ha a a & ajastha Cau e ate dispute Ta il Nadu, Ke ala, Pudu he & Ka ataka K ish a Wate dispute Maha asht a, Ka atka & A dh a P adesh Issues ith the e isi g e ha is Co situi g the t i u al: - Dela i o situi g T i u al i al ost e e ase. - The o e ed go e e t has to ake a e uest to the Ce t e e e i e, if the e is a dispute Wo ki g of the t i u al: - The disputes a e adjudi ated ad-ho, te po a a d e lusi e T i u als. - The e is o i e li it fo adjudi aio a T i u al a d fo pu lishi g the epo t of the T i u al - Pa ies a seek la ii aio o the a a d ithi o ths. The e is o i e li it to t i u al..t. gi i g la ii aio. - Wo k gei g stalled i ase of o u e e of a a a - This auses dela s Fo eg. Cau e a d a i Beas Wate Disputes T i u als ha e ee i e iste e fo o e a d ea s, espe i el Poo e fo e e t of T i u al A a ds - The T i u al a a ds a e ot ade uatel e fo ed a d e su i g o plia e the states e ai s a halle ge. Fo eg. o l th ee out of eight T i u als a a ds ha e ee a epted the tates I situio al a d p o edu al a uu The T i u als a e i li ted a se e of t a spa e t i fo aio gathe i g a d sha i g, la ed assu pio s, opa it i the i situio al f a e o k a d guideli es that dei e these p o eedi gs. Judi ial i te e io : Despite est i io s u de A i le o up e e Cou t ju isdi io, it takes these disputes u de A i le i.e. pe ial Lea e Peiio. The hea i gs a d de isio of ou t o l i eases o fusio a d haos. i e oa ds a e o l ad iso i atu e - ill date o i e oa d has ee o situted P oposed pe a e t ate dispute t i u al a d e eits The I te - tate i e Wate Disputes A e d e t Bill, proposes to streamline the adjudi aio of i te -state i e ate disputes a d ake the p ese t legal a d i situio al a hite tu e o ust: i gle a d pe a e t T i u al - It ill esta lish i gle ta di g T i u al ith uliple e hes i stead of e isi g uliple adho t i u als. Ti e- ou d ed essal: The total i e pe iod fo adjudi aio of dispute has ee i ed at a i u of fou a d half ea s. The de isio shall e i al a d i di g. Dispute esoluio Co itee D Cs D C, a ed e pe ts, ai s to esol e disputes a i a l th ough egoiaio s efo e a dispute is efe ed to the t i u al, thus, disi e i izi g eedless liigaio s E fo e e t of uli g of T i u al: T i u al is e pe ted to ha e o e teeth as its e di t ill auto ai all get oiied, thus, ha i g the sa e fo e as that a e di t of up e e Cou t. Mai te a e of data a k a d i fo aio it p o ides fo t a spa e t data olle io s ste at the aio al le el fo ea h i e asi a d fo the appoi t e t of assesso s to p o ide te h i al suppo t to the t i u al. 9 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

12 Challe ges Dii ulies fa ed a si gle i situio to gi e its uli g ithi th ee ea s, espe iall ith ise i i te state disputes La k of efe i e i ple e taio e ha is The e is o e ha is i the e p oposed la to deal ith the te de of tates to o e look a d def T i u al s a a ds. T i u al s i te lo uto o de s as ell as i al a a d a e sill likel to e halle ged i the up e e Cou t. Issue elated to apa it uildi g of Dispute esoluio Autho iies a d T i u al Issues pe tai i g to sustai a le use of ate to o e o e ate s a it a d a e t futu e ate a s A se e of a aio al la o ate Wa Fo a d Polii al soluio Dispute esoluio o o o se sus Need to do a a ith pa o hial polii al i te est I te - tate Cou il o a su -g oup of dispui g states i the NITI Aa og a pla a o st u i e ole i esol i g o li ts )o al Cou ils a also fa ilitate dispute esoluio i a i a le a Pu hhi Co issio It e isio ed T i u als to e uli-dis ipli a od a d p oposed i lusio of so ial s ie ists a d e i e t pe so s of i il so iet ith a pa i ipai e a d o iliato approach. It pit hed fo e po e i g Pa lia e t to ake the la a dato ased o utual ag ee e t et ee the dispui g pa ies d A C eeks p oa i e ole of U io i dispute esoluio Ma age e t of ate Naio al Wate la fo use, o se aio a d a age e t of ate B i g ate u de o u e t list. De la e all i e s as aio al p ope t a d Ce t e should, he e, de elop the total command area. Esta lish e t of sepa ate o po aio s o the pate of Da oda Valle Co po aio C eaio of i e Basi O ga isaio o sisi g of U io, tate, Mu i ipaliies, Pa ha ats a d ate -use s Aug e taio of ate suppl a d p a i e p e isio fa i g, epla e a als ith pipe i igaio, d ought- esista t seeds et. Co lusio Thus, the a e d e t i i e ate dispute a t a p o ide soluio to a issues, ut fo the lo g te a d pe a e t esoluio of these disputes o ust i situio al f a e o k, i e asi le el pla i g, sustai a le use of esou es a d atu it o pa t of e e ui e a d judi ia is e essa. 10 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

13 . NAGALAND UN E T: P OTE T OVE WOMEN QUOTA IN ULBs Context Wo e g oups i Nagala d ha e ee st uggli g fo % ese aio i the u a lo al odies ULBs o the g ou ds of ge de e ualit Nagala d tate Asse l, i a o da e ith o situio al p o isio s, p o ided a % ese aio of seats fo o e i i i odies ele io s i De e e Ho e e, the t i al odies ha e opposed the o e stai g it iolates Naga usto a la s a d t adiio. The esult as that state go e e t as fo ed to a el the polls i the fa e of idesp ead u est a d iole e I o siste i Co situio A i le A is-a is T A i le T of th a e d e t - hi h akes it a dato fo the state to p o ide pe e t ese aio to o e. A i le A of the Co situio hi h se u es a spe ial p o isio to safegua d Naga usto a la s. The Naga t i al odies ha e, ho e e, ee opposi g ese aio fo o e i i i odies o the g ou ds that it i f i ges upo the t adiio s a d usto a la s of the state. Thus, i gi g out a di e t o li t et ee the a o e t o o situio al p o isio s. Issues i ol ed A o di g to t i al g oups, the o e s uota sta ds i ea h of A i le A of the o situio, hi h g a ts spe ial status to Nagala d a d safegua ds the state s t adiio al La. Ho e e, the spe ial status u de A i le A as e e i te ded to gi e o e a su o di ate posiio. I fa t, DP Ps talk idel a out o e e po e e t Though the A i le p ohi its i te fe e e f o the Pa lia e t, hat happe s he a ge ui e de a d o g ie a e gets aised the people of the state the sel es, Naga o e i this ase. The p o isio of ese aio has ot o e a out th ough a A t of Pa lia e t ut is a pa t of the Co situio u de A i le T The ese aio fo o e has e isted i the illage de elop e t oa ds i Nagala d si e. Thus, the u e t opposiio to ese aio i ULB i the a e of usto a t adiio s see s u te a le Wo e s g oups ha e poi ted out that ULBs e e ot a pa t of t adiio al Naga so iet, a d he e usto a la s a ot e applied to the a u a a eas a e go e ed. It s pe i e t to ote that si e Nagala d atai ed statehood i, the state has ot had a si gle o a legislato The e is a sha p o t adi io et ee the lo polii al a d elai el highe so ial status of o e i Nagala d. The et og essi e a d e lusio a poli is a telli g o e t o the o i ued do i a e of pat ia h i Nagala d. The i isi ilit of o e i su h a i po ta t pu li sphe e p e e ts o e f o e e isi g thei ights a d i lue e Vie s of Judi ia up e e Cou t i its a ious e di ts has u de s o ed the p i a of fu da e tal ight to e ualit o e usto a o eligious la s up e e Cou t di e ted the state go e e t to e su e pe e t ese aio fo o e i the lo al go e e t uoi g that the ge de - ased uota is al ead i ope aio i se e al states a oss the ou t. 11 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

14 But goi g the p o isio s of A i le A a la passed Pa lia e t o the up e e Cou t di e i es a e ot i di g to the state, u il its oiied the Go e o of the state Wa fo a d ole of ea h takeholde : tate Go e e t: tate go e e t should adopted e te si e egoiaio s a d pe suasio s ith t i al to sho the the ha dships of o e a d posii e i pa ts of o e ese aio i lo al odies. It ust e su e o du t of ele io s alo g ith % ese aio fo o e. Court: It is the i e fo the ou ts to o e up ith a lea e i te p etaio of A i le A itself i the o te t of de a ds fo g eate auto o o fede al est u tu i g i Nagala d. Naga T i al Cou il: It has the o je i e of ell ei g of all t i es i Nagala d. Thus, it a ot ig o e the status of o e. Va ious Naga t i e leade s a e pe suaded to a ept the ese aio fo o e a d allo pea eful o du t of lo al ele io s. Wo e G oups: Wo e g oups u de the a e of Nagala d Mothe s Asso iaio NMA a d Joi t A io Co itee fo Wo e s ese aio JACW ha e app oa hed the up e e Cou t. The o e g oups eed to e ai asse i e fo thei ights despite a ious odds. Ci il o iet : I easi g a a e ess a out o e issues, apa it uildi g of o e, i fusi g ode ideas hile keepi g the Naga usto s i ta t et. Media: It should highlight the good o k do e lo al le el o e ep ese tai e i a ious pa ts of the ou t. Ce t al Go e e t: The Naga so iet is to ilita izaio, o upio, pa o hialis a d a ed o li t. Thus, Ce t al Go e e t should st i e fo su ess of pea e a o d ith ilita t oufits a d i lusi e de elop e t of Naga so ieies. Co lusio The Wo e ese aio st uggle i Nagala d goes e o d ele to al ep ese taio to a ge de -just so iet. T adiio al usto s a d ultu e should ot e a oad lo k i e su i g ge de e ualit in the society. The pe e t ese aio ould gi e illip to the ealizaio of ge de e uit u de the usto s of Nagas i to a o ka le ealit, hi h has ee issi g fo all these decade. Wo e should e gi e thei ighful pla e i so io, e o o i a d polii al sphe e to e o e a i e pa i ipa ts i Nagala d s pu li life. The state go e e t ust ot u kle do this i e u de p essu e. 1.6 ARTICLE 35A OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION: SIGNIFICANCE & ISSUES Ba kg ou d A i le A of I dia Co situio is elated to state of Ja u a d Kash i It gi es po e s to the state legislatu e to dei e pe a e t eside ts of the state and thei spe ial ights a d p i ileges Pe a e t eside t s la p ohi its non-permanent residents from permanent setle e t i the state, a ui i g i o a le p ope t, go e e t jo s, s hola ships and aid. 12 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

15 It dis ualiied o e f o J&K f o thei state su je t ights if the a ied o pe a e t eside ts. Ho e e, i a la d a k judg e t i O to e, J&K high ou t held that o e a ied to o -pe a e t eside ts ill ot lose thei ights But, the hild e of su h o e do t ha e su essio ights. De a ds fo odif i g/s appi g A i le A A NGO, We the Ciize s, halle ged A i C i o g ou ds that it as ot added to the Co situio th ough a e d e t u de A i le A Kash i i o a, Cha u Wali Kha iled a peiio to ha ge the o situio al p o isio as she a ted su essio ights i the state fo he hild e, e e though she is setled outside the state The ase has ee efe ed to a th ee-judge Be h of up e e Cou t The ou t has i di ated that the alidit of A i les A a d a uli atel e de ided a Co situio Be h. A gu e ts agai st e o i g A i le A Doi g a a ith A i le A a e o st ued as a assault o the spe ial status of the Ja u a d Kash i the Kash i is e o al ill agg a ate fea a o g Kash i is of fu the e osio of J&K s auto o a d of t igge i g de og aphi ha ge i Musli ajo it alle It a eate a igge agitaio as as it essed i o e the t a sfe of la d to the Amarnath Shrine Board. A i le A ei fo es the spe ial status of Ja u a d Kash i hi h has f a ed its elaio ship ith the est of the ou t u de a host of spe ial p o isio s, su h as A i le. If A i le A is s apped, it ould aise the uesio a out the legalit of all o situio al o de s f o o a ds. The ights of the state legislatu e a e ot u li ited a d a e gi e o l i the ase of E plo e t, P ope t, etle e t a d hola ship. A gu e ts i fa ou of e o i g A i le A A i le of the Co situio gi es a fu da e tal ight to e ualit efo e la. But A is hea il loaded i fa ou of ales A i le A as ot a pa t of the o igi al Co situio ut as added late a p eside ial o de of ithout follo i g the ela o ate p o edu e laid do i A i le A i le A is ote ead togethe ith A i le hi h is ot pe a e t ut a te po a lause. It a ou ts to dis i i aio a d hu a ight iolaio s of efugees su h Val iki fa ilies a d efugees f o West Pakista ig ated post pa iio, ho a e sill t eated as outside s i J&K It li its the e o o i pote ial of the state as A i le A a ts as a dete e t to i est e t f o outside A i les & A ha e foste ed alie aio i the state hi h has ee e ploited a ious ested i te ests Wa Fo a d The e is a eed fo la ge a de ate o the issue as it is e se sii e i atu e. The ge e al ag ee e t is i fa ou of efe i g the ate a la ge e h gi e the o situio al issues i ol ed i i te p etaio of A i le A a d At the sa e i e, se sii iies of Kash i i people ust e take i to a ou t, as the issue is ot e el legal, ut also polii al a d e oio al. 13 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

16 . PUBLIC AFETY ACT: JAMMU & KA HMI B ief I t odu io The A t as i st p o ulgated i J&K i, fo ad i ist ai e dete io, to deal ith i e s uggle s. As pe the a e d e ts, i i u age of a pe so as aised f o to ea s It also edu ed the a i u dete io pe iod f o o e ea to th ee o ths i ase of pu li diso de, a d f o t o ea s to si o ths i ases he e the se u it of the tate is i ol ed. The dete io o de u de the P A is issued the dist i t agist ate/deput commissioner. C ii is of the A t W o gful dete io s: It is alleged that the state has ee usi g the P A to i p iso suspe ts ithout ade uate e ide e. The go e e t has f e ue tl used the A t agai st polii al oppo e ts. Violaio of p i iple of atu al jusi e: It de ies iize s the ight to fai t ial a d jusi e. The deput o issio e hold the dis eio to a ept o eje t the dete io e o e daio s. But i ost ases, the pass dete io o de s ithout uesio i g the police. e ol i g dete io : The go e e t eso ts to hat is alled e ol i g doo dete io ie. he the state a i ipates that detai ees ill e eleased o ail, it uses the P A to e su e thei o i ued dete io isi g u e of detai ees - Hu d eds of people a e thought to e held i p e e i e dete io o o a a ge of i i al ha ges despite ou t o de s fo thei elease Dete io of i o s: e e al ases he e s hool e ii ates sho a of the a ested hild e as i o s, poli e ai tai the a e adults. uggesio s & Wa fo a d A uli stakeholde egulato od a e eated that a o e look at the i ple e taio of la, a d also o ito the health, age a d a kg ou d of detai ees to p e e t its isuse The e is eed fo st i t pu ish e t i ase of a Hu a ight iolaio s of detai ees, a d ot putti g e e p otest u de ga of ei g a ti- atio al Need to st ess o i i g t ust of lo als a d e ou age o u it poli i g, a d eaio of plafo s like Ja -Da aa he e people a put fo a d thei g ie a es AF PA should e used judi iousl I p o e e t of so io-e o o i o diio espe iall i o de a eas BADP, Bo de - Haats, kill de elop e t et. Co lusio Go e e t eeds to ake se ious ate pts to i esigate the easo s fo a ge a d alie aio of the Kash i is, u de sta d thei o pulsio to tu to a ds sto e-peli g, a d add esses those issues ith o passio a d i li e ith ule of la. 14 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

17 2 PARLIAMENT/STATE LEGISLATURE: STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONING. INDIAN PA LIAMENTA Y Y TEM: HOULD INDIA WITCH TO P E IDENTIAL Y TEM? Context Co situio of I dia p o ides fo a Pa lia e ta fo of go e e t, ased o West i ste odel, he ei the e e ui e P i e Mi iste a d Ca i et de i es its autho it a d legii a f o the legislatu e, a d is espo si le to it fo its poli ies a d acts. The P eside ial s ste, o the othe ha d, is ha a te ized st i t sepa aio of po e, he ei the e e ui e eithe fo s a pa t of, o is appoi ted, the pa lia e ta o legislai e od. Fo eg. U A, i La ka, F a e et. It has ee a gued that a pa lia e ta s ste is a olo ial i he ita e f o B iish ule s a d does ot suit the I dia ealit. Co pa iso of P eside ial a d Pa lia e ta fo of go e e t: Pa a ete P eside ial Fo Pa lia e ta Fo Method of Ele io Fi ed Te u e Head of the state epa aio of Po er The President is ele ted di e tl the people a d is a s e a le to the ote s, ut ot to the legislatu e. I this s ste, i espe i e of u e s i oth the houses, p eside t s te u e is i ed and it is ot li ked ith that of legislatu e. i gle E e ui e: The President is oth the head of the tate a d the head of go e e t. The e is a lea ut a d a solute sepa aio of po e et ee e e ui e, legislatu e, a d judi ia. The Prime Minister is the leader of the pa t that se u es the ajo it of otes to the legislatu e. The Prime Minister s te is di- e tl li ked to the o ide e of the legislatu e e jo ed the go e e t. Dual E e ui e: While the P i e Mi iste is the head of the go e e t ( real or de facto head ), the P eside t is the head of the State ( nominal or de jure head ) The e is o lea - ut sepa aio of po e s et ee e e ui e a d legislatu e. The e e ui e o es f o the pa lia e t and is respo si le to it. Case fo s it hi g to P eside ial s ste i I dia ta le go e e t: The i it of te u e i p eside ial s ste i fuses sta ilit i to the ad i ist aio, he eas i pa lia e ta s ste a o o ide e oio, polii al defe io o ulipa t oaliio ote akes go e e t u sta le. Ad i ist ai e ei ie : The p eside ial s ste allo s fo appoi t e t of te h o ats a d e pe ts to the Ca i et, i espe i e of thei polii al ailiaio s, he eas i a pa lia e ta s ste, the hoi e of a i et is est i ted o l to the e e s of the legislatu e. Qui k de isio aki g: I p eside ial s ste de isio s a e take speedil a d i ple e ted efe i el. Ho e e, logja a d stalli g ha e e o e a o o sight i I dia legislatu e dela i g ke i iiai es like G T, FDI, la ou efo s, et. E e ui e i lue e o e legislatu e: A solute sepa aio of po e e su es that legislato is o pa ai el f ee f o the e ils of e e ui e a d pa t i lue e i a p eside ial s ste. Ho e e, i sta es of ho se t adi g, oi e of p oit, and uesio s fo o e ele t diluio of s ste s of he k a d ala es 15 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

18 Case agai st s it hi g to P eside ial s ste i I dia Co situio al P o isio s: A s it ho e to the p eside ial s ste is ot possi le u de I dia s p ese t o situio al s he e e ause of the asi st u tu e do t i e p opou ded the up e e Cou t i. P e e ts Despois : U de pa lia e ta s ste, the dispe sal of autho it a o g ou il of i iste s he ks the di tato ial te de ies of the e e ui e. Natu e of I dia so iet : a uli-eth i, plu alisi de o a like I dia necessitates ep ese taio to all se io s a d egio s i the go e e t. It is a si e ua o fo e su i g u it a d i teg it of I dia. Muli-Pa t ste : P eside ial fo of go e e t is est suited fo t o pa t s ste. I uli-pa t de o a like I dia, the e ill e f a tu ed a date a d P eside t a lose legii a. espo si le Go e e t: B its e atu e, the pa lia e ta s ste esta lishes a espo si le go e e t. The Pa lia e t e e ises o t ol o e the i iste s th ough a ious de i es like uesio hou, dis ussio s, adjou e t oio, o o ide e oio, et. Ha o et ee legislatu e a d e e ui e: The pa lia e ta de o a p o ides s ope fo e e ui e a d Legislatu e to oope ate ith ea h othe, thus edu i g o li ts a d disputes. This a e a se t i a p eside ial s ste a ked st i t sepa aio of po e. Fo eg. Logja i U legislatu e u de O a a ad i ist aio De ates a d Dis ussio : despite the dela ed de isio, the pa lia e ta de ates a d dis ussio s o e e e go e e t a io s ele ts the olle i e isdo of the house, a d leads to a ell deli e ated poli aki g. Wa fo a d The p ese t Pa lia e ta s ste has ee t ied a d tested fo ea l ea s i ou ou t. He e, athe tha ha ge the s ste e should t o p ehe si el efo it to o e o e the li itaio s of pa lia e ta fo of s ste th ough ele to al efo s, st e gthe i g pa lia e ta o itees, ete igila e, pu li a a e ess, late al e t i ad i ist aio et. 2.2 PARLIAMENTARY FUNCTIONING IN INDIA I t odu io The fa t that ep ese tai e de o a a d pa lia e ta i situio s ha e e du ed i I dia fo se e de ades is a g eat t i ute to thei st e gth a d esilie e. Fu io s of the Pa lia e t Legislai e Fu io : The ost i po ta t fu io is to ake la s, p o idi g a plafo fo deli e aio a d dis ussio E su i g E e ui es A ou ta ilit : th ough a ious tools like uesio hou, oio s, esoluio s, pa lia e ta o itees, et Fi a ial Co t ol: Pa lia e t has the sole po e to autho ize e pe ditu e fo the pu li se i es a d to spe if the pu poses to a d ea s hi h o e shall e appropriated. A o ga of i fo aio : Pa lia e t is o e po e ful tha the p ess o a othe p i ate age. The i fo aio is olle ted ot o l th ough de ates ut th ough the spe ii ediu of Quesio s to Mi iste s. 16 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

19 I dia Pa lia e t: I di aio s of de li e De li i g u e of sii gs a d poo le els of pa i ipaio Dis upio i Pa lia e t a d dest u i e opposiio, leadi g to losses esi ated at s 2 crore per day. De aluaio of pa lia e ta autho it a d dete io ai g dis ipli e a d de o u Falli g sta da ds of de ate Dete io aio i the o du t a d ualit of Me e s C i i alisaio of Polii s a d polii izaio of i es, o upio a d use of us le a d o e po e La k of i te al de o a ithi the pa ies efo s eeded I p o e the ualit of people e te i g polii s th ough ele to al efo s, i te al pa t de o a, e ludi g tai ted i iste s et. peake to e gi e ade uate po e to pu ish e e s ho dis upt pa lia e ta p o eedi gs Fi i g i i u u e of da s fo sii g to da s. A loss of da s o a ou t of dis upio ust e o pe sated e te di g hou s of sii g. I p o i g efe i e ess of pa lia e ta o itees - ei g i e f a efo ta li g of Co itees epo ts - Pa lia e t, as a o, should dis uss e o e daio s of a ious o itees - Ti e ou d a io take epo t ust e su ited go e e t I p o i g the ualit of de ates p o oi g health dis ussio i the Pa lia e t athe tha pla i g to the galla ies. Capa it uildi g of MPs. aio alisi g e pe ditu e as i a ial ost of pa lia e ta de o a ha e ee sk o kei g. Du i g the last i e de ades the ha e go e up o e i es. I p o i g i fo aio suppl fo a efe i e su eilla e o e ad i ist aio Pa lia e ta s ui o e e pe ditu e a d o t ol o e o o i g uita le a e d e ts to A i Defe io la Codif i g Pa lia e ta P i ileges Efe i e o t ol o e delegated legislaio s E pediious passage of Wo e ese aio Bill to o e o e Polii al Ge de Gap Co lusio If I dia ishes to hold o to he de o ai ede ials, pa lia e ta ia s ust e og ize that the task of ep ese i g the opi io s, i te ests a d eeds of iize s is thei pa a ou t espo si ilit. 2.3 PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS I t odu io Pa lia e ta p i ilege efe s to spe ial ights, i u iies and e e pio s e jo ed the t o Houses of the Pa lia e t, thei o itees, a d thei e e s The a e eeded i o de to dis ha ge thei fu io s, as e t usted upo the the Co situio, i depe de tl a d efe i el It is i oked fo the oste si le easo of p ote i g the dig it a d ho ou of the House, o its i di idual e e s i dis ha ge of thei duies 17 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

20 Context Cash fo uesio s i ide t, use of peppe sp a, a d e e t ii is of the Ka ataka Asse l peake fo allegedl isusi g of pa lia e ta p i ilege to a est Jou alists, i iiated a f esh de ate o odii aio of pa lia e ta p i ileges a o g i tellige tsia The e is also a de ate o e p i a to a Pa lia e ta p i ileges is-à- is iize s ight to free speech Co situio al P o isio s A i le No Me e of Pa lia e t shall e lia le to a p o eedi gs i a Cou t in respect of a thi g said or a ote gi e hi i Pa lia e t o a Co itee the eof, a d o pe so shall e so lia le i A i le Po e s, P i ileges, a d I u iies of Pa lia e t & tate Legislatu e a d its Me e s A i le It e su es that the e shall e F eedo of pee h i the Pa lia e t su je t to the p o isio s of the Co situio a d to the ule a d sta di g o de s egulai g the p o edu e of Pa lia e t. Classii aio of P i ileges It a e oadl lassiied as A. I di idual P i ileges: e jo ed the Me e s i di iduall F eedo f o A est du i g sessio a d da s efo e the egi i g a d da s ate its e d. This p i ilege is a aila le o l i i il ases F eedo f o Ate da e as it ess Freedom of Speech B. Colle i e P i ileges: elo g to ea h House of Pa lia e t The ight to pu lish de ate a d p o eedi gs a d the ight to est ai pu li aio othe s; The ight to egulate the i te al afai s of the house; The ight to pu lish Pa lia e ta is eha io ; The ight to pu ish e e s a d outside s fo ea h of p i ilege What o situtes ea h of pa lia e ta P i ilege? Whe a i di idual o autho it dis ega ds o ata ks a of the p i ileges, ights a d i u iies, eithe of the e e i di iduall o of the House i its olle i e apa it, the ofe e is te ed as ea h of p i ilege a d is pu isha le the House ou es of p i ileges Co situio al p o isio s La s ade Pa lia e t ules of oth the Houses Pa lia e ta Co e io s Judi ial i te p etaio s Pa lia e ta Co itee of P i ileges The fu io s of this o itee a e se i-judi ial i atu e; It e a i es the ases of ea h of p i ileges of the House a d its e e s a d e o e ds app op iate a io ; The Lok a ha Co itee o sists of e e s, hile the aj a a ha Co itee o sists of e e s. 18 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

21 C ii is of Pa lia e ta p i ileges It is used as a e ha is to i sulate ele ted ep ese tai es f o ii is ; The a se e of odii aio gi es the House the f eedo to de ide he a d ho the ea h of p i ilege o u s. Allo s polii ia s to e o e judges i thei o ause, aisi g o e s of o li t of i te est a d iolai g asi fai t ial gua a tees. Wa Fo a d The Co situio Re ie Co issio headed Jusi e M.N. Ve kata haliah had e o e ded that p i ileges should e dei ed a d deli ited fo the f ee a d i depe de t fu io i g of the legislatu es. It should ai l e i oked to p ote t the i depe de e of the House a d ot to take a a the li e t of ii s Co lusio The Briish House has itself oke f o its past t adiio s. The U.S. House of Represe tai es has ee o ki g s oothl ithout a pe al po e s fo ell o e t o e tu ies. Australia too odiied p i ileges i. Thus, the i e has o e fo the legislatu e to odif p i ileges a d fo the highe judi ia to la do the li its of pe al a io fo ea h of p i ilege 2.4 PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES Context I the last th ee ea s, just % of Bills ha e ee efe ed to pa lia e ta o itees. This is i o t ast to the % a d % of ills e a i ed o itees i the th and 15 th Lok a ha, espe i el. A ief a out Pa lia e ta o itee The a e appoi ted o ele ted the House o No i ated the peake /Chai a. It o ks u de the di e io of the peake /Chai a. It p ese ts its epo t to the House o to the peake /Chai a. It has a e eta iat p o ided the Lok a ha/ aj a a ha T pes of Pa lia e ta o itee ta di g Co itees It is a pe a e t od ut o situted e e ea o pe iodi all Ad Ho Co itees It is te po a a d ease to e ist o the o pleio of task assig ed to it I po ta e The e a i e i iste ial udgets, a al se legislaio a d s ui ise the go e e t s o ki g. The fu io th oughout the ea a d ithout the loud of polii al posiio i g a d populist opi io. The a e i po ta t fo u s fo de ate a d dis ussio The e a le Pa lia e t to o tai the ie s of di e se stakeholde s Pu li, Ci il so iet, E pe ts The o itee also ofe s a oppo tu it fo detailed s ui of ills ei g piloted the go e e t. 19 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

22 epo ts of ell-fu io i g o itees a t as a ea l a i g s ste a out the la it i go e e t fu io i g. The deli e aio s a d s ui o itees e su e that Pa lia e t is a le to fulil so e of its o situio al o ligaio s i a polii all ha ged e i o e t. Issues Cu e tl, the ules of Pa lia e t do ot e ui e e e ill to e efe ed to a pa lia e ta o itee fo s ui. While this allo s the go e e t g eate le i ilit a d the a ilit to speed up legislai e usi ess, it o es at the ost of i efe i e s ui the highest la - aki g od. The issed oppo tu it of o itee s ui gets ag iied he ills a e not ade uatel de ated i the House. Pa lia e ta o itees do t ha e dedi ated su je t- ise esea h suppo t a aila le. Thei e o e daio s a e ot i di g There is lo ate da e of MPs at eei gs. Too a i ist ies u de a o itee. No s ot follo ed ost polii al pa ies hile o i ai g MPs to o itees. The o situio of these o itees fo a ea lea es e litle i e fo spe ializaio s Wa fo a d t e gth of PC lies i the depth a d igou of thei epo ts. If these o itees o k efe i el, the a keep a lose at h o go e e t fu io i g. Co itees should e pe iodi all e ie ed. ui of ills Pa lia e ta Co itees, as e o e ded NC WC, should e ade a dato as it ould e su e ete pla i g of legislai e usi ess. Full-i e, se to -spe ii esea h staf a ake thei o k o e The fo u of pa lia e ta o itees a also e efe i el uilised i o tai i g pu li feed a k a d uildi g polii al o se sus o o te ious issues. Majo epo ts of all Co itees should e dis ussed i Pa lia e t espe iall i ases he e the e is disag ee e t et ee a Co itee a d the go e e t 2.5 PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE Context Pu li A ou t Co itee PAC hai a s i te io to oss e a i e P i e Mi iste o de o eisaio issue spa ked f esh de ate o its ju isdi io po e s. e e t Issue The PAC Chai a held that ules pe it su o i g P i e Mi iste fo s ui. The p i e i iste is i st a o g e uals, a d if a U io a i et i iste a e su o ed, the the P i e Mi iste a also e alled efo e the PAC. O the othe ha d, opposiio a gued that it lo e s the dig it of the hai of the Prime Minister Pu li A ou ts Co itee PAC : Ke Featu es It as o situted the Pa lia e t fo audii g of the e e ue a d e pe ditu e of the go e e t. All e e pa ies a e gi e p opo io ate ep ese taio in PAC 20 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

23 A e e of Cou il of Mi iste s a e e e ele ted as e e of PAC. The Chai a of the Co itee is to e appoi ted the peake of Lok a ha. As a pa t of health Pa lia e ta p o eedi gs, the Chai a of the Co itee is appoi ted f o a o g e io Opposiio Leade. It o sists of Me e s f o Lok a ha a d f o aj a a ha. The te of the oi e of the e e s is o e ea. Pu li A ou ts Co itee PAC : Ke oles It holds the E e ui e to a ou t fo its use of pu li o e ; It keep a igil o the spe di g a d pe fo a e of the go e e t; E a i es the epo ts of CAG o e it is laid do i the Pa lia e t; B i gs to light i ei ie ies, asteful e pe ditu e, a d i dis eio i the i ple e taio of Poli ies a d P og a es app o ed Pa lia e t Makes e o e daio s to st ea li e the ad i ist aio fo ei ie t, speed a d e o o i al i ple e taio of poli. Pu li A ou ts Co itee PAC : Pe fo a e App aisal The i depe de t fu io i g of the PAC e a led it to o e up ith u iased epo ts in 3 years. It ought to light that a ks had a u ulated o -pe fo i g assets of s lakh crore. It s a ital e it that helps the Pa lia e t to e e ise its o t ol o e the e e ues a d e pe ditu es of the go e e t. The Pu li A ou ts Co itee has kept the e e ui e a ou ta le to Pa lia e t, the e le di g a addiio al di e sio to the aio s is al poli ies a d p og a es. I e tai i u sta es, the Co itee appoi ts su -Co itees o o ki g g oups to e a i e spe ii issues. Issues & Challe ges PAC a ot i alise a epo t ithout o se sus La k of te h i al e pe ise hi de s the PAC s e a i aio s e e of eei gs i pa ts t a spa e of the p o eedi gs No suo oto po e of i esigaio It is ot o e ed ith the uesio s of Poli i oade se se. It o du ts a post- o te e a i aio of a ou ts Its e o e daio s a e ad iso a d ot i di g o i ist ies. It is ot a e e ui e od a d he e, a ot issue a o de. O l Pa lia e t a take a i al de isio o its i di gs. It is also a gued that PAC has ee edu ed to ei g a toothless at hdog Polii izaio of PAC fo eg. G a Wa fo a d The pa el should also e gi e o e teeth to ei ie tl o ito the go e e t spe di g. pe ii i e li it fo ta li g CAG audit epo ts a d su issio of a io take epo ts AT of go e e t It should ha e po e s to e a i e Pu li -P i ate Pa t e ship p oje ts. 21 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

24 e i es of e pe ts should e a ailed o te h i al ate s. A oad plafo should e uilt to sha e a d lea f o the e pe ie es of PAC fu io i g a d dis uss, de ate a d i d soluio s to e ha e the le el of fu io i g. PAC s p o edu es a e ot ope to the edia o to the pu li. Thei p o edu es should e ade o e t a spa e t. The epo t of the All I dia Co fe e e of Chai pe so s of PACs of Pa lia e t a d tate/ UT Legislatu es suggested that the PAC should e o sulted o the appoi t e t of the CAG It is felt that si e ea h PAC ope ates i a spe ii polii al o te t a d fa es issues u i ue to the legislatu e. Its ajo fo us should e o the ad i ist aio of poli athe tha poli itself, to a oid polii al st ife. 2.6 RELEVANCE OF RAJYA SABHA I t odu io The Uppe House of the I dia Pa lia e t t a es its di e t histo to the i st i a e al legislatu e i t odu ed i B iish I dia, i, as a o se ue e of the Mo tagu- Chelmsford reforms I ediatel ate I depe de e it as poi ted out so e e e s of the Co situe t Asse l that Uppe House a ts as a log i the heel of p og ess. Ho e e, ou o situio ake s de ided to etai it. Need fo aj a a ha Ou o situio ake s de ided to ha e a se o d ha e ot just fo the sake of e su i g he ks a d ala es i the s ste, ut also as a e ha is de ised to gi e the o situe t tates of the U io a sa i u i g the ou t s afai s. Cou il of Elde s: hi h p o ides atu e a d e pe ie ed i puts, e o ed f o the hu a d st ife of a i e polii s a d di e t ele io s Fede al e o d Cha e : ep ese taio of ie poi ts of the states at aio al Pa lia e ta le el, espe iall ith ise of egio al pa ies, oaliio polii s, a d oope ai e fede alis Pe a e t Bod : e su i g so e deg ee of o i uit i poli ies a d pa lia e ta o k. U like Lok a ha, it a ot e dissol ed. Thus, it a a out so e ad i ist ai e fu io s e e he the lo e house is dissol ed. Cha e of legislai e e isio : It p o ides a se o d opi io i eaio of ills, p o ides he ks a d ala es o the go e e t a d populist leade s, a d a he k agai st a a upt ha ges i the o posiio of the Lo e House alle od : that allo s ete dis ussio s of ke ills. Che ks a d ala es: aj a a ha is i depe de t of the go e e t a d eithe ele ts it o is espo si le. Thus, it a e o e fo th ight i uesio i g the P i e Mi iste and others. P o ides spa e fo e pe ts: Go e e ts i the past ha e take ad a tage of the Uppe House to hi e late al tale t th ough o i aio s a d ele io s. I di iduals of epute ho e e eithe tale ted o had p i ate se to e pe ie e e e i du ted so the ould i g f esh ideas a d k o ledge i a ious i ist ies that despe atel eeded the. Issues ith aj a a ha RS has e o e a a o odai e House as it has e o e a pa adise fo pa t fu d- aise s, lose s i ele io s, o apitalists, jou alists, ei ed CEOs a d i il se a ts. Rise of Pa a hute a didates ate Kuldeep Na a ase. This has hampered the ep ese taio of the state s do i iles. 22 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

25 Just populous states o up % of seats. Thus, a fe ig states e o e the de isio ake s, to the e lusio of othe states. Fo eg. legislaio e ui i g / rd ajo it. %, su h as o situio al a e d e ts, p o la aio of e e ge et. do ot ele t a epta e of ajo it of states. The passi g of the aj a a ha the peake, oif i g ills as o e ills u de A i le. This has ee the ase i Aadha Bill, Bla k o e ill. The has e o e a house of dis upio, usuall ha i g a ajo it of Opposiio e e s, he e pa ies te d to fu the thei polii al age da athe tha to de ate a d i p o e legislaio. Thus, s utli g i po ta t legislaio s that a e passed i the Lok a ha a d eai g pa lia e ta logja. Fa f o ei g deli e ai e, the aj a a ha also appea s to ha e des e ded i to the sa e i kle ess a d passio as the Lok a ha a d has sho a dis o e i g t e d a a f o the de o u e pe ted f o it. Gi e the f ag e ted polii al e i o e t of ode I dia polii s, it is o e of a hi d a e to speed legislai e p o ess that the ou t despe atel e ui es fo e o o i g o th a d p og ess. It has i eased the i a ial u de of the e he ue. The e pe ditu e i u ed o the fu io i g of the Uppe House a e o e gai full deplo ed fo uildi g i f ast u tu e, e ha i g so ial de elop e t et. efo s Needed Me e s of the aj a a ha a e di e tl ele ted the iize s of a state. This ill edu e o is a d pat o age appoi t e ts. This step should e o i ed ith e ual ep ese taio fo ea h state, so that la ge states do ot do i ate the p o eedi gs i the House. The e e s of the aj a a ha ele ted f o a pa i ula state should put the i te est of the state a o e that of the pa t. aj a a ha e e s ele ted f o a pa i ula state should eet togethe more ote, u i g a oss pa t li es, to see ho the a sol e the p o le s of the state. The state legislatu e that ele ted the should also uesio the a out thei performance. Thei seai g pate i the aj a a ha should e ha ged a d e e s ele ted f o a pa i ula state should sit togethe athe tha sii g o the asis of polii al pa t g oupi gs. The uli g pa t ust al a s o i ate those ho a o t i ute to aki g the de ates o e k o ledgea le a d ho a ele t the ultu al a d i telle tual di e sit of I dia.. EFFICACY OF ANTI DEFECTION LAW I t odu io 52 d Co situio al A e d e t A t, deals ith A i-defe io la a d as pla ed u de th hedule of the Co situio The o je i e of A i-defe io La as to u polii al defe io s, p o ote Pa t dis ipli e and i g sta ilit i the st u tu es of the Polii al Pa ies a d go e e t It e a led the polii al pa ies to ha e st o ge g ip o thei e e s, p e e i g the to ote fo the lu e of o e o Mi iste ial i th. I, st A e d e t A t ought the follo i g ha ges: / d ule of split as e o ed. No Polii al disse t is pe ited 23 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

26 A i Defe io La : Me its It p o ides sta ilit to the go e e t p e e i g shits of pa t allegia e It e su es lo alt to ote s: It safegua ds that a didates ele ted ith pa t suppo t, a d o the asis of pa t a ifestoes, e ai lo al to the pa t poli ies a d to the ote s ho oted o the asis of the pa t a ifesto. Fa ilitates de o ai ealig e t of pa ies i the legislatu e a of e ge of pa ies. It edu es o upio at the polii al le el as ell as o -de elop e tal e pe ditu e i u ed o i egula ele io s. A i-defe io La : De e its B p e e i g pa lia e ta ia s f o ha gi g pa ies, it edu es the a ou ta ilit of the go e e t to the Parliament and the people. I te fe es ith the e e s f eedo of spee h a d e p essio u i g disse t agai st pa t poli ies. Fea of A i-defe io leads to a se e of o st u i e de ates o ii al poli issues. Te de of the P esidi g oi e to suppo t to the Pa t he/she elo gs to athe tha a i g as i pa ial Judge Eg. Ka ataka Asse l ase, JMM i e ase, et. No i e li it fo the P esidi g oi e to decide on case. The la i sulates the de isio s of P esidi g oi e f o judi ial e ie There is a a o etail defe io s and legalizaio of holesale defe io s Judi ial P e ede ts: Kihota Holloho s. )a hilhu a d Othe s The SC held that the 10 th s hedule is o situio all alid. It eithe i pi ges upo the f eedo of spee h a d e p essio o su e ts the de o ai ights of ele ted e e s. Ho e e, a e e shall e dis ualiied if he otes o a stai s f o oi g o t a to a di e io hip issued the polii al pa t The judg e t highlighted the eed to li it dis ualii aio s to otes u ial to the e iste e of the go e e t a d to ate s i teg al to the ele to al p og a e of the pa t, so as ot to u dul i pi ge o the f eedo of spee h of e e s. As pe ou o situio, The High Cou ts a d the up e e Cou t a e e ise judi ial e ie u de the Co situio. But the Judi ial e ie should ot o e a stage p io to the aki g of a de isio the peake / Chai a Wa fo a d Ele io Co issio P eside t should e ested ith the po e to de ide o the dis ualii aio of the Legislato s, ho e e, o l o the e o e daio of Ele io Co issio of I dia. Co situio e ie Co issio Defe to s should e a ed f o holdi g pu li oi e o a e u e ai e polii al post fo the du aio of the e ai i g te The ote ast a defe to to topple a go e e t should e t eated as i alid. Polii al oluio s This Legislai e pa al sis a e take a e of o l he the go e e t d ops its agg essi e sta e a d t to e gage o e ith the opposiio pa ies. 24 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

27 The e is a eed fo the go e e t to pla thei polii al ga e oope ai g, seeki g soluio to the dife e es i the la ge pu li i te est, a d st e gthe i g the de o ai polii s of I dia.. O DINANCE: A OUTE TO AVOID LEGI LATU E? I t odu io A i le and A i le of the I dia Co situio gi e O di a e aki g po e to the P eside t a d Go e o espe i el The a it of O di a e aki g po e of the P eside t /Go e o is o-e te si e ith the Legislai e po e s of Pa lia e t/legislai e asse lies Ho e e, a O di a e a ot o t a e e the Fu da e tal ights of the iize s as e io ed u de A i le a Follo i g li itaio s e ist ith ega d to the P o ulgaio of O di a e:... Legislatu e is ot i sessio : The P eside t /Go e o a o l p o ulgate a O di a e he eithe of the t o Houses of Pa lia e t is ot i sessio. I ediate a io is e ui ed: The P eside t/go e o a p o ulgate a O di a e o l he he is saisied that the e a e i u sta es that e ui e taki g i ediate a io. Pa lia e ta app o al du i g sessio : O di a es ust e app o ed Pa lia e t ithi si eeks of easse li g o the shall ease to ope ate. Wh Go e e ts eso t to O di a e oute? La k of ajo it i aj a a ha Pa lia e ta dis upio a d legislai e pa al sis. To a oid legislai e oute o e tai o t o e sial issue I ple e taio of I te aio al t eaies/o ligaio s Ad a tages of O di a e aki g po e It s a tool i the ha ds of go e e ts to take i ediate legislai e a io if i u sta es ake it e essa to do so. Fo e.g. - The go e e t s ate pt to de o eize la ge upee de o i aio s i to p e e t illi it o e t a sfe s - The eaio of the T AI i to aise p i ate i esto s o ide e i the o goi g p o ess of li e alizaio a d - The o di a e to a e d the La d A uisiio A t to ki k-sta t stalled p oje ts It is o o l used to eet the deadli e set the ou ts fo e tai i ple e taio s a d defe e tai diktats of the ou t a d so as to a oid i o e ie e a d gi e elief to the states fo e tai pe iod. Fo e.g. NEET O di a e, Issues i ol ed ith O di a e aki g po e The po e to ake o di a es has ee a used to su e t the de o ai p o ess - Misuse of Wadh a e epio : In DC Wadh a judge e t, SC said that if the go e e t is u a le to i t odu e a d push th ough a ill e ause legislatu e has too u h legislai e usi ess o i e at its disposal is sho t, the it ill e o side ed o situio al to p o ulgate o di a es. - O di a e aj: The go e e t uses its o di a e- aki g po e as i tuall a alte ai e tool of legislaio due to la k of ajo it i the uppe House. - It has ee isused to eet polii al e ds athe tha eei g a e t a o di a situaio 25 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

28 Vie s of Judi ia o O di a e aki g po e epeated e-p o ulgaio of o di a es as de la ed u o situio al the C i D.C. Wadh a s. tate of Biha ase, e e tl, The up e e Cou t i K ish a Ku a i gh s. tate of Biha has held that the failu e to pla e a o di a e efo e the legislatu e o situtes a use of po e a d a f aud o the Co situio The ou t also added that it a s ui ize u de A i le, hethe the saisfa io of P eside t u de A i le o Go e o u de as ased o ele a t ate ial o as a tuated o li ue oi es. I Coope s ase, SC held that P eside t s de isio a e halle ged i o ala ide i te io s Wa fo a d I a De o ai set-up like I dias s, de ates a d dis ussio s should fo a asi f a e o k fo the up o i g poli ies a d egulaio s O di a e should e used i li e ith the o situio al ethos and not merely to get a ou d the opposiio or e ade o t o e sial issues The e e ui e should uphold the P i iple of sepa aio of po e et ee the th ee e og ized i gs of go e a e.. OFFICE OF P OFIT I t odu io The recent case of appoi t e t of pa lia e ta se eta ies i Delhi and other states has agai aised the issue of Oi e of P oit. A oi e of p oit ea s a posiio that i gs to the pe so holdi g it so e i a ial gai, o ad a tage, o othe e eits. Oi e of P oit: ig ii a e The o situio u de a i le a d a s the MPs a d MLAs, espe i el, f o holdi g a oi e of p oit u de the U io o the tate go e e t. The ai of the p o isio is to: Mai tai sepa aio of po e et ee E e ui e a d legislatu e It is the asi featu e of I dia o situio. A E e ui e go e s, hile, a legislato s jo is to hold the e e ui e a s e a le. P e e ts e e ui e i lue e o e legislato fo eg. th ough pe ks of oi e. A epi g oi e u de e e ui e ill afe t thei i depe de e Oi e of P oit: Issues a d Misuse The e is o o situio al o statuto dei iio of Oi e of P oit It is ot eas to f a e a all-e a i g dei iio, o e i g all the dife e t ki ds of posts hi h e ist u de go e e t a d those hi h ight e eated i futu e. Pa lia e t, u de Pa lia e t P e e io of Dis ualii aio a t, has the po e to e e pt e tai posts f o ei g o side ed as oi e of p oit u h e e pio s a e ote o ad ho asis a d ote isused e e ui e to i sulate e tai post holde s f o dis ualii aio. Thus, lu i g the sepa aio of po e. Wa fo a d Ne oi es a e set up f e ue tl a d the e is eed to de la e the as oi e of p oit, o othe ise, o lea ite ia like i UK, othe ise it ill pa al se legislatu e a d iiate elaio et ee e e ui e a d legislatu e. 26 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

29 Va ious ite ia ha e ee e ol ed th ough se e al up e e Cou t e di ts hi u o e Case, Ja a Ba h ha ase, Ele io o issio e o e daio s, nd ARC, and Joint Parliamentary Co itee of Oi e of p oit. E e post eeds to e e aluated agai st the p i iples elo :..... Whethe go e e t akes appoi t e t a d e o al? Whethe holde d a s a e u e aio othe tha o pe sato allo a e? What a e the fu io of the holde? Does go e e t e e ise o t ol o e its pe fo a e? Does post e a le the holde to ield po e to g a t pat o age? O asis of a o e ite ia: All oi es i pu el ad iso odies, a d of ad iso atu e a e dee ed as ot fo p oit All oi es i ol i g e e ui e de isio ie. o t ol of fu ds, poli de isio, e pe ditu e app o als to e dee ed as Oi e of p oit Whe e i ste is head of o ga izaio he e lose oo di aio ith ou il of i iste is ital eg. NDC, NITI aa og, it a e dee ed as ot fo p oit The eed of the hou is to a e d the la to lea l dei e the Oi e of P oit i li e ith the a o e. 27 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

30 3 JUDICIARY &IMPORTANT JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTS 3.1 JUDICIAL REFORMS Context An i depe de t and i pa ial judi ia, a d a speed a d ei ie t s ste a e the e esse e of i ilizaio. Ho e e, I dia judi ia, its e atu e, has e o e po de ous, e u iai gl slo a d i ei ie t hi h led to e o ous ise fo the liiga ts a d fo ed people to look fo e t a-legal alte ai es. Issues ith the I dia Judi ial s ste Pe de : As per National Judicial Data Grid there are 3.3 o e pe di g ases at all le els. Fa to s o t i ui g to the pe de : - Huge a a ies i the High Cou ts a d lo e ou ts. - Lo judge to populaio aio I I dia it is pe te lakh populaio - O e u de ed judi ia hea i gs pe da ith i utes pe hea i g, o a a e age tate of I dia Judi ia epo t, DAK H - No i ed i e i hi h ases ha e to e disposed - La ge u e of adjou e ts. A out % ases listed a e adjou ed. Dela a d de ial of Jusi e: - Judi ial p o edu e is e o ple, ostl a d dilato - lo o i io ates % as pe NC B data - La k of ph si al p o i it of ou ts - % of i di iduals a used of aila le ofe es lai ed that the o i ue to e i jail as the a ot afo d ail o gua a to s to sta d su et La k of t a spa e i appoi t e ts: the ollegiu s ste u de A i le a d of the Co situio has o e u de se e e ii is o i g to its opa it, de i g its edi ilit Poo i f ast u tu e: The e ill ot e e ough ou t halls, ha e s, o staf, if all the a a ies a e illed. No use of ICT. La k of Cohe e t Data ase: Cu e tl ea h ou t is a isla d of i fo aio ; dis o e ted f o the est. As a esult, o s ie ii ai te a e of data to analyse the p o le ea i gfull th la o issio. La e s - Malp a i es la e s The i h a d po e ful hi e la e s ho stall ou t p o eedi gs taki g ad a tage of a hai egulaio s a d loopholes i la. - I addiio to ei g ha pio at the a ious la s also ha e a so ial espo si ilit of helpi g the ig o a t a d the u de p i ileged to atai jusi e. This ele e t is issi g i p ese t i es. - Less tha % of liiga ts use legal aid, despite ei g eligi le to take the e eit of go e e t-appoi ted la e s Othe issues: - F i olous PILs - Increase in crime rate - I easi g use of G a t pe ial Appeal up e e Cou t u de A i le 28 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

31 uggested efo s Pe de - I easi g Judge populaio aio to folds La Co issio e o e daio - ei g up of fast t a k ou ts, G a N a la as, lo al ou ts, fa il ou ts pe dist i t, o i g a d e e i g ou ts - P o oi g alte ate dispute ed essal e ha is EG. Lok Adalats, Mediaio Cells - Fi ed i eli es fo a ious stages of t ial - Guideli es to a oid u a ted adjou e ts Judi ial A ou ta ilit & T a spa e - Co side i g passage of Judi ial A ou ta ilit Bill - E su i g a t a spa e t, edi le, a d i situio alised s ste of Judi ial appointments and transfers - B i i g Judi ia u de the a it of TI - U ifo ei e e t age fo High Cou t a d up e e Cou t judges - Mi i u te u e to Chief Jusi e of I dia - Mi i u ooli g of pe iod fo judges, post ei e e t, efo e taki g up a e assig e ts u de the go e e t - Full a d o plete dis losu e of the ailiaio s of appli a ts to the sii g judges - T a spa e t o plai t ed essal e ha is agai st judi ial alp a i es - Co situio of All I dia Judi ial e i e a also e a el o e step I f ast u tu e - Need fo upg adi g a d uildi g judi ial i f ast u tu e i issio ode - Need fo Judi ial I pa t Assess e t of e e legislaio to e su e o espo di g fu ds, fu io a ies a d i f ast u tu e Te h olog - Buildi g up a judi ial data ase to assess the pe fo a e of the ou ts as a i situio. The Chief Jusi es ill e a le to use it to assess the i di idual pe fo a e of judges. - Digital te h olog ith e pa kages like data ase, E P tools, ou t a age e t p a i es hi h ill help i i easi g the p odu i it of ou ts - E ide e e o di g th ough ideo- o fe e i g fo speedie t ials - T ai i g a d o ie taio of the judi ia, espe iall i f o ie a eas of k o ledge, like io-ge ei s, IP a d e la s, eed ate io. efo s at the illage le el - The G a N a ala as Bill has ee e a ted to set up o e t ial ou ts at the i te ediate Pa ha at le el. - Its p o edu es ha e ee kept si ple a d le i le so that ases a e hea d a d disposed of ithi si o ths. - It is also e isaged that these ou ts ill e o ile, to a hie e the goal of i gi g jusi e to people s doo steps. La Co issio epo t I o de to deal ith o li t of i te est the judges, hose kith a d ki a e p a i i g i a High Cou t, should ot e posted i the sa e High Cou t. The post of Chief Jusi e of HC should ot e t a sfe a le. If the Chief Jusi e is f o the sa e High Cou t, he ill e i a ete posiio to ot o l o t ol the lo e judi ia ut also to assess the pe so s oth f o the e h a d the a fo ele aio to the High Cou t. 29 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

32 This ill also u tail the u e essa dela i illi g up the a a ies i the High Cou ts. The ei e e t age i dife e t t i u als has o ee i eased to fo hai e a d fo e e s. I the i u sta es, the o situio al p o isio s eed a ha ge fo e ha i g the age of ei e e t of High Cou t a d up e e Cou t Judges at least th ee ea s. The p ese t st e gth of the judges should e i eased a ifold a o di g to the pe de, p ese t a d p o a le. It is e essa that the o k of the High Cou ts is de e t alized, that is, o e Be hes a e esta lished i all tates. O e judg e ts a e ese ed o o situio al ate s la ge e h o othe ise, the judg e ts should e deli e ed ithi a easo a le i e. The e is lo g a d i o di ate dela i deli e i g judg e ts hi h should e a oided i pu li i te est.. NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT COMMI I ON NJAC Context up e e Cou t has eje ted the Naio al Judi ial Appoi t e ts Co issio NJAC A t and the th Co situio al A e d e t, hi h sought to gi e polii ia s a d i il so iet a sa i the appoi t e t of judges to the highest ou ts As pe p o isio of A i le, e e Judge of the up e e Cou t shall e appoi ted the P eside t a a t u de his ha d a d seal, ate o sultaio ith su h u e of the Judges of the up e e Cou t a d of the High Cou ts P ese t Collegiu s ste The ollegiu s ste of appoi t e t of judges is popula l efe ed to as judgessele i g-judges I the up e e Cou t Ad o ates o e o d Asso iaio s U io of I dia ase, k o as e o d Judges ase, the ollegiu s ste as ushe ed i I this ase, jusi ia ilit a d p i a e e e phasized upo to gi e the Chief Jusi e of I dia a p i al ole i su h appoi t e ts. The P Gupta judg e t p o ided fo o sultaio of the P eside t ith the judi ia i ate s elated to thei appoi t e ts a d t a sfe s Agai i, i the Thi d judges Case, the judge e t as eite ated C ii is of Collegiu ste /Need of NJAC The Ce t al go e e t has ii ized it sa i g it has eated a i pe iu i i pe io e pi e ithi a e pi e ithi the up e e Cou t. The p i a of the judi ia has esulted i e lusi e p i a hi h is agai st the p i iple of he ks a d ala es. The p ese t s ste la ks t a spa e a d is sus epi le to a use. The appoi t e ts happen in a la k o, i sulated f o a s ui The up e e Cou t Ba Asso iaio has la ed it fo eai g a gi e-a d-take ultu e, eai g a it et ee the ha es a d ha e- ots. While polii ia s a d a to s get i sta t elief f o ou ts, the o o a st uggles fo ea s fo jusi e. P oposed st u tu e of NJAC As pe the a e ded p o isio s of the o situio, the Co issio ould ha e o sisted of the follo i g si pe so s Chief Jusi e of I dia Chai pe so, e oi io. T o othe se io judges of the up e e Cou t e t to the Chief Jusi e of I dia e oi io. 30 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

33 The U io Mi iste of La a d Jusi e, e -oi io. T o e i e t pe so s up e e Cou t s Ve di t o NJAC The up e e Cou t s Co situio al e h, i a ajo it de isio -, st u k do the 99 th Amendment act. The ape ou t eje io is p e ised o follo i g g ou ds: - The p i a of judi ia i a e of sele io a d appoi t e t is diluted - The Go e e t of I dia is the la gest liigato i the ases efo e the High Cou ts a d up e e Cou t, a d the p ese e of e e ui e Mi iste of La leads to o li t of i te est - I depe de e of Judi ia is ega ded as the asi st u tu e, ith is u a e da le. NJAC se es to u tail the judi ial i depe de e - NJAC i pi ges upo the p i iple of sepa aio of po e A i le - The NJAC has t o e i e t pe so s as its e e s. But the e is o u a iguous dei iio of e i e t pe so s gi e the NJAC A t. Thus, the ou t has highlighted the eed fo sepa aio of judi ia a d its eed to e f ee f o the spoils s ste of the go e e t. Opio s efo e the go e e t It a e-e a t a f esh a e d e t to the Co situio a d Bill, taki g i to a ou t the o e s of the up e e Cou t Go e e t a seek e ie of the e di t, ut it ill o e up efo e the sa e Be h. It a o e agai plead that the e i e ase e hea d efo e a la ge Be h, ut this plea has al ead ee eje ted. It a pa i ipate i the fu the hea i g efo e the ou t, o st e gthe i g the p ese t ollegiu s ste a d i sist o the e e ui e also ha i g a e ual sa i judi ial appointments Wa fo a d SC recommended app op iate easu es to i p o e the o ki g of the Collegiu s ste - these i luded eligi ilit ite ia, t a spa e i the appoi t e t p o ess, se eta iat a d o plai ts, fo p epa i g the Me o a du of p o edu e. There is a need to e pediiousl i alise the Me o a du of P o edu es MoP th ough o sultai e a d e hausi e dialogue et ee the Go e e t a d the judi ia The pe de of the MoP should ot sta d i the a of judi ial appoi t e ts The go e e t has also p oposed that the e e a se eta iat that maintains a data ase of judges, s hedules Collegiu eei gs, ai tai s e o ds a d e ei es e o e daio s a d o plai ts elated to judges posi gs. Pa lia e t should also e a t ha ges to p o ide a u ifo ei e e t age fo judges of the up e e Cou t a d the High Cou ts, so that the p ese t p a i e of so e of the judges seeki g to e i the good ooks of the e isi g o p ospe i e e e s of ollegiu s i the up e e Cou t is a oided 3.3 NATIONAL COURT OF APPEAL Context e e tl, the up e e Cou t ad ited a Che ai la e s peiio, the e taki g a ua ed de isio to e a i e the feasi ilit of sei g up of a sepa ate Naio al Cou t of Appeal NCA ith fou egio al e hes, to hea appeal f o HC judge e ts pe tai i g to i il a d i i al ate s. 31 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

34 What is a Naio al Cou t of Appeal? The Naio al Cou t Appeal NCA ith egio al e hes i Che ai, Mu ai a d Kolkata is meant to act as i al ou t of jusi e i deali g ith appeals f o the de isio s of the High Cou ts a d t i u als ithi thei egio i i il, i i al, la ou a d e e ue ate s. I, the up e e Cou t had e o e ded esta lish e t of a NCA to ease the u de of the up e e Cou t. Need fo sepa ate Naio al Cou t of appeal Help ease u de & lea pe de - With, pe di g ases, up e e Cou t has ee edu ed to a o al ou t of appeal fo all High Cou ts i the ou t, g eatl li ii g its a d idth to take up i po ta t o situio al ate s. Help fo us o eal a date & p i al fu io s - The up e e Cou t s eal a date is that of a o situio al ou t, the uli ate a ite o disputes o e i g a i te p etaio of the Co situio. Ho e e, the u e of de isio o situio al e h is a palt. % in last decade. E a le adhe e e to Co situio al p o isio s - C u ial ases e ui i g a full e e o situio al e hes like al a Judu, ele to al efo s, IT o la k o e, de i i alizaio of ho ose ualit ha e ee take up just judges e h, goi g agai st the spi it of A t edu e Ph si al a d i a ial dii ulies - A si gle C e h i Delhi est i ts the a essi ilit a d speed jusi e for poor people and those in remote areas. u essful I te aio al e a ples - Mo e tha ou t ies i ludi g U,. Af i a, Ca ada et. ha e a ou t of appeal, as sepa ated f o Co situio al Cou t Challe ges A sepa ate Naio al Cou t of Appeal NCA, fu da e tall alte s the ha a te of up e e Cou t, its o situio, a d au a as a ape ou t ei g up of NCA ill e ui e a e di g A i le, hi h a ot sta d the test of asi featu e The e a e ge ui e o e s a out sha i g spe ial lea e po e s A i le ith egio al e hes The li ited st e gth of up e e Cou t judges a d s a it of judi ial tale t ill ause the e isi g judi ial appa atus to sp ead thi e ith a sepa ate ou t. Both up e e Cou t a d Go e e t ha e late eje ted the p oposal of sei g up NCA o the g ou ds that it is o situio all i pe issi le Wa Fo a d: The idea of a Naio al Cou t of Appeal e ui es o side aio, ut i a a e that ould ot u de i e the u dou ted autho it of the up e e Cou t of I dia. The egio al e hes a e set up f o a essi ilit poi t of ie. Co situio u de a i le p o ides a spa e fo this. Ho e e, i the i te i, holisi judi ial efo s su h as aio alizaio of LPs/PIL, su o di ate judi ia efo s, i p o i g judi ial st e gth, i el appoi t e ts of judges oth i HC a d C, upg adi g i f ast u tu e, ualit of jusi e, a d a ou ta ilit ust e pu sued. 3.4 CONTEMPT OF COURT Context e e tl, a Co te pt of Cou t ase as i iiated the up e e Cou t agai st Jusi e C. Karnan. This is for the i st i e e e that the o te pt p o eedi gs ha e ee i iiated agai st a sii g High ou t judge the up e e Cou t. 32 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

35 Mea i g of Co te pt of Cou t It is dei ed u de Co te pt of Cou ts A t, a d e te ds all o e I dia Co te pt of ou t a e of i il o i i al atu e Ci il o te pt ea s ilful diso edie e to a judg e t, de ee, di e io, o de, it o othe p o ess of a ou t o ilful ea h of a u de taki g gi e to a ou t; C i i al o te pt ea s the pu li aio of a ate o the doi g of a othe a t that s a dalises autho it of ou t, ha e P ejudi e o I te fe es ith p o eedi gs of ou t Co situio al & Legal P o isio s A i le E po e s up e e Cou t to pu ish fo the Co te pt of Cou t A i le - E po e s High Cou ts to pu ish fo the Co te pt of Cou t U de Co te pt of Cou ts A t, - up e e/high Cou t a also i iiate o te pt agai st su o di ate ou ts Need fo Co te pt Po e s To e su e the Co plia e of a o de o de ee. To eate dete e e agai st the is o du t, that a i pai the fai a d ei ie t ad i ist aio of Jusi e. To uphold the dig it of the Cou ts a d ajest of judi ial i situio. Co te pt of ou t also a ts a po e ful tool agai st the i h a d the po e ful,it disa uses the of the oio that the a e a o e the la A gu e t agai st the Co te pt p o isio s This p o isio p e e ts f ee spee h u de A i le a as easo a le est i io a e put o the g ou d of Co te pt of Cou t u de A i le. I de o a people should ha e the ight to ii ize judges. Its ele a e i ode so iet is uesio ed the fa t that it s a d a o ia la ilted o e to a ds the judges ithout ha i g a safegua ds i fa ou of the pe so ha ged ith the sa e. Co pa iso ith othe Cou t ies No i ide e of a o i io fo Co te pt of Cou t i E gla d, f o he e e ha e adopted this p o isio 1 st A e d e t to the U. Co situio fo ids o te pt o the e spape pu li aio. Judi ial P e ede ts P.N.Duda s. V.P. ha ka & Othe s, - up e e Cou t opi ed that Co te pt p o isio s should ot e used the Judges to uphold thei o dig it. A u dhai o Case - up e e Cou t held that fai iti is of the o du t of a judge o a i stitutio of judi ia, a d its fu tio i g, a ot a ou t to o te pt of Cou t, if ade i good faith. Wa Ahead The La of o te pt should o l e used to e a le the ou t to fu io ithout fea o fa ou, a d ot to p e e t fai ii is. Cou ts should e li e al a d espo si le i usi g the o te pt p o isio s The e is a eed to st ike a ala e et ee f eedo of spee h & e p essio a d i depe de e of judges. Pa lia e t should take i iiai e to dei e Co te pt lea l a e di g Cou t of Contempt Act, Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

36 . UP EME COU T JUDGEMENT ON LOKPAL Context e e tl up e e Cou t o de ed the appoi t e t of Lokpal. Lokpal & Loka uktas A t, : alie t Featu es B oad ased appoi t e t pa el - Lokpal is a uli e e od a d hai pe so is appoi ted a o itee o sisi g of P i e Mi iste, peake of Lok a ha, Leade of Opposiio i Lok a ha, Chief Jusi e of I dia o a Judge o i ated hi /he a d o e e i e t ju ist. E su i g i teg it - A a i e polii ia a d a pe so o i ted of a ofe e i ol i g o al tu pitude a ot e o e e e of Lokpal. Assu i g i depe de e - ala a d othe o diio s of se i e of hai pe so a e ha ged o Co solidated Fu d of I dia. - est i io s o post ei e e t jo s. No p o isio of e-appoi t e t. Ju isdi io of Lokpal i ludes P i e Mi iste, all u io i iste s, MPs, all oi e s, I situio s hi h a e i a ed full o pa tl go e e t et. Po e s - Po e s of Lokpal i ludes supe i te de e o e CBI; o is aio of assets o othe e eits hi h ha e a ise ea s of o upio ; its I ui i g has po e s of a i il ou t et I ui po e s - Lokpal ill o situte a I ui Wi g to o du t the p eli i a i ui i to a ofe e alleged to ha e ee o ited a pu li se a t pu isha le u de the P e e io of Co upio A t,. pe ial ou ts - O the e o e daio of the Lokpal, the Ce t al Go e e t shall o situte pe ial Cou ts to hea a d de ide the ases a isi g out of the P e e io of Co upio A t, o u de Lokpal A t Clea i e li es - P eli i a e ui, I esigaio, a d T ial A ou ta ilit - Lokpal ill p epa e a a ual epo t hi h it ould su it to P eside t ho i tu ill get the epo t laid to ea h House of Pa lia e t. E e tate shall esta lish a Loka ukta a state a t, if it is ot esta lished efo e passi g of this a t. Lokpal appoi t e t: The p ese t issue The idea of Lokpal as e isaged to look i to o upio allegaio s agai st pu li se a ts, i ludi g legislato s. It i all got shaped ith the passage of Lokpal a d Loka ukta A t i But e e ate fou ea s, the Lokpal is et to e appoi ted as la e ui es Leade of Opposiio i the Lok a ha to e e e of the sele io pa el. Cu e tl, the e is o desig ated leade of opposiio P oposed A e d e t It has ee p oposed to su situte the posiio of the Leade of Opposiio i Lok a ha ith the leade of the si gle la gest opposiio pa t o the sele io o itee Issues i ol ed i the a e d e t I stead of si gle a e d e t to ha ge the o posiio of the sele io o itee, the p oposed go e e t Bill i te ds to fu da e tall dilute the o igi al la. Mate is efo e pa lia e ta sta di g o itee 34 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

37 As pe d at a e d e t statuto e ui e e t of pu li se a ts to dis lose the assets is also e o ed U de e p o isio, p io pe issio fo the p ose uio of Go e e t oi ials is eeded hi h defeats the e pu pose of Lokpal. Vie s of C o the Lokpal C o se ed that the e is o jusii aio i keepi g the e fo e e t of the A t u de suspe sio ill the a e d e ts a e a ied out The efo e, Lokpal a e appoi ted u de the Lokpal a d Loka uktas A t,, ithout aii g fo the a e d e t. Wa Fo a d Co upio is a so ial e il fo hi h a o ust la like Lokpal a d Loka ukta A t is eeded. Ho e e the e is eed fo its p ope i ple e taio a d e e uio. Thus, the Go e e t should e pedite the appoi t e t p o ess i o de to deal ith e a e of o upio i the ou t.. UP EME COU T JUDGEMENT ON IN ULT TO ELIGION: ECTION A IPC Context up e e Cou t la iied the spi it of se io A of IPC eje i g the i i al ase agai st M Dho i a d agazi e edito fo his depi io as Lo d Vish u o a agazi e o e P o isio of IPC e io A e io A deals ith deli e ate and ali ious i te io of out agi g the eligious feeli gs of a lass of iize s of I dia, a d pu ish e t the eo. A gu e ts i fa ou of e io A It a ts as safet al e to p ese e ha o i a uli- eligious so iet sa io i g pe al a io agai st those ate pi g to distu the pea e. The a e i st u e tal i ta kli g deli e ate a ts of hate spee hes hi h a e ajo sou e of u est i a po kets of the o ld. It has, thus, led people to self- e so thei e p essio fo fea of p ose uio The statute o l pu ishes agg a ated fo s of i sult to eligio pe pet ated ith deli e ate a d ali ious i te io A gu e ts agai st A e io, hi h has ee the I dia e sio of a i- lasphe la si e its i t odu io du i g the olo ial ule, o i ues e e ate lasphe ei g a olished in the UK The te s ali ious a d deli e ate a e a iguous a d i he e tl su je i e, he e, the e is s ope fo its isuse. It has a hilli g efe t o f eedo of spee h a d e p essio e io A dete s e e ho est ate pts to ight agai st supe siio a d p ejudi es The ide a it of this se io has ot spa ed e e pu e a isi a d lite a e p essio s a d has ote sta tled e e the ota ies of the p o isio ith u i te ded o se ue es. Eg. M.F.Hussai s pai i gs Judi ial elief does o e i the e d, ut the ite t uth is that the p o ess is the pu ish e t IPC al ead has se e al othe p o isio s to deal ith those ate pi g to ea h o u al ha o. Tt a e ise to o side ate i g do o doi g a a ith e io A altogethe 35 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

38 Wa fo a d It is i e ou lo e ou ts stop taki g ele i e og isa e of t i ial ases iled o the asis that the eligious, aste o ultu al se sii iies of so e g oup ha e ee ofe ded I, i, a i e-judge e h of the up e e Cou t upheld its o situio alit of a i le A. The e is eed of u ge t e ie of this a i le ou Ape ou t. A si e e efo t should e take the Legislatu e to edu e the su je i it o tai ed i ou la ooks.. UP EME COU T JUDGEMENT ON LIQUO BAN ON HIGHWAY Context e e tl the up e e Cou t C o de ed a o plete a o sale of li uo ithi ete s of Naio al a d tate High a s ii g its egai e i pa t o e pu li health The C e e ised its po e u de A i le, elated to do t i e of o plete jusi e I po ta e of the Judge e t C judge e t is i s ith e o e daio s of the Naio al oad afet Cou il hi h ad ised that li e ses fo li uo shops should ot e gi e alo g aio al high a s It facilitates )e o tole a e to a ds d u k d i i g The Di e i e P i iples of the Co situio A i le puts a o al o ligaio upo the tate to p ohi it i to i ai g d i ks It e te ds the a plitude of ight to Life u de A i le It a help u oad a ide t ases alo g high a s. As pe Mo TH epo t,. % of the oad a ide ts e e u de the i lue e of al ohol o d ugs. C ii is of the judge e t E o o i loss: - Th eat to the li elihood of people o se ue t loss of jo s. - Jolt to the tou is i dust fo the states like Goa. - Loss of ta e e ues fo the tates. - The u e tai t of I dia s usi ess li ate ill dete i est e t f o o i g to India. Ma tates a e e- lassif i g state high a s to lo al oads i o de to i sulate the sel es f o the a it of the judge e t. It is ei g o st ued as a o ke of the judi ia Gi e the u e of li elihoods at stake it s o e tha likel that illegal li uo e ds ill p olife ate alo g high a s, leadi g to igge isks to pu li safet. The de isio is i o t a e io of A i le g The issue is ot si pl the f eedo of hoi e of d i ke s; it is also the f eedo of life, safet a d dig it, of fa il i o e a d the p odu i it of othe people. He e, the issue is i the eal of so ial poli. Wa Fo a d I p o ed poli i g o high a s to ta kle d u ke d i i g. Need fo g eate allo aio tate go e e ts to a ds oad safet oad afet Fu d t i t pu ish e t fo ofe de s. Efe i e i ple e taio of Moto Vehi les A t Cha gi g people s aitude to a ds t ai ules a d oi ai g the to a ide the 36 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

39 Taki g og isa e of the dii ulies asso iated ith the a, the up e e Cou t has la iied e tai p o isio s Ba o sale of al ohol ithi ete s of state a d aio al high a s does ot appl ithi it li its, g a i g elief to the li uo a d hospitalit i dust. The Ape ou t has allo ed state autho iies to de oif high a s passi g th ough the u i ipal li its With this o de, the i dust e pe ts % of the a s a d estau a ts to sta t usi ess. Co lusio Bla ket a s a d p ohi iio -like de ees, hethe f o judi ia o legislatu e, o l ake the p o le o se. The up e e ou t a d the go e e t has ee losel stud i g the i pli aio s of the a, a d aki g e essa ha ges to st ike a ala e et ee eli i ai g the s ou ge of fataliies due to d u ke d i i g, o o e ha d, a d p ote i g the li elihood of the people, on the other. UP EME COU T JUDGEMENT ON BCCI Context The BCCI has i tuall eje ted ost of the ajo efo s suggested the up e e Cou t appointed Jusi e Lodha Co itee fo ed i the ate ath of the IPL at h i i g s a dal. e o e daio of Lodha Pa el Legalize ei g: The o itee, ho e e, ade a disi io et ee ei g a d i i g. While the o itee suppo ted legalisi g ei g, it fa ou ed i i alisi g i i g i i ket. G eate t a spa e : The BCCI, hi h is dis ha gi g a pu li fu io, should e ought u de the TI to sha e ad i ist ai e a d i a ial details ith the pu li. Oi eholde est i io s: - No oi ial should hold a posiio fo o e tha th ee te u es of th ee ea s ea h, ith o t o o se ui e te s - Age ap should e. - Oi e- ea e s a ot e i iste s o u eau ats a d the should dista t the sel es f o the state asso iaio that the ep ese t. Voi g ights: - O l o e asso iaio f o a state shall e a full e e of BCCI ith oi g ights. - P ese tl, states like Maha asht a a d Guja at ha e th ee asso iaio s ep ese i g in BCCI. - Othe asso iaio s f o states a d oa ds like All I dia U i e siies, a d ail a po ts P o oio Boa d should ha e o l asso iate e e status, ith o oi g ights. ole of BCCI P eside t: P eside t should ha e o ole i te sele io a d the zo al sele io o itee should e epla ed ith a th ee- e e pa el hi h ill ha e o l Test pla e s o oa d. The Wo ki g Co itee, hi h is the BCCI s highest de isio aki g od, should e epla ed ith a i e- e e ape pa el hose e e s should i lude ep ese tai es f o pla e s o u it alo g ith o e o a. A o i ee of the CAG should also e i luded to keep a e e o ho the oa d s i a ial esou es a e ei g uilised. Th ee i depe de t oi ials a ethi s oi ials, a o uds a a d ele io oi e should e appoi ted to look ate dispute esoluio, o li t of i te est a d ele io p o ess espe i el. 37 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

40 The IPL should e gi e li ited auto o ha i g a sepa ate IPL go e i g ou il. To safegua d i te ests of a pla e, a o ust age t egist aio s ste should e put i place I pa t of the Judg e t Ca i p o e t a spa e a d edu e o upio i BCCI s fu io i g Legalizi g ei g a put a he k o lo of la k o e i to the e o o a d i g sig ii a t e e ue fo the go e e t. It ill pa e the a fo i ul ai g est glo al p a i es to st e gthe its fu io i g. It a p o ote good go e a e i the BCCI a d esto e its falte i g edi ilit a d pu li t ust T a spa e t ele io to the Boa d ill i g i de o a i the i situio It ha e pote ial to e su e a ou ta ilit of BCCI th ough TI Uli atel it ill de elop a d p o ote of health spo ts ultu e. Co lusio The up e e Cou t e di t a d the Lodha o itee ha e dealt ith a o e issues ut at est it ould e said that it has set the all olli g ith the epo t. BCCI is, ithout dou t, dogged a issues, i ludi g those of go e a e, u ifo it i fo aio a d u i g of state u its, t a spa e, a d these eed to e so ted out efo e it is hailed as a ole odel fo othe spo i g odies. UP EME COU T JUDGEMENT ON IGHT TO P IVACY Context A i e judge o situio al e h of up e e Cou t i Putas a i Vs. U io of I dia ase, u a i ousl de la ed ight to p i a as a fu da e tal ight The peiio e a gued that the olle io of i fo aio u de Aadha is a iolaio of ight to p i a. The ape ou t lo ated p i a i the Golde T i it of A i les 14, and 21. The e a e o dig it ithout p i a a d dig it is pa t of P ea le as ell as pa t of asi st u tu e of the o situio. tatus of ight to P i a p io to Ve di t U il o, ight to p i a as ot e og ized as a fu da e tal ight, ut p i a as see as a i g edie t of pe so al li e t due to the follo i g judi ial p e ede ts: Kha ak i gh s tate of UP : C e og ized ight to p i a as a eposito of fu da e tal ights u de A i le. Go i d s tate of MP : SC opined that ight to p i a as ot a solute MP ha a s aish Cha d a : ight to p i a as ot e og ized C In aj Gopal s tate of Ta il Nadu ase up e e Cou t held that the ight to p i a is a pa t of ight to p ote io of life a d pe so al li e t u de A i le. I pli aio s of the judge e t: The uli g fu the ei igo ated de a d fo a sou d data p ote io la in the era of so ial et o ki g sites a d app ased e o ld hi h poses a e i e t th eat to the data se u it a d p i a of o su e s. Futu e of Aadha, DNA p oili g ill e ai s u e tai. It can hinder the i ple e taio a d pe fo a e of elfa e s he es -like Aadhar a d Di e t Be eits T a sfe - hi h e ui es pe so al data of iize s. 38 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

41 I te al se u it : ight a e isused to o it i e like p o ased e i es, ide it f aud, sepa aist usi g to sp ead u ou Weake ed p ose uio : It a esult i to ot sha i g legii ate e ide e ith e fo e e t age ies, aki g o i io dii ult as as see i the U he e FBI fa ed e pio issue ith Apple. The e a e o t adi io s ega di g e io as pe the e di t of the C i Kaushal ase as LGBT ights a also e i luded u de thei ight to p i a. It a also ope up a de ate ega di g a o io ights of o e, eutha asia as ell as p a i e of a tha a. Need fo ight to P i a i Te h olog i te si e E a u eilla e state: The go e e t data ase like NATG ID is lassiied a o g the i tellige e a d se u it o ga izaio s a d is e e pted f o TI. The ope s the possi ilit of the state usi g the s ste fo su eilla e e esses No o e a opt out of the go e e t s data ase o e e olled. Thus the i easi g digiizaio eates pote ial p o le like the data a use fo pe so al gai s The Go e e t, despite taki g efe i e steps to p o ide data se u it, does ot ha e full p oof la s a d i situio al e ha is fo it. It ill ope legal e edies i ase of ea h of p i a e fo e e t age ies o corporate sector. C e i es: P ote io of data p o ided o so ial et o ki g sites has esulted i edu ed e i e agai st o e. A e e t epo t CIA has e ealed that % of I dia o ile use s gi e a a thei data u k o i gl. I te aio al o ligaio s: Art.12 of U i e sal De la aio o Hu a ights and Art.17 of the I te aio al Co e a t o Ci il a d Polii al ights p o ide fo the ight of p i a. Wa Fo a d A ohe e t f a e o k hi h ala es the hu a p i a a d dig it o o e ha d a d aio al se u it a d ei ie t s he e i ple e taio o othe ha d is a a ted. A o ust data p ote io e ha is is e u h e essa as highlight the up e e Cou t. Jusi e B.N. i K ish a o itee, hi h is ei g fo ed to ide if ke data p ote io issues a d suggest a d at data p ote io ill, is i the li e of up e e Cou t di e i e ega di g data p ote io a d p i a. It ill also fulil the o situio al ideals of espe i g i te aio al la s a d t eaies e io ed i Di e i e P i iples of tate Poli A t... UP EME COU T JUDGEMENT ON T IPLE TALAQ & NEED FO UCC Context T iple Tala is a p o edu e of di o e u de the ha ia La, a od of the Isla i la, u de hi h a hus a d a di o e his ife p o ou i g Tala th i e. Ho e e, it has o e u de a se e e ii is o a ou t of its te de to a o d to a man a u ilate al ight to e d a iage, lea i g o e so iall, i a iall, a d e oio all ul e a le. up e e Cou t o T iple Tala A i e judge o situio e h te ed the t iple tala p a i e as u o situio al ith a - ajo it. Tala -e- iddat o i sta t a d i e o a le tala as alled a ifestl a it a p a i e a d is ot p ote ted A i le f eedo of eligio of the Co situio. 39 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

42 Chief Jusi e J Kheha a d Jusi e A dul Nazee e e i fa ou of passi g the de isio o to the legislatu e, a o di g it si o ths to de ide a la o t iple tala Ho e e, Jusi es Ku ia Joseph, F Na i a a d U U Lalit held it as iolai e of the Co situio. Case fo a olishi g T iple Tala The e a e se e al i sta es he e t iple tala has e a led hus a ds to di o e thei i es a it a il, de oid of a su sta iaio. A o di g to a stud, % of Musli o e i I dia a t o al t iple tala to e a olished. O al tala o t iple tala deli e ed th ough e edia plafo s like k pe, te t essages, e ail a d WhatsApp ha e e o e a i easi g ause of o fo the o u it. The t iple tala has ee a olished i ou t ies i ludi g Pakista, ut is sill p e ale t i I dia. The Ce t e easo s that these p a i es a e agai st o situio al p i iples su h as ge de e ualit, se ula is, i te aio al la s et. The go e e t also a gues that he these p a i es a e a ed i Isla i theo ai ou t ies, the p a i es ould ha e a solutel o ase i eligio a d a e o l p e ale t to pe it the do i a e of e o e o e. Case fo U ifo Ci il Code E e though the up e e Cou t has efused to hea the U ifo Ci il Code issue alo g ith the t iple tala ase, dee i g the t o to e sepa ate issues t iple tala as hu a ights issue, so e e pe ts i d it a oppo tu e o e t to o e to a ds the i t odu io of UCC. A u ifo i il ode ea s that all iize s of I dia a e to follo the sa e set of pe so al ules a d la s i espe i e of eligio. It has follo i g e its: e o i g dei ie ies of Pe so al la s - Ce tai p o isio s of a ious pe so al la s a e a hai, ooted i pat ia h, i aio al, ge de iased, a d thei isi te p etaio ested i te ests fu the o se s su jugaio of o e. - Will p ote t ights a d status of o e a d help i sulate the f o isog isi eligious la s. - A si gle, u ifo od of pe so al la go e i g a iage, di o e, i he ita e, adopio ill e o e o fusio a d fa ilitate a a e ess of ights a o g all - U ifo it of pe so al la s ould e su e p edi ta ilit i deli e of jusi e th ough ua ed i te p etaio of la a o pete t judi ial s ste. - Will gi e lea essage to Khap pa ha at, Musli age ies to ef ai f o e e isi g e t a judi ial po e s leadi g to ho ou killi g, fe ale foei ide, t iple tala, dese io, ape et. - Help edu e ote a k polii s p e e i g the polii ia s f o e ploii g so ial lea ages like eligio - P o ote u it a d i teg aio of aio e o i g a i osit ge e ated out of pe epio of p efe e ial t eat e t to a ds a pa i ula eligio E a le o it e t to o situio al alues a d p o isio s Though A i le gi es f eedo to p ofess, p a i e, a d p opagate a eligio, it is ot a u fete ed ight. tate is e po e ed to egulate o est i t a se ula a i it asso iated ith eligious p a i e, i ludi g i t odu io of a u ifo i il ode. - U de a i le, the tate is ou d o situio al a date to ho oge ize and se ula ise pe so al la s. - Co situio al o it e t to e ualit a dates that e e o e, e a d o e, ust e su je ted to ule of la a d la of la d ithout e epio. A i le - Va ious judi ial p o ou e e ts ha e di e ted the go e e t to o e to a ds a u ifo i il ode hah Ba o, h a a Ba o ase 40 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

43 I dia s I te aio al o it e t: - to uphold hu a ights alues of e ualit, fai ess, o -dis i i aio, ight to dig iied life, f eedo, li e t, Jusi e - o ligaio s u de Co e io o the Eli i aio of All Fo s of Dis i i aio agai st Wo e (CEDAW) Challe ges to UCC Co se ais - I dia has a lo g histo of pe so al la s a d the e is sif esista e f o so e se io of eligious o u iies. Eg. Opposiio AIMLB to pa i ipate i dis ussio ith La o issio o UCC Mis o epio a d a iet of i posi g a ajo ita ia Hi du la Go e e t fa es a eal halle ge of e o ili g legal u ifo it ith p ote io of i o it ights. This is a se sii e ate a d a lead to te sio s alo g eligious li es if not handled adeptly La k of o se sus o atu e of u ifo la - should it e a le d of all pe so al la s o a e la adhe i g to o situio al a date Co lusio Befo e e a ki g o UCC, all pe so al la s ust e s ui ized fo thei adhe e e to o situio al alues of ight to e ualit, jusi e, a d se ula is. Co i e o u iies that UCC is to i g efo s a d ot sup ess the. Need to i g a a e ess a o g iize s a d ep ese tai es th ough dis ussio, deli e aio s, academic seminars Make o o ause ith so ial efo e s athe tha eligious o se ai es. Need ot e lusi el depe d o le gies fo o se sus Need to stop aki g du ious o pa iso s et ee Musli a d Hi du o e a d talk a out ights of I dia o e u h efo s should e o se sus d i e, o e f o ithi the o u it, a d ot e i posed. Thus, UCC is a lo g te age da hi h ill f u if he the i e is ight, a d ith the ill of all. 41 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

44 4 INDIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM. HOLI TIC ELECTO AL EFO M : NEED, CHALLENGE & WAY FO WA D Context The o t o e sies elai g to paid e s, isuse of o e po e, EVM ta pe i g as ell as VVPAT has, o e agai, ought the issue of ele to al efo s to the fo epla. With the e la ge e t of the ele to ate ase, a d a la ge se io of i st i e ote s e te i g the ele to al p o ess, the e is a di e eed to i t odu e efo s i the a ele io s a e o du ted in India. Need fo Ele to al efo s O e the ea s, I dia ele to al s ste has sufe ed f o se ious aladies: Ele io Malp a i es: - Mo e a d us le po e iolaio of e pe ditu e li its, p olife aio of la k o e, o e lau de i g, paid e s, false aida its o asset de la aio et. - C i i alisaio of polii s a d polii izaio of i i als C i i als e te i to polii s to gai i lue e a d e su e that ases agai st the a e d opped o ot p o eeded ith. As pe AD su e, e e thi d MP i th Lok a ha has i i al ha ges. - Misuse of Go e e t Ma hi e - i fa ou of the i u e t Go e e t fo eg. go e e t ad e ise e t glo if i g polii al pe so aliies i stead of pu li issues I dia Polii al s e a io: - Casteis a d Co u alis has e te ed I dia Polii s. - De li e of ethi al a d o al p i iples of pu li fu io a ies Judi ial dela s: Huge pe de of ases a d la k of speed t ials fail to eate sui ie t dete e e agai st i dulgi g i ele io alp a i es. Issue of o -se ious a didates a d p olife aio of polii al pa ies I ade uate po e a d auto o to Ele io Co issio - ECI e pe ses ot ha ged o Co solidated fu d of I dia, thus, i pa i g its i a ial auto o - La k of ade uate a d idth ie. Fu io a ies a d i a es. Thus, i eased depe de o go e e t a hi e - La k of efe i e po e s to i pose st i t pe alies. ECI o pelled to use esidua po e s u de A i le, i a se e of ell-dei ed ele to al la s. Ele to al efo s: La Co issio a d ECI e o e daio s A epo t o ele to al efo s as su ited Jusi e A P hah i. Fu the, the ECI su ited its set of e o e daio s i. The ajo poi ts of the e o e daio s a e: Ele io Fi a e: Fo us o pui g aps o Ele io E pe ditu e as ell as li its to polii al fu di g f o o po ate pa ies. egulaio of Polii al Pa ies a d I e Pa t De o a : p o idi g fo the de- egist aio of a polii al pa t fo failu e to o test Pa lia e ta o tate ele io s fo o se ui e ea s Cha ges to A i-defe io La : esi g the po e to de ide o uesio s of dis ualii aio o the g ou d of defe io ith the P eside t o the Go e o, ho shall a t o the ad i e of the ECI 42 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

45 E su i g i depe de e a d auto o of ECI: - I depe de t e eta iat fo ECI, to edu e depe de o DoPT to appoi t its oi e s - E pe ditu e to e Cha ged o the Co solidated Fu d of I dia, - Co situio al p ote io to Ele io Co issio e s o si ila li es as the Chief Ele io Co issio e. - e io ost EC to e auto ai all ele ated as CEC to e su e se u it of te u e a d i sulaio f o the E e ui e - A e d e t to PA to i lude spe ii po e s to postpo e o ou te a d polls o the g ou ds of use of o e po e. Paid Ne s: Paid edia to e ade a ele to al ofe e u de PA, Opi io a d E it polls: Co plete a o E it Polls a d opi io polls. Ele io Peiio s: appoi t of Addiio al judges to the High Cou t to e pedite ele io elated ases pe di g efo e the. Also ase fo sepa ate ele io t i u al. NOTA a d ight to eje t: Mo i g a a f o NOTA to ight to eje t, hi h ill fo e a didates to liste to ote s a d thei o e s. ight to e all: Ho e e, La Co issio ot i fa ou of T as it i pedes Go e a e. Totalise a hi e fo Cou i g Votes & i t odu io of VVPAT est i io o Go e e t po so ed Ad e ise e ts: egulai g a d est i i g go e e t spo so ed ad e ise e ts si o ths p io to the date of e pi of the House/Asse l. est i io o the Nu e of eats f o hi h a Ca didate Ma Co test I depe de t Ca didates: I depe de t a didates e to dis a ed f o o tesi g ele io s P epa aio a d Use of Co o Ele to al olls: I t odu io of o o ele to al olls fo Pa lia e ta, Asse l a d lo al od ele io s Othe efo s: - A pe so o i ted fo hei ous i es ape, u de, da oit et. to e pe a e tl de a ed f o o tesi g le io - tate fu di g of ele io s to e e plo ed I d ajit Gupta Co itee ole of Judi ia : Judi ia has pla ed a ke ole to i iiate ele to al efo s he e the Legislatu e a d E e ui e has failed to deli e. It has fo used o lea si g the s ste e o i g o upt p a i es, i iiai g efo s to edu e i i alizaio i polii s, a d edu i g the ole of o e a d us le po e i I dia polii s. o e of the ost ota le e di ts a e: Pu li I te est Fou daio s UoI, - C di e ted all t ial ou ts to o plete t ial of a ase pe di g agai st a legislato ithi o e ea ate f a i g i i al ha ges agai st hi. Lil Tho as s UoI, - up e e Cou t epealed e t of the PA, holdi g that ha ge sheeted MPs a d MLAs, o o i io fo ofe es, ill fa e i ediate dis ualii aio ithout ei g gi e th ee o ths i e fo appeal, as as the ase efo e. People s U io fo Ci il Li e ies. U io of I dia judg e t, - NOTA as i t odu ed i I dia follo i g the up e e Cou t di e i e that ai ed to e ou age people, ho a e ot saisied ith a of the a didates, to tu up to e p ess thei opinion and reject all contestants. 43 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

46 D. u a a ia a. Ele io Co issio of I dia, he e C di e ted Ele io Co issio to i t odu e Vote Ve iia le Pape Audit T ail VVPAT a hi es e e tl up e e Cou t has held that e e ote has a fu da e tal ight to k o the edu aio al ualii aio of a a didate Ka hai alal O a s K T i edi, C held that po e s e jo s the ECI u de A t a e ple a i atu e i.e. po e s a e u o t olled the E e ui e. - C di e ted ot to suspe d o i io of a pe so o appeal if he is o i ted T ail ou t u de PoCA,. Challe ges & Wa Fo a d O e of ou a le Chief Ele io Co issio e T. N. hesha has ightl said that i spite of aki g lots of ules; it is ot possi le to ake the Ele to al s ste fool p oof. B i gi g Ele to al efo s is ot a eas task. It is the iize s a d i il so iet hi h ha e to o k igo ousl to a ds this, alo g ith the Go e e t. efo is eeded ot o l fo the Ele to al s ste ut fo the so iet as a hole. People ust e ell edu ated to u de sta d all the fa es of polii s a d sele t the est a o gst the o st.. ECI s DEMAND FO CONTEMPT POWE Context e e tl Ele io Co issio of I dia desi ed Co te pt po e s fo itself as fe pa ies a e isusi g thei f eedo of e p essio, as e sh i ed i o situio of I dia, to uesio the edi ilit of ECI. ECI made similar demands in the Di esh Gos a i Co itee report on Electoral Reforms Need fo Co te pt po e s U fou ded allegaio s ad e sel i pa t the edi ilit of the ECI and de ails its o situio al o ligaio of e su i g f ee a d fai ele io s Cou t ies su h as Pakista, I a, Li e ia, a d Ve ezuela ha e e a ted la s e po e i g the ele to al od to pu ish those ho ofe d it i ii gs o i spee h o a othe means. Issues i ol ed i g a i g Co te pt po e s The use of o te pt po e is p o e to a use. Judi ia, fo e a ple, has o e u de ii is ega di g its o te pt po e May jeopa dise a e ues fo fai ii is a d f eedo of spee h a d e p essio. C ii is eeds ha ge a d i p o e e t. Fo eg. C ii is of ECI ought VVPAT. It s ot a posii e t e d i a de o a. Big de o a ies su h as U A ha e ot gi e po e of o te pt to ele io o issio The e is o easo to elie e that su h allegaio s ill e essa il u de i e ECI s pu li i age a d eputaio. ECI s plea as also eje ted Di esh Gos a i Co itee Wa Fo a d The ECI, as it has al a s si e the s do e, should add ess the p o le s of a a e age I dia ote ho has o e faith i the ele io s tha i the ou ts, the poli e, the u eau a a d e e the legislatu es. 44 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

47 What is e ui ed is to la all the ie poi ts o the ta le, hethe it i ol es health o u health ii is, a d the to ho estl t to ea h to a o lusio. The soluio lies i the a k o ledg e t of the ie s a d ot i taki g ofe e. What is eeded is a uli-stakeholde ased dis ussio a d i ple e taio of the p oposed efo s so that the Ele to al s ste a e lea sed a d ualit of Ele to al p o ess e i p o ed. At the sa e i e, Ele io Co issio eeds auto o to pe fo its fu io of upe i te de e, Di e io a d Co t ol, u t a elled a i lue e. 4.3 NOTA OPTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM up e e Cou t i its la d a k judge e t People s U io fo Ci il Li e ies. U io of I dia judg e t, di e ted the Ele io Co issio of I dia to ake p o isio fo a No e of the a o e NOTA opio. The NOTA opio though ot a judi ial i o aio, gi es a e di e io to a e i hi h ote s a e p ess thei p efe e es. A gu e ts i fa ou of NOTA t e gthe i g de o a i easi g ote s hoi e: NOTA is ete alte ai e tha ot oi g. It gi es a oppo tu it to o s ie ious a d espo si le iize to e p ess thei opi io e e if the o side o e of the a didates o th of oi g fo F eedo of spee h: The ape ou t has li ked ight to e e ise egai e ote ith o situio al ight of f eedo of spee h a d e p essio. Co ide ialit : Ea lie, u de se io O of o du t of ele io ules, a pe so ould e o d his/he egai e ote o l ith the polli g oi e th ough a fo, o p o isi g the ide it of the ote. Bete dese i g a didates: egai e oi g ould i g a out a s ste i ha ge i polls a d polii al pa ies ill e fo ed to p oje t lea a didates. It a p o ote i e pa t t a spa e a d he ki g of i i alizaio of polii s e e tuall. Che ki g ogus Votes: If a a didate does t go fo oi g the e a e high ha e that his/he ote ill e asted as ogus ote. i e, NOTA i eases ote s pa i ipaio, the e a e highe ha es of edu io i ogus otes. A step fo fu the Ele to al efo s: Although i i iial stages, the use of NOTA ill ot lead to eje io, ut as its usage ill i ease it ill lead to ide pu li de ate fo fu the ele to al efo s. F ee a d Fai ele io s: NOTA ould help i g do ote oe io a d i e. Go e a e efo s: Vote s a use NOTA as thei p otest agai st poo Go e a e like Biha epo ted high use of NOTA du i g high ate of o upio a d high ates of crime. A gu e ts agai st NOTA No ight to eje t : It does ot gi e a ote ight to eje t/ e all a a didate ut o l ight to ast a egai e ote. E e if ajo it ote s ast a NOTA, epolli g a ot e done. Vote A a e ess: Due to la k of k o ledge, NOTA polli g igu es a e sill s all. O a a e age, the a i u NOTA ote sha e has e ai ed - % of the total otes polled i a ele io le. o ial p ejudi e: ese ed o situe ies ha e see a elai el la ge u e of NOTA otes goi g as high as up to - %, hi h poi ts to the o i ued so ial p ejudi e agai st polii al ese aio fo C/ Ts. Fo e a ple, i Lok a ha ele io s I Maha asht a, the highest NOTA otes e e ast i Gad hi oli, ese ed fo the T. 45 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

48 Wa fo a d ight to eje t: The ea l t e ds of NOTA eed to e e plo ed fu the ith o e ela o ate staisi al a d eth og aphi a al sis. O that asis, g aduall a li it should e i ed e o d hi h the pe e tage of NOTA otes ould e tail e-polli g. A a e ess of Vote s: Vote s should e edu ated a d e ou aged to ast thei ote a d ho NOTA Opio a also e a alte ai e, if the do t app o e of a a didate. Co it e t f o Polii al pa ies: The ust aise thei a a d i p o e the ualit of their candidates. Mo ilizaio i il so iet a d de o ai efo g oups: to asse t fo ight to eje t. Co p ehe si e ele to al efo s: Che ki g use of o e, i i alizaio of polii s, t a spa e i sele io of a didates pa ies et. 4.4 EVM CONTROVERSY & NEED FOR VVPAT E e si e the ad e t of EVMs o the ele to al s e e, e tai aspe sio s o its use ha e ee ast f o a ious ua te s, i ludi g polii al pa ies a d i di iduals. I the e e tl o luded states ele io s, Polii al pa ies ha e agai aised uesio s o the edi ilit of the EVMs, allegi g thei ta pe i g, o t a spa e t pape less p o edu e, a ipulaio of sot a e p og a i g, te h i al default, polii al asso iaio s of a ufa tu e s, et. The use of EVMs is a a alga aio of te h olog a d t ust, t adiio a d ode it. EVMs e e adopted o e allot pape s ste due to follo i g easo s: i pli it : EVMs a e si ple a hi es that a e ope ated easil oth polli g pe so el a d the ote s. elia ilit : It is audita le, t a spa e t, a u ate, se u e a d helps edu e hu a e o. EVM a do izaio ai tai the se e i allot e t of EVMs to a pa i ula a ea. A he k o ele to al f auds: EVMs a egiste o l i e otes pe i ute, thus, fo ele to al f aud, a polli g ooths had to e aptu ed fo a lo ge pe iod to ig ele io s. This has edu ed i i alizaio of polii s. De eased i e a d ost of ele io s: It gi es faste esults i hou s, hi h is pa i ula l ele a t i la ge ou t ies like I dia. Also, the e is de ease of % o the e-poll o de s ele io o issio. tu d Ma hi e: It is a le to ithsta d ough ha dli g a d a ia le li ai o diio s. It does ot u o ele t i it, a d a o k ith e ai / o po e suppl. E i o e t f ie dl : It is pape less a d sa es felli g of t ees, u like the allot s ste. o ial E po e e t: I t odu io of the e te h olog has led to g eate pa i ipaio of o e a d C/ T. Fai ele io s p o ide the ele to ate a ea s to i p o e the espo si e ess of ele ted oi ials aki g the o e a ou ta le. At the sa e i e, ECI has te ed the allegaio s of ta pe i g as ispla ed fea, ii g follo i g easo s: EVMs a e sta dalo e a hi es a d a e ot et o ked eithe i e o i eless to a othe a hi e o s ste. He e, the a ot e i lue ed o a ipulated sig als f o a sou e. P og a hi h o t ols the fu io i g of the o t ol u it is u t i to a i o hip o a o e i e p og a a le asis. O e u t it a ot e ead, opied out o alte ed As a addiio al p e auio a easu e, the a hi es p epa ed fo a poll a e ph si all sealed i the p ese e of a didates a d gua ded C PF T o-stage a do izaio is do e, to ake su e o od is a le to dete i e o situe -EVM appi g Va ious judg e ts of dife e t High Cou ts a d the up e e Cou t of I dia ha e upheld the elia ilit of EVMs 46 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

49 Ho e e, to e su e fu the elia ilit of EVMs, ECI has i t odu ed VVPAT Vote Ve iied Pape Audit T ail, i a phased a e, that ill e tail follo i g ad a tages: It ill allo ote s to e if if thei ote as ast o e tl ge e ai g the EVM slip. It ill p o ide a addiio al se u it la e agai st fault oi g a hi es as pape e o ds a t e ha ged ithout hu a i te e io I ase of a dispute, the pape slips i the VVPATs a e tallied ith the uto s pressed on the EVM It ill he k f aud a d a ipulaio of ele io a hi e a d e italize t ust a o g the ote s a d polii al pa ies alike The i t odu io of VVPAT is e tai l a step i the ight di e io, fu the st e gthe i g t a spa e i the ele to al s ste. Bei g the ost populous de o a i o ld I dia ust o e fo a d i i o aio a d te h ologi al aspe ts of ele io s, hile ei g o ited to holisi ele to al efo s 4.5 ISSUE OF POLITICAL FUNDING Context NC WC esi ates u e t ele io fu di g e pe ditu e to e - i es the sa io ed li it. Thus, est of the a ou t is ei g used f o u a ou ted a d illegal sou es. A o di g to Asso iaio of De o ai efo s epo t, % of the fu di g to polii al pa ies, et ee - a d -, a e f o u k o sou es Issues I ol ed U do u e ted Cash/Bla k o e ith o edi le t ail is ai sou e of polii al fu di g La k of t a spa e i polii al o t i uio s has e a led o po ate houses to do ate la ge su s to e su e polii al pat o age fo futu e gai s. Polii al fu di g is ot su je ted to a i depe de t audit Polii al f i io p e e ts a efo i this a ea. % o i iste s out of i iste s f o state asse lies a e o epais. e e t Measu es Amendments in the P e e io of Co upio A t, to ata h o is ated p ope t of the i di iduals O e of oi es of de o eisaio as to u e a e of a k o e i the polii al system I t odu io of ele to al o ds i Budget, ECI has a dated de la aio of assets a d i i al ases a didates of ele io to e ope to pu li edu io i eili g of do aio to polii al pa ies i ash f o s, to s,. P oposed ha ge i Fi a e Bill A e d e ts ill take efe t f o st Ap il,, a d it seeks to A li it of. % of et p oit of the last th ee i a ial ea s, o o t i uio s that a o pa a ake to polii al pa ies, The e ui e e t of a o pa to dis lose the a e of the polii al pa ies is e o ed. E pe ditu e i u ed a o pa o ehalf of a polii al pa t i a a e ould e take as a o eta o t i uio to the pa t. 47 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

50 I t odu io of Ele to al Bo ds i o de to u Cash t a sa io s. A o t i uio s e ei ed a of ele to al o d shall e e luded f o epo i g. The go e e t ould est i t polii al pa t fu di g to, f o, i ash. I o e-ta e e pio is gi e if the do aio ot e eedi g s, is e ei ed th ough i st u e ts su h as a ou t pa ee he ue, d at, ele t o i lea i g s ste o a ele to al o d. Polii al pa t ould ha e to ile its etu ithi the i e p es i ed i a o da e ith the p o isio of the I o e Ta A t. Wa fo a d Need to e po e ECI th ough suita le legal, o situio al, a d i situio al easu es Need to he k o paid edia aki g it a ele to al ofe e u de PA Polii al pa ies to e ought ithi a it of TI A Naio al Ele to al Fu d a e eated to hi h all do o s a ope l o t i ute ithout e p essi g a p efe e e fo a polii al pa t. An A ual Audit, the Co pt olle a d audito Ge e al of I dia o a audito app o ed it, of the polii al fu di g a e o side ed Digiizaio of Co pa s polii al o t i uio s to edu e ha es of ollusio of Corporate t i t i ple e taio of FE A o s o ust o ito i g a d su eilla e to u the ge e aio of Bla k Mo e A pe ial ele io t i u al a e oiied to dispose ases ithi o ths. tate fu di g of ele io as suggested I d ajit Gupta Co itee A dedi ated o pus fu d ould e eated i its pla e to edu e o po ate a d p i ate fu di g i ele io s. 4.6 ELECTORAL BONDS Context The Fi a e Bill, la s out the a ahead fo the issua e of ele to al o ds p oposi g amendments in the se io A of the I o e-ta A t and to the ese e Ba k of I dia A t, What is it? U de this s he e, a do o a pu hase ele to al o ds f o autho ised a ks agai st he ue a d digital pa e ts o l. The shall e edee a le o l i the desig ated a ou t of a egiste ed polii al pa t. These o ds ill e edee a le ithi the p es i ed i e li it f o issua e of o d. E e e og ised polii al pa t ill ha e to oif o e a k a ou t i ad a e to the Ele io Co issio a d these a e edee ed i o l that a ou t The e isi g e e pio to the polii al pa ies f o pa e t of i o e-ta ould e a aila le o l su je t to the fulil e t of a o e o diio s. P os: edu e i i alizaio of polii s and o e po e i ele io s P o ess to e su e Digitalizaio of Polii al Fu di g in India Help de elop the Co po ate Bo d Ma ket i the ou t Help the donors remain a o ous i a ou t he e polii al ailiaio s a e st o g a d eed o te pt. 48 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

51 Help eak Polii al-co po ate e us Pote iall p e e t futu e ge e aio of Bla k Mo e. Co s: Ele to al o ds ha e the pote ial to ake polii al pa t fu di g la gel opa ue E su es a o it - Co t i uio epo ts of polii al pa ies eed ot e io a es a d add esses et. of those o t i ui g a of ele to al o ds. Thus, pa ies ill e e ile o t i uio s e ei ed th ough ele to al o ds. E e if the e a e ele to al o ds, the e is o li itaio o gi i g ash to the polii al pa ies. The scheme is let at the dis eio of polii al pa ies o o pa ies hi h ea s that it does ot eall add esses the issue of polii al fu di g Wa Fo a d: E e the s. hi h a e paid i ash to the polii al pa ies should e paid digitall Vote s ha e to e ade a a e th ough a a e ess a paig s as ote illite ate ote s a e i ed fo otes efo e ele io s. P ose uio of su h a didates agai st ho the e a e e ide es of spe di g la k o e o e ludi g the f o futu e ele io s as pe alt a e a st o g easu e. Ele to al Bo ds eed to e ade u de egulato f a e o k of Ele io Co issio of India. Cap o I di idual a d Co pa fu di g eeds to e st i tl adhe ed to. Ele to al Bo ds should ot li it oppo tu iies fo s alle pa ies to o test ele io s. tate fu di g of ele io s should e o side ed as e o e ded I de jit Co itee and Di esh Gos a i Co itee. Idea of a Naio al ele to al Fu d also eeds a e isit. Polii al pa ies eed to ile egula epo ts ith Go e e t I situio s as ell as pu li dis losu e of assets.. PAID NEW Context e e tl The Ele io o issio dis ualiied Madh a P adesh Mi iste Na ota Mish a fo th ee ea s due to depi io of ele to al e pe ses U de e A of PA, 1951 What is paid e s? P ess Cou il of I dia dei es it as a e s o a al sis appea i g i a edia p i t & ele t o i fo a p i e i ash o ki d as o side aio. Paid e s, thus, a ou ts to o ii g a f aud o de o a. easo s fo isi g i sta es of Paid e s Co po aizaio of edia The sepa aio of o e ship a d edito ial oles has allo ed Co pa ies ha i g polii al ailiaio to o ig edia houses P i ate T eaies - Co pa ies ith polii al ailiaio s e te i to p i ate t eaies ith edia houses a d ofe P odu t ad e ise e t o t a ts i e ha ge of iased epo i g du i g ele io s. De li e i i depe de e of edito s/jou alists This is due to e e ge e of o t a t s ste a d poo age le els of jou alists 49 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

52 Poo egulato o e sight - I ade ua of self egulato odies like Naio al B oad asi g ta da ds Autho it a d B oad asi g Co te t Co plai ts Cou il. - I ade uate pu ii e po e s of statuto egulato s like the PCI, Ele io Co issio, a d Ele t o i Media Mo ito i g Ce t e EMMC a e i ade uate to meet the menace I efe i e pe al p o isio s Paid edia is ot a ele to al ofe e u de PA,. I o st ase s e a io, a didate ill e o side ed guilt fo e eedi g ele io e pe ditu e li its hi h is pu isha le a si ple i e. No dis ualii aio, No deterrence. Co li t of i te est This is i he e t ith appoi t e t of edia-o e s as e e s of the P ess Cou il of I dia o self- egulato odies Polii al p essu e Polii al pa ies i po e so ei es use ad e ise e ts to a t ist edia houses fo a fa ou a le o e age. Me a e of Paid e s Co p o ises edia s i depe de e It dest o s the edi ilit of edia, the fou th pilla of de o a, a d its a ilit to i g a out t a spa e i so iet pla i g a ad e sa ial ole agai st the esta lish e t. Misleads pu li it e e ts u due i lue e o ote s, afe ts thei ight to I fo aio, and a ipulates de o ai hoi es, the e p e e i g sele io of the ight candidate Ci u e ts ele to al la s It seeks to i u e t ele io e pe ditu e eili gs, hi h is a ele to al ofe e. U de i es the di tu of f ee a d fai ele io s it ad e sel afe ts the le el pla i g ield a o g a didates hi h te ds to dis ou age pa i ipaio of ho est a didates. edu es ote tu out Paid edia highlights su e i of a pa i ula pa t / a didate. Vote s o side oi g as aste of i e a d efo ts. E ou ages use of la k o e : Huge la desi e o e lo s th ough Paid edia p i t, ele t o i, so ial, a e tuai g the e ils of la k o e a d o e po e i de o ai ele io s teps take EC O de s to Dist i t Colle to - The ill eet ith Polii al Pa ies a d edia houses a d ill i fo the a out o se ue es of su ogate ad e isi g a d Paid Ne s. ei g up of Media Ce ii aio & Mo ito i g Co itee MCMC - at district and state le el. aisfa io of Ele io Co issio : If the suspe t paid e s o su ogate e s, the seek e pla aio f o espe i e a didate. If epl is u saisfa to, the the i lude o e spe d o the paid e s, i a didate s ele io E pe ditu e EC has also ite to P ess ou il of I dia to set lea guideli es a d pu ish e t. EC issued guideli es o so ial edia to keep a ta o ads/paid e s o o li e edia. e o e daio s & Wa Fo a d u je t i a ial a ou ts of the edia houses to e a i aio, espe iall the e e ue sou e fo a suspe ted paid e s ase Ma dato dis losu e of p i ate t eaies a d details of ad e isi g e e ue e ei ed the edia houses. Need for egulato o e haul eithe sei g up a si gle i depe de t egulato o e ha e the po e s of PCI to take st o g a io agai st ofe de s 50 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

53 A e d e t of ep ese taio of People s a t to ake pu lishi g paid e s a ele to al ofe se, ith i i u ea s i p iso e t I ple e taio of ke e o e daio s of P ess Cou il of I dia, Ele io Co issio of I dia a d Pa lia e ta Co itees o paid e s. C eai g pu li a a e ess o the e ils of paid e s a d de elop a o e ale t iize. ELECTION F EEBIE & ELECTO AL P OMI E What a e f ee ies? F ee ies i ele io s a e i fo of ash, laptops, f ee i e, sa is o loa ai e s A ou e e t of f ee ies is o the ise. It is see as allu e e ts to the ote s Ote i ol es i i g the ote s ith ate ials pu hased usi g polii al fu ds of the party. Issues ith f ee ies F ee ies a e likel to ofe u fai ad a tage to the i u e t go e e t ahead of ele io s. These s he es a d f ee ies a e fu ded f o go e e t t easu ies hi h afe ts the pu li e he ue a d puts u de o the tate fu ds fo othe de elop e tal p og a es It leads to Co peii e populis hi h afe ts the ge e al ad i ist aio. Eg i Ta il Nadu, AIADMK deli e ed o its p o ise to gi e a a. o e TV sets These p o ises a e usuall ai ed at hugel su sidizi g o ai i g of de ts hi h i the lo g tu eates u sustai a le dei its. The go e e t of the da sees this as a ea s to p ese t thei so ial i age fa e. Ho e e this pola ises the ele to ate a d eates ide it polii s Measu es to deal ith issue C has stated that F ee ies shake the oot of F ee a d Fai ele io s to a la ge deg ee. It has asked the EC to f a e guideli es i pa t a ifesto fo li its o f ee ies Ho e e, C ested the fu io to ake su h la s o the Pa lia e t, as this as thei so e eig p e ogai e Ate o sultaio s, EC added Pa t i MCC hi h ad ised pa ies the follo i g: - Ele io a ifesto should ot o tai a thi g agai st ideals of o situio a d should e o siste t ith the spi it of the Model ode of o du t. - I the i te est of t a spa e, le el-pla i g ield a d edi ilit of p o ises, it is e pe ted that a ifestos also ele t the aio ale i di ate the a s a d ea s to eet the i a ial e ui e e ts. - T ust of ote s should e sought o l o those p o ises hi h a e possi le to e fulilled. I o de to u use of Bla k o e, p e a d post Ele io s, e tai easu es ha e ee i t odu ed: Passage to Bla k Mo e A t a d Be a i P ope ies A t. C eaio of Ele io O se e s to Ele io E pe ditu e a d Paid e s. Passi g of Fi a e Bill, hi h i t odu ed e tai steps to lea se Polii al Fu di g. Challe ges No la o statute to deal ith issue of f ee ies Ve dii ult to t a k su h e pe ses. The e is a ge e al a epta e i the pu li ega di g f ee ies a d sops. CAG epo ts, hi h dete i e aio ale of Pu li Fu ds fo he es, fa es i he e t dela s 51 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

54 Wa Fo a d The e should e sou d ad i ist ai e, so ial a d e o o i aio ale fo lau hi g schemes. Assets gi e a a as f ee ies eed to ha e fo a d Li kages to e su e that the e ai useful. eg Dist i ui g laptops ithout I te et defeats the pu pose of thei use Ethi al adhe e e to the Model Code of Co du t. The e is eed to a e d e io of PA, to esta lish a le el pla i g ield et ee the i h a d poo a didates E po e e t of the ele to ate usi g i fo aio disse i aio to ide if i sta es he e polii al pa ies ha e t ied to u dul i lue e ote s Need fo a ECI appoi ted Pu li O se e o Ele io Ma ifesto Need fo Pu li Deli e aio a d polii al t a spa e to uesio su h f ee ie promises. ole of edia a d Ci il o iet is esse ial to ge e ate de ates a d deli e aio s o this issue. C IMINALI)ATION OF POLITIC I t odu io It ea s isi g pa i ipaio of i i als i ele to al o test, ho get ele ted to the legislatu e a d o e to o up posiio s of autho it i the Go e e t. A o di g to the AD s a al sis of EC data, MPs i the u e t Lok a ha fa e i i al ha ges ie. pe e t. Of the, fa e se ious i i al ha ges. The u e has go e up f o se ious ha ges i a d se ious i AD also poi ts out that % of polii al fu ds a e f o u k o sou es Causes of isi g C i i alisaio of Polii s uppo t of Polii al Pa ies: Fo polii al pa ies, a i i al i di idual is a tool to se u e otes th ough use of o e a d us le po e. Poo Co i io ate: It akes p o isio s of se io of PA i efe i e, allo i g i i als to go s ot f ee, despite hei ous i es. Use of aste a d eth i it i ele io s: Vote ote o the asis of aste, eligio, eth i it, egio alis et, ig o i g the i i al a kg ou ds of a didates. A i i al f o sa e eth i it is see a ul a k agai st a halle ge f o i al eth i g oup. Use of Bla k Mo e : As as also oi ed the Voh a o itee, ith the ise of Bla k Mo e, the polii al lout of Polii al do o s has i eased a ifolds that ha e the a ilit to i lue e ele io s Fi st past the Post ste FPTP follo s the idea of plu alit. This akes oe io easie fo Mus le-c i i al ele e ts to e te ele io s De li e i alue s ste - a epta e of Co upio as a i situio alised p a i e. Highl e u e ai e: Fo i i al, polii s a e used to e te d thei illegal usi esses a d a i iies. It has tu ed i to lo isk a d high etu s usi ess. Co t ol o e Poli e: Oppo tu it to o e t the poli e e f o ei g pote ial ad e sa ies to allies. It also p o ides oppo tu it to i lue e i esigaio s of i es. I pa t of C i i alisaio of polii s It leads to la eake s e o i g la ake s. Pa lia e t fails to e a t ade uate la s that a e eeded fo the efe i e ad i ist aio of the aio. De li e i ualit of de ate a d deli e aio is ofshoot of i i alisaio issue. Mo eo e, it edu es faith of the ge e al asses i the Pa lia e ta f a e o k 52 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

55 o ial f a tu es e o e isi le ith the do i a t aste t i g to asse t itself a d p o Ba k a d Class i te ests, uli atel p o oi g ultu e of iole e C i i alisaio leads e e ge e of Bla k Mo e efo s & i iiai es Judi ial: C di e ted ot to suspe d o i io of a pe so o appeal if he/she is o i ted t ial ou t u de PoCA P e e io of Co upio A t,. As pe UoI s AD,, Ciize s e jo ight to I fo ed Choi e. He e, a didates ust dis lose i i al o i io s a d pe di g ases a d assets hile ili g o i aio s. The fa ous o de to i t odu e NOTA as i te ded to ake polii al pa ies thi k efo e gi i g i kets to the tai ted. up e e Cou t i the Lil Tho as ase, held that o i ted Me e s of Pa lia e t a d MLAs ill e i ediatel dis ualiied ithout ei g gi e th ee o ths i e fo appeal se io of PA a t up e e Cou t also s apped the eligi ilit of u de t ials to o test ele io I Pu li I te est Fou daio s UoI, C di e ted all t ial ou ts to o plete t ial of a ase pe di g agai st a legislato ithi o e ea ate f a i g i i al ha ges agai st hi. I, the up e e Cou t has ad ised the P i e Mi iste o Chief Mi iste of a State ot to appoi t ha ge sheeted pe so s fa i g t ial fo ofe es i ol i g o al tu pitude as Mi iste s. PIL has e o e a efe i e tool to e used agai st i i al polii ia s as see i the recent cases. e o e daio s of EC: I, follo i g C Judge e t, EC di e ted etu i g oi e s to eje t o i aio pape s of a didate ho o the da of ili g o i aio sta ds o i ted i a ou t of La. I ple e taio of Model Code of Co du t to e su e ethi al a d fai o du t of ele io s ithout oe io. ECI has made li its o ele io e pe ditu e a d o ito s the sa e to he k fo use of o e o us le po e. Che ki g o e po e th ough o ito i g of Ele io e pe ditu e a d e su es su eilla e a d Fl i g s uads to o ito ele io e pe ditu e. EC fa ou ed dis ualii aio of a used ha ged i hei ous i es f o o tesi g ele io s ECI has ade it o pulso fo the a didates to de la e thei sou es of i o e and i i al ases agai st the. Legal P o isio s: e io of the PA p o ides safegua ds to p e e t i i al ele e ts f o e te i g the La aki g odies. RTI as a ea s to lea se the s ste hi h has ee used to a kdo o C i i al Polii ia s. Lokpal a d Lok ukta A t to p ose ute o upt oi ials as ell as polii ia s i a efo t to cleanse the system. 53 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

56 Wa fo a d The e is eed to gi e o e po e s to EC to ha ge i di iduals ho ile false o i aio pape s a e di g e io of the PA. ECI a e e po e ed addi g lause B i PA, to a el the ele io s i ase of use of o e to i lue e otes. Though epo ts su h as Voh a Co itee, La Co issio epo ts e ist to i iiate efo s, hat is eeded is polii al e ige to push these efo s. Esta lish e t of pe ial Cou ts to de ide ases agai st a didates ithi si o ths The PA should e a e ded to de a pe so s agai st ho ases of a hei ous atu e a e pe di g f o o tesi g ele io s t e gthe i g I situio s like Lokpal, Poli e efo s, judi ial efo s, CIC, CBI, CVC etc. ight to eje t a d ight to e all eed to e e plo ed A i e ole edia, i il so ieies, NGO, a d the ote s a also help to edu e i i alisaio of polii s. IGHT TO ECALL T Mea i g of T e all is a p o ess hi h the ele to ate has the po e to e o e ele ted ep ese tai e efo e the e pi of his te. e all is a po e ful tool to ake polii ia s a ou ta le. itze la d a d the U A pio ee ed this o ept i the late th e tu. P ese tl, of the U states ha e the opio to e all thei a didates. A gu e ts i fa ou of T E su es a ou ta ilit P o ides a s ste to hold the ele ted ep ese tai es a ou ta le, du i g thei te of oi e, a d thei e o al i ase people a e dissaisied ith the. I te aio al e pe ie e - I te aio all, it is a a epted o that e su es polii al lass e ai s a a e of people s i te ests a d aspi aio s. edu es C i i alizaio of polii s edu ed i lue e of o e po e A gu e ts agai st T La Co issio o se ed that T leads to a e ess of de o a, u de i es the i depe de e of the ele ted a didates, ig o es i o it i te ests, i eases i sta ilit and chaos. I eased ha es of isuse a d a use of the T opio Dii ult a d e pe si e to i ple e t i p a i e, espe iall gi e that I dia follo s the i st past the post s ste. Ma e used as a polii al tool to i lue e ote s usi g disi fo aio a paig s Makes legislato s i pe petual ele io ode, thus, agg a ai g the te de to ake de isio s populist athe tha aio al a d e ei ial. Makes it dii ult to i ple e t u popula de isio s. Polii al e ige ies do ot allo fo this s ste to take oot i the p ese t s e a io. I othe ou t ies, e all is su je ted to a ite aida it sig ed ote s i the egio. This e o es i p a i al i I dia ith su h la ge ele to ate. 54 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

57 Use of T i Mu i ipal Le el E ists at the Mu i ipal ele io s le el i Madh a P adesh, Biha, Chhaisga h a d Rajasthan. Ho e e the e pe ie e is ot saisfa to. e all is do e o a a it a asis. I MP, si e, e all ele io s at u i ipal le el e e held, he e i u e t as e o ed i es. Feasi ilit of T The e should e e all fo i di idual o -pe fo a e, a d ot e ause a polii al pa t has e o e u popula. Ele to ate eeds to e ade e uipped ith ight i fo aio a d Cu i g of disi fo aio a paig s I t odu i g safegua ds like sei g i i u g a e pe iod to judge a didate s performance. P o ess should e o ust e ough to dete f i olous ha ges. Wa Fo a d De o ai p o esses ha e to e ol e, adjust a d espo d o i uousl to e halle ges. Gi e ou fede al st u tu e, states a e a ideal pla e fo e pe i e taio ithi the o e all o situio al s he e. The e all p o esses i Madh a P adesh, Chhaisga h a d Biha ill hopefull th o up lea i g s that a e uilised othe states o side i g a e all s ste.. IMULTANEOU ELECTION : ONE INDIA, ONE ELECTION Context As per the Ele io Co issio s epo t, ot e e a si gle ea passed i last ea s ithout a ele io ei g held i the ou t. F e ue t ele io s ha pe lo g-te poli aki g e ause e e de isio is see as ait fo otes. Hence, to e d this i ious le of ele io s, the desi a ilit of holdi g si ulta eous ele io s fo the Lok a ha a d tate asse lies is ei g dis ussed at a ious le els Ho e e, the e is a eed to assess its feasi ilit. Me its of o du i g i ulta eous ele io s: I pa t o Go e a e - F e ue t ele io s takes fo us a a f o go e a e to i i g of ele io s, and slo s do i ple e taio of de elop e tal age da - epeated e fo e e t of Model ode of o du t est i ts ad i ist ai e a io. Ne s he es, appoi t e ts, t a sfe s o posi gs a ot e ade ithout Ele io Co issio s app o al - A Go e e t i pe petual ele io ode te ds to fa ou ele io i i g populist poli ies ie. sho t te isi le goals athe tha lo g te fou daio al goals Cost i pli aio s: F e ue t ele io s e tail e o ous ost i te s of i e, i a ial a d ad i ist ai e esou es. Polii izaio of legislai e ate s: Pa lia e t is edu ed to just a othe atle g ou d leadi g to logja a d deadlo ks o e u ial ills. Eg. G T, la ou efo s, et. o ial I pli aio s: It also agg a ates i es like o u alis, asteis, o e po e, o upio ote- u i g a d fu d- aisi g a d o apitalis. I te aio al e a ples - Cou t ies like. Af i a and ede se e as the odel e a ples, u de li i g the su ess of si ulta eous ele io s, i te aio all. 55 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

58 Challe ges of i ulta eous ele io s: A ou ta ilit : F e ue t ele io s e su e o i uous a ou ta ilit of polii ia s rather than episodi a ou ta ilit e e i e ea s. I pa t o Fede al st u tu e: Lo al a d aio al issues a get i ed up a d disto t ote s p io iies, ho a e d up oi g the sa e pa t Not eas to i ple e t: E e if desi a le, it is ot p a i all feasi le i ase of p e atu e dissoluio of Lok a ha/asse lies, espe iall i the e a of Coaliio ule a d polii al olailit Co li t ith Co situio al P o isio s: Passi g a o o ide e oio to o du t the ele io efo e e pi of the te ill e u o situio al. U de A i le, it is state s p e ogai e to de ide he to all fo ele io s. Polii ia -Ciize Li k - Muli le el ele io s keeps polii ia s i tou h ith pulse of people a d allo s fo ou se o e io at a ious poi ts. Ad i ist ai e/ope aio al dii ult : It ill e e dii ult to o ga ize ele io at the aio al le el e ause of issues of logisi s, se u it, ele io a d ad i ist ai e pe so els to o ga ise aio - ide, ulile el si ulta eous ele io. Wa fo a d The possi ilit of o du i g O e I dia, O e Ele io o si ulta eous ele io s to asse l a d Lok a ha eeds fu the deli e aio a d o se sus uildi g across the oa d. e o e daio s of T o C le ele io p o ess of NITI Aa og a also e e plo ed Ho e e, a o e pe a e t soluio lies o l i a i g out a holisi ele to al efo, i ludi g, edu i g ele io du aio to si gle da, u i g o e po e, i ple e i g state fu di g of ele io, a o all p i ate/ o po ate fu ds, edu i g ope aio al du aio of Model Code of Co du t, disallo i g a didates to o test f o o e tha o e o situe, de- egiste i g f i olous polii al pa ies et.. QUALIFICATION C ITE IA IN PANCHAYAT ELECTION I t odu io As per A i le F of the Co situio, ualii aio / dis ualii aio ite ia to o test Pa ha at ele io s is su je t ate of the state go e e t Va ious ualii aio /dis ualii aio ite ia T o Child Poli Ha a a, ajastha, Guja at, Maha asht a, AP Co pulsio of household Toilets ajastha, Guja at, Biha Mi i u Edu aio Qualii aio ajastha Ca didate ust ot e a Lep os Paie t ajastha, Odisha Cha ge sheeted a didate ith a a d of te o o e ea s to e de a ed Desi a ilit of ualii aio ite ia Edu aio al ualii aio a e a aid i dis ha gi g espo si iliies efe i el a d i ease so ial sta di g. It is e essa fo uildi g e pe ise Ele ted ut u edu ated o illite ate ep ese tai es a easil e isled oi ials Polii ia s ote ite illite a o ig o a e o ases of i a ial e ezzle e t. Co upio is he ked As pe the up e e Cou t, edu aio is i po ta t fo oth i di iduals a d the aio as it ill help ele ted ep ese tai es i a i g out thei espo si iliies o e efe i el P o isio of a dato toilets is a ate pt to u the p a i e of U tou ha ilit If e uli ate edu ated sa pa hes, it ill e e tuall lead to edu ated MLAs a d MPs 56 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

59 Issues i ol ed These p o isio s e o e tools i the ha ds of state go e e ts to keep i situio s of lo al self-go e a e u de thei o t ol. Pa i ipai e de o a is ha ed. The amendment st ikes do t o asi iize ship ights: the ight to o test ele io s, a d the ight to ote fo a a didate of o e s hoi e A la ge se io of populaio that is al ead u de ep ese ted like u al poo, dalit, t i als, a d o e get auto ai all e luded o a ou t of illite a, la ge u e of children, lack of toilets etc. It ha pe s the o situio al p o isio s e sh i ed to p ote t a gi alized o u iies agai st dis i i aio With ea l % of o e as o -lite ates at aio al le el, % a o g t i als, the ause of o e s polii al e po e e t is lost. The o e ould e dis i i ato pa i ula l he the tate failed to p o ide edu aio, sa itaio, health a a e ess to all, Certain posts a e let a a t due su h e lusio to o test ele io s. This a ha pe ad i ist aio a d Go e a e The uli g is agai st the ight to self-dete i aio a d dise f a hises the ai e isdo of the people There is o si ila eligi ilit ite ia at state o aio al le el fo MPs a d MLAs ho deal ith e e la ge o situe ies. I pi ges o ight to e ualit Wa fo a d u h a e lusio a p i iple eeds to e e ie ed the Pa lia e t a d Judi ia, alike A la ge ie of stakeholde s eeds to e kept i i d to i iiate su h efo s. u h ha ges should ot afe t the asi Idea of self- go e a e. These a e d e ts should e po e the a gi alized o u iies a d ot e lude the. If edu aio al ualii aio is i posed, it should e a top-do app oa h sta i g ith the Lok a ha DIRECT ELECTION OF MAYOR Context A P i ate e e s ill as i t odu ed i the Pa lia e t i fo p o isio i g of Di e t Ele io i ULBs a d e po e e t of the oi e of Ma o. Cu e t p o isio s & Issues The o situio 74 th a e d e t A t, o situted U a Lo al Bodies ULBs as i situio s of self-go e a e. Ho e e, it e te ded dis eio to the state go e e ts i de idi g the a e of ele io of the Ma o ie. Di e t or i di e t ele io. With ajo it of states goi g fo i di e tl ele ted Ma o, follo i g issues ha e e e ged: - Ma o has ee edu ed to a e e igu ehead ith all e e ui e po e s i the ha ds of state go e e t appoi ted Mu i ipal Co issio e - E t e el li ited te u e of - ea s to a out a o ete i iiai es U a Lo al Go e a e has ot ee efe i e, despite the A e d e t, p i a il due to o po e s gi e to the ULBs fo Go e a e. 57 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

60 isi g halle ges of u a izaio has esulted i i eased la ou fo a o e espo si e u a go e a e s ste, a d di e t ele io of Ma o is ei g ie ed as a i st step to a ds it. At p ese t, si states Uta akh ad, Chaisga h, Jha kha d, MP, UP a d Ta il Nadu ha e di e tl ele ted Ma o s fo a ea te. I po ta t featu es of the ill Di e tl ele ted Ma o s a ha e o e dis eio po e s. t e gthe Cit Le el I situio aki g Ma o the e e ui e head of the Mu i ipalit. P o isio of G eate de oluio of fu io s to Lo al Go e e ts. Ma o s te to e ote i ous ith that of the u i ipalit Veto po e s to Ma o o e so e of the ou il s esoluio s Desi a ilit of di e t ele io Deali g ith p ese t da o ple iies: At p ese t dist i ts a e fa i g a ious halle ges like iole e, disaste s, te o is, e i o e tal issues, jo eaio, slu s, o gesio a d state go e e t a ot e apa le e ough to deal ith e e it /dist i t. t o g leade ship This ill epla e the f ag e ted leade ship that eates dual po e e t es ie. Ma o a d Mu i ipal Co issio e. Alo g ith g eate i a ial a d e e ui e auto o, Ma o s a o k as eal ha ge age t. I p o ed A ou ta ilit : Ma o ill e di e tl espo si le to the pu li leadi g to ete i ple e taio of efo s a d g eate espo si e ess to people s eeds Bete Go e a e: Ma o a sele t his ou il of i iste s CoM o sisi g of a ious e pe ts ho a ete a age it ad i ist aio. This s ste ill also e su e u iied a d i teg ated pla i g a d oo di aio a o g a ious age ies. The e ill e less i te fe e e f o lo al MP/MLAs. Che k o u eau ai d sfu io s: Bu eau a ill o e di e tl u de the o t ol of Ma o thus d sfu io s like o upio ; ed-tapis et a e he ked. Ha d de isio a e take : Like le of a ious ta es, de oliio of u e essa st u tu es et. De elop e t of futu e leade s: These leade s a take a e of ig po folios of tate a d Naio al go e e t i futu e. Challe ges Co it e t f o tate Go e e t: I a se e of ade uate de oluio of i a es, fu io a ies, a d fu io s tate Go e e t, the pu pose of di e t ele io ill e defeated. Polii al deadlo k If ajo it of ou il e e s a e f o dife e t polii al pa t tha the Ma o, it ould e o e dii ult to get othe u i ipalit e e s o oa d i taki g de isio s. Fo eg. I Hi a hal P adesh, hi h uli atel led to the s appi g of this system. Cha ge of esista e f o u eau a : The a esist a ou ta ilit to popula e e ui e at dist i t le el. uppo t f o Me e s of tate Legislatu e a d Pa lia e t Edu aio of iize a out the s ste. Wa fo a d Mo e iies should pe haps i situte a di e tl ele ted a o, ut aki g it the o l a th ough hi h Ma o s a e ele ted li its the opio s of iies a d tates. A e po e ed polii al e e ui e fo the it a e a hie ed i uliple a s, i ludi g a directly elected mayor. 58 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

61 Both di e t a d i di e t ele io odel a o k efe i el if: ULBs o k o the li es of P i e Mi iste /Chief Mi iste, ith Ma o as e e ui e head, ith a a i et a d autho it to e uit i iste s. The Ma o is e po e ed ith fu ds, fu io s a d fu io a ies tate Go e e t. The te u e of Ma o is i ed a d ade ote i ous ith the ou il. The t i po e e t es a e e ged a d Mu i ipal Co issio e is ade a ou ta le to the Ma o The Mayor is accorded o t ol o e Pa astatals, Bu eau a a d Dist i t Poli e to e su e ete deli e of se i es a d e fo e e t of la s. Greater ote a a e ess is e su ed so that the ill ote o the asis of pe fo a e of Mayor. Co lusio He e, it is ot the ode of ele io ut la k of ade uate po e de oluio that is eai g p ese t halle ges. La ge issue of e a li g the g o th a d i situio alizaio of Lo al Bodies should e e su ed su h that Go e a e ea hes the people. E phasis should e e po e e t of ULBs ithout u ala i g the fede al st u tu e of the Co situio. 59 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

62 5 CONSTITUTIONAL, REGULATORY, OTHER BODIES. NATIONAL HUMAN IGHT COMMI ION NH C Context The Glo al Allia e of Naio al Hu a ights I situio s GANH I deferred the rea editaio of the Naio al Hu a ights Co issio of I dia due to o e s o e its o posiio a d fu io i g. I po ta e of the A editaio It o fe s i te aio al e og iio a d p ote io of the Naio al Hu a ights I situio esides its o plia e ith the Pa is P i iples. A-status a editaio full o plia e ith Pa is P i iples g a ts pa i ipaio i the o k a d de isio aki g of NH I s I te aio al Coo di ai g Co itee ICC as ell as the o k of the Hu a ights Cou il a d othe UN e ha is s. The NH C ill e u a le to ep ese t I dia at UN Hu a ights Cou il ithout the a editaio. easo s ehi d defe e t The epo t hea il ii ized the o issio fo fu da e tal p o le s i its e o ga izaio al set-up, i ludi g appoi i g high- a ki g go e e t se a ts i o e posiio s. It condemned the commission for a t e e dous a klog of a out, ases The e a e i ade uate easu es to e su e plu alis i its set-up The sele io a d appoi t e t p o edu e, e sh i ed i the A t, is lea l i ade uate la ks u ifo a d p e ise ite ia fo appoi i g e e s The legislai e e ui e e t of ha i g a e -CJI as Chai pe so a d hoosi g e e s of the se io judi ia est i ts the pote ial pool of a didates ho a e appoi ted, espe iall o e. O l % of the NH C s staf is o e The NH C also a e u de sha p ii is fo the polii al i te fe e e i its fu io i g It also aised o e s ega di g alleged i ade uate e gage e t ith i il so iet and hu a ights defe de s. Fla s i I esigaio p o ess i ol e e t of se i g o ei ed poli e oi e s i the i esigaio of hu a ights iolaio s, pa i ula l he e the alleged pe pet ato is the police itself. Othe li itaio s of the NH C t u tu al Li itaio s - La k of ade uate a po e. - The e is o a date of fo a p o e e o d of Hu a ights A i is fo the e e s. Ope aio al Li itaio s - La k po e to pu ish o a a d o pe saio NH C a ot i ui e i to a o plai t ade o e tha a ea ate the i ide t - Its e o e daio s a e ot i di g o the go e e t. - Its a ual epo t is ot i el laid i pa lia e t. - e e e allegaio s u de the AF PA a ot e i ui ed upo 60 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

63 - It la ks the teeth a d auto o to fu io as a efe i e e fo e e t age of Hu a ights - The Naio al Hu a ights Co issio is ii ised as a s posiu of ei ed judges a d u eau ats ho a e u a le to e as efe i e as the ould like to e Wa fo a d The ei a of o issio s a e g eatl e ha ed if thei de isio s a e ade e fo ea le the go e e t. The e is eed to i lude i il so iet hu a ights a i ists as e e s. A ultu e of hu a ights ought to e p o oted th ough edu aio. NH C eeds to de elop a i depe de t ad e of staf ith app op iate e pe ie e. NH C should e allo ed to i esigate o plai ts i depe de tl agai st the ilita a d se u it fo es Me ha is to ake e o e daio s i di g No -judi ial e e ship ot to e illed up e - u eau ats epa ate age ith o e po e s to i esigate i to poli e elated ases su h as the Independent Police Complaints Commission in the UK.. NATIONAL COMMI ION ON BACKWA D CLA E NCBC : CON TITUTIONAL TATU Context The Lok a ha passed 123 d A e d e t to the Co situio to a o d Co situio al status to the Ba k a d Classes Co issio, hi h, u il o, had o l statuto po e s. It also passed a Co situio al A e d e t hi h e a es NCBC as Naio al Co issio fo o iall a d Edu aio all Ba k a d Classes i the Co situio. Ba kg ou d The Naio al Co issio fo Ba k a d Classes as eated as a statuto Bod, i, o the e o e daio of Ma dal o issio Ma dal o issio as o situted to e o e d easu es to uplit the Ba k a d Classes in Socio-Economic Parameters. Based o its e o e daio s, ese aio of % i Go e e t jo s as a dated for OBCs alie t featu es of d A e d e t It p o ides Co situio al status to the Commission. It e po e s o l Pa lia e t to de ide o i lusio o e lusio from the list The e is p o isio of o l o e Ce t al list for OBC, same as that for SC and ST (no state list) The Co issio ill e e po e ed to hea the g ie a es of so iall a d edu aio all a k a d lasses, a fu io hi h has ee dis ha ged so fa the Naio al Co issio fo heduled Castes u de the a i le. The e is p oposal to i lude Clause C u de A i le to dei e so iall a d edu aio all a k a d lasses a d su h a k a d lasses dee ed so u de A i le A P oposed fu io s of e od U de the Co situio A e d e t Bill, the duies of the NCBC ill i lude: To I esigate a d o ito ho safegua ds p o ided to the a k a d lasses u de the Co situio a d othe la s a e ei g i ple e ted, 61 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

64 To I ui e i to spe ii o plai ts ega di g iolaio of ights Ad ise a d ake e o e daio s o so io-e o o i de elop e t of su h lasses. The e t al a d state go e e ts ill e e ui ed to o sult ith the NCBC o all ajo poli ate s afe i g the so iall a d edu aio all a k a d lasses. The NCBC ill e e ui ed to p ese t a ual epo ts to the P eside t o o ki g of the safegua ds fo a k a d lasses. These epo ts ill e ta led i Pa lia e t, a d i the state legislai e asse lies of the o e ed states. Co situio al status to NCBC P os of the o e With the esta lish e t of NCBC as a Co situio al od, the de isio o ese aio shall ot e a p e ogai e of the go e e t, ut the Pa lia e t. This shall ake de isio s o ese aio s o e deli e ai e a d less polii all oi ated U de the NCBC A t,, the Co issio e el had the po e to e o e d i lusio o e lusio of o u iies i the OBC list. As a o situio al od, it is ill o e e po e ed to look i to all ate s ega di g the elfa e a d de elop e t of a k a d lasses, as ell as to i esigate o plai ts. The o situio al a e d e t ill gi es the Co issio po e s e ui ale t to that of a i il ou t a d a i depe de t status, e ui ale t to that of the heduled Castes a d heduled T i es Co issio It ill fa ilitate p e ise dei iio a d ha i g out lea ut a d o p ehe si e ite ia fo a k a d lass shall i fuse o e la it a d plug the e isi g loopholes Co situio al status to NCBC Co s of the o e U de i i g fede alis - The Bill akes Pa lia e t the i al autho it o i lusio of o u iies i the OBC list a d, the efo e, takes a a the autho it of states to dete i e thei o OBC lists. Co posiio - The Ma dal ase judge e t of the up e e Cou t a ted a e pe t od i the atu e of a o issio o a t i u al to ad i e the go e e t o this aspe t. This as ot e su ed i e ill. Populist easu e fo ote a k polii s e el upliti g the status of the NCBC to a o situio al o e does ot auto ai all t a slates i to uplit e t of a k a d lasses. It a athe tu out to e a tool to pe petuate aste ased polii s fo eg. Jats, Patels, Marathas etc U e tai C ite ia U less a edi le a d t a spa e t ite ia fo dei i g a k a d ess is e ol ed, o eal p og ess of a k a d lasses is possi le Challe ge of su atego izaio - of EBCs i to a k a d, o e a k a d, ost a k a d a d e t e el a k a d astes ith su - uotas, so as to sp ead the e eits of ese aio a d othe so ial jusi e easu es e uita l. The e o e daio of the Co issio is sill ot i di g It e uates all ki ds of aste ese aio s i.e, Dalit, Adi asis & Ba k a d Classes, thus, o fus ai g the histo i al at o iies fa ed C/ T Wa fo a d The o posiio should ele t the featu e of a e pe t od as a dated the up e e Cou t a d also de elop e tal p o ess e pe ise e ui ed the de elop e tal role. The e should ot e a a it a i ess o ele to al o side aio s e te i g i to de isio ega di g i lusio o e lusio of astes i the BC list. It should e used as a oppo tu it to e a le the su di isio of uotas so that the e e gi g i e ualiies ithi astes o p isi g the a k a d lasses a e add essed. 62 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

65 The disi io et ee Dalits a d Adi asis o the o e ha d a d a k a d lasses o the othe eeds to e ai tai ed, as thei so ial status o i ues to e sig ii a tl dife e t. It should e u de stood that aste dis i i aio a ot e ta kled e el e a i g o issio s ut its p ope fu io i g.. AILWAY DEVELOPMENT AUTHO ITY Context The U io go e e t app o ed sei g up ail De elop e t Autho it (RDA), as an i depe de t egulato to e o e d passe ge a d f eight fa es a d to set se i e le el e h a ks Need fo DA/I depe de t egulato : A o di g to the T a spo t De elop e t Poli Co itee, the e t alisaio of all fu io s i the ail a Boa d has p o ed det i e tal to the o ga isaio s g o th, pa i ula l at a i e he the e is a eed fo assi e i est e t i i f ast u tu e fo %-plus GDP g o th. o ust e o o i e pa sio fu the aises the de a d fo ail a se i es. The t e d of de li i g ates of g o th i ail a f eight e e ues a d olu es, hi h set i du i g -, eeds to e e e sed. O e of the ig halle ges efo e the Ce t e is to fa ilitate highe o - udgeta i est e t i the ail a s. Bi ek De o Co itee fou d the p i ate se to is dis ou aged f o pa i ipai g o e efe i el due to a o opolisi f a e o k. Appoi t e ts p o edu e The Ce t e ill appoi t the hai a a d th ee e e s f o a pa el of a es e o e ded a sea h a d sele io o itee hai ed the Ca i et e eta. Othe e e s a e: Chai a of the ail a Boa d, e eta i the Depa t e t of Pe so el a d T ai i g, a d the Chai a of a othe e t al egulato od o i ated the Ca i et e eta. Fu io s DA ill e a i depe de t, uasi-judi ial od It ill e su e ta if ate dete i aio It ill e su e fai pla a d le el pla i g ield fo stakeholde i est e t i ail a s; Ei ie a d pe fo a e sta da ds fo Co su e aisfa io i oth passe ge & f eight; E su e disse i aio of i fo aio, p o ide guida e o ua it a d ualit of se i e p o ided to passe ge s. oles a d espo si ilit To e su e that the esou es of the s ste a e opi all uilised; It ill o e o e e isi g i ei ie ies that a ise f o the fa t that poli, egulato a d a age e t fu io s of the ail a s a e i te t i ed; Ide if se to s that a suppo t highe ta ifs a d also p odu e g eate olu es of t ai. uggesi g easu es fo a so i g e te h ologies fo a hie i g desi ed ei ie and performance standards. Although its ole is o l ad iso, the p o ess is e pe ted to f ee the ail a s f o polii isaio of its usi esses. 63 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

66 Wa fo a d The Go e e t should i o po ate the e o e daio s of DA hile taki g de isio s o p i i g of se i es, easu es fo e ha e e t of o -fa e e e ue, et. The egulato should o k i depe de tl i t ue spi it that leads to the de elop e t of i f ast u tu e, e a le o peiio a d e su e the p ote io of usto e i te est Ho e e, o i g up ith a s ste that de- isks p i ate i est e t a d eates a le el pla i g ield a e a o g the ajo halle ges efo e the ail De elop e t Autho it 5.4 OVERTRIBUNALISATION Context At p ese t, the e a e a la ge u e of Ce t al t i u als i u e leadi g to o e - t i u alisaio of dispe saio of jusi e i the ou t. I a e e t epo t, the la i ist stated that a of these Ce t al t i u als a e ot o ki g p ope l a d to thei opi u apa it. Ma of the do t ha e ade uate i f ast u tu e to a out thei a date s oothl. Thus, a high le el o itee o p isi g Fo eig e eta Jaisha ka a d Ho e e eta aji Meh ishi as p oposed edu io of the u e of t i u als f o to Be eits of T i u als Cheape : o p o isio of ou t fee, aida its, puui g up plea et peed Jusi e: due to o al hea i g, o i t i ate p o edu e of pleadi ga d t ails, o ela o ate ules as to p oof of fa ts o e ide e Ma ed E pe ts: pa i ipaio of ei ie t a d o pete t e e ui es ith spe ial te h i al k o ledge a d i h e pe ie es o e the espe i e ate s P o ides elief to Cou ts: It sig ii a tl edu es the u de o ou ts at all le els. T i u als: Ke issues a d halle ges Mulipli it of t i u als: Dife e t t i u als fo dife e t pu poses, o sta da d p i iples o se ed i a e of o ga izaio, o situio, p o edu es o a e of appeal U p edi ta ilit of de isio s: pa allel odies adjudi ai g o sa e disputes ofe i g di e ge t de isio s/ ie s Legalit of de isio : pe so s a i g the t i u als a ot e legal e pe ts Polii al i te fe e e: appoi t e ts a e ade the go e e t/e e ui e, i pi gi g upo ke p i iples of sepa aio of po e a d judi ial i depe de e Addiio al la e : a huge u e of appeals f o the t i u als ha e a aged to e te i to the High Cou ts a d up e e Cou t thus loggi g the jusi e deli e s ste, e el eai g a addiio al la e I ade uate o kfo e: Most t i u als fa e se ious p o le of hu a esou e u h. The e is o u ifo e uit e t o diio s fo se i e, ei e e t age et La k of efo s: O e the ea s, efo s a e pe iodi all suggested ega di g t i u als, ho e e, these e o e daio s a el see the light of da. La k of i fo aio : o the fu io i g of t i u als. We sites of ost t i u als eithe do t e ist o a e ot updated. I te fe es ith po e of judi ia : est i i g the Ci il a d High Cou ts o e isi g thei ju isdi io o e these ate s. 64 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

67 6 GOVERNANCE 6.1 POLICE REFORMS B ief I t odu io Poli e is a e lusi e su je t u de the tate List of the I dia Co situio, ho e e, ost of the states a e follo i g the a hai I dia Poli e A t, ith a fe odii aio s. Poli e ha e e o e the su je ts of Pa lia e ta ia s a d legislato s ith a high deg ee of polii izaio a d allegia e to a ds uli g pa t. Va ious o itees o Poli e efo s The hah Co issio, : - Looked i to e esses o ited o iize s the poli e a d othe ad i ist ai e du i g the E e ge. - The appoi t e t of the Naio al Poli e Co issio as fallout of the hah Commission s report Naio al Poli e Co issio NPC - that looked at a s i hi h the poli e ould e ade a ou ta le to de o ai i situio s. i ei o Co itee : The ke e o e daio s e e: - epa ate la a d o de f o i esigai e fu io s. - et up dist i t-le el odies to e a i e poli e e esses. - et up state-le el o issio s to e a i e poli e pe fo a e. - Replace the Police Act, Poli e Missio a d Poli e A t D ati g Co itee, : u de oli o a jee The up e e Cou t s i te e io i P akash i gh ase, Jusi e J.. Ve a Co itee, : This o itee e o e ded a e d e ts to the i i al la that ould p o ide fo ui ke t ial a d e ha ed pu ish e t fo se ual assault I dia Poli e ste : Ke Challe ges Field o k - I f ast u tu e: poli e staio s, telepho e, ele t i it, de e t o kpla e - Fi a ial esou es: la k of ade uate fu ds to i a e efo s a d ode izaio i iiai es - Ma po e esou e u h: The glo al a e age aio of poli e-populaio is to,, he eas it s in India. - Va a ies: Ce t al i esigaio age ies like the CBI, the Naio al I esigaio Age NIA a d the E fo e e t Di e to ate o i ue to ha e huge a a ies - Outdated E uip e t s a d eapo : see i / ata ks - La k of t ai i g: ith litle o o e phasis o HU a ights, aitudi = al t a sfo a io, se sii it t ai i g et. Ad i ist ai e issues - F e ue t a d polii all oi ated posi gs, t a sfe s a d p o oio s - U a a ted polii al i te fe e e a d e us - I depe de t oa d/ UP C to sele t DG a didates a d CM to hoose f o a o g the - C di e io s ot st i tl i ple e ted the states o g ou d 65 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

68 Lo e le el poli e oi e s - Poo pa s ales, o ki g o diio s, o diio of go e e t ua te s - Lo g o ki g hou s, o e u de ed A a f o fa ilies e e i fesi als, a d a e ot gi e lea e easil. - Ne e uits a e ade to pe fo o poli e o k at ho es of se io oi e s - Poo a ee o p o oio al p ospe ts I esigaio issue - La k of sepa aio of la & o de fu io f o i esigaio fu io - U de e uipped i il poli e to i esigate ases. - Poo o diio s of fo e si la s a d e essi e elia e o ph si al e ide e. No dedi ated fo e fo fo e si i esigaio - I hu a to tu e at poli e staio s leadi g to e high ustodial deaths i I dia. - I ade uate t ai i g gi e fo the ki d of e pe ise eeded. - La k of s ie ii olle io a d a al sis of p e e i e i tellige e: Espe iall pe tai i g to te o ists a d i su ge ts ho pose a o sta t halle ge to i te al se u it. Ps hologi al issues - ui ide ates a e ala i gl high a o g the poli e. - P o le of st ess due to o e u de i g - La k of lo e, afe io a d espe t f o the so iet e ds the poli e i disdai a d akes the ha de ed i hu a. La k of i te al a d e te al a ou ta ilit - I te al A ou ta ilit Me ha is s: Poli e A t of, the state go e e ts Poli e A ts a d i ules laid do i state Poli e Ma uals - E te al A ou ta ilit Me ha is s Judi ia E t Issues Hu a ights Co issio s: holds the poli e a ou ta le i ases of is o du t. No -go e e t o ga izaio s a d Media. - Muliple e t poi ts- IP, tate PC, su i spe to, o sta le - The e is a disu it aused due to the uliple e t sla s a o g the poli e fo e. - UK hi h i t odu ed us to the Poli e A t, ha e a si gle e t poi t fo the fo es. This also helps se io oi e s to ha e a e pe ie e at all le els i the se i es. C di e i es i P akash i gh ase Co situio of tate e u it Co issio C to e su e that the state go e e t does ot e e ise u a a ted i lue e o p essu e o the poli e, Appoi t e t of DGP th ough e it ased t a spa e t p o ess ith a i i u te u e of t o ea s. epa aio of the i esigaio a d la a d o de fu io s of the police. ei g up Poli e Esta lish e t Boa d PEB to de ide t a sfe s, posi gs, p o oio s a d othe se i e elated ate s of poli e oi e s of a d elo the a k of Deput upe i te de t of Poli e a d ake e o e daio s o posi gs a d t a sfe s a o e the a k of Deput upe i te de t of Poli e 66 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

69 ei g up a Poli e Co plai ts Autho it PCA at state le el to i ui e i to pu li o plai ts agai st poli e oi e s of a d a o e the a k of Deput upe i te de t of Poli e i ases of se ious is o du t, i ludi g ustodial death, g ie ous hu t, o ape i poli e ustod a d at dist i t le els to i ui e i to pu li o plai ts agai st the poli e pe so el elo the a k of Deput upe i te de t of Poli e i ases of se ious is o du t. ei g up a Naio al e u it Co issio N C at the u io le el to p epa e a pa el fo sele io a d pla e e t of Chiefs of the Ce t al Poli e O ga isaio s CPO ith a i i u te u e of t o ea s Co lusio It is esse ial to o look at the poli e as a se i e o ga izaio eei g those eeds of the so iet that a e esse ial fo safet, se u it, ualit of life a d pea e. Co u it i ol e e t, p o le o ie ted poli i g and p oa i e poli i g st ategies eed to e adopted i the ha gi g s e a io of so iet. 6.2 CIVIL SERVICES REFORM I t odu io Ou u eau ai s ste i he ited the B iish odel of We e ia u eau a Ci il se i es is a a ee ith a s ste of p o oio ased o se io it, i ed e u e aio, a d o ga ized as hie a h, adhe i g to ell dei ed ules Ho e e, Co o ealth ou t ies su h as UK, Ne )eala d, Aust alia, Ca ada, i gapo e ha e dis a ded the We e ia odel e a ed a e philosoph k o as Ne Pu li Ma age e t A d a ai i ease i pu li se i e ei ie due to de oluio of autho it, pe fo a e o t a i g a d usto e fo us as o se ed Issues ith Ci il e i es & uggesio s. La k of a ou ta ilit uggesio s Li ki g p o oio a d a ee ad a e e t of a oi e ith a tual pe fo a e o the jo - in-depth assessment, ith i st e ie ei g do e o o pleio of ea s of se i e, a d a othe o o pleio of ea s. If he/she is fou d u it ate se o d e ie, the se i e a e te i ated. - u e i al ai g o the pate of A ed Fo es a d a i depe de t thi d pa t e asso iated ith the assess e t B i gi g o peiio i i il se i es - Do ai should e assig ed to all the oi e s of the All I dia e i es a d Ce t al Ci il e i es o o pleio of ea s of se i e - I t odu e Late al e t to i g o peiio a o e Joi t e eta Le el ope i g these posiio s to all the e i es. - Fo posts a o e Addiio al e eta e uit e t ould e do e f o ope a ket. - The Fi st A C (1969), u e d a Nath Co itee (2003) and Hota Co itee ha e suggested suggested late al e t a d sele io should e ade holdi g id a ee o peii e e a s hi h should i lude i te ie. E fo i g st i t dis ipli a egi e - The Co issio to e ie the Wo ki g of the Co situio and d A C ha e suggested e- isii g the Article 311 to e su e that the ho est a d ei ie t oi ials a e p ote ted a d the disho est a e ot allo ed to p ospe 67 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

70 . Poo Ci il e i es Ma age e t uggesio s d A C has suggested t a sfe s at all le els to e ha dled i a o -polii al, o pa isa, ope a d t a spa e t a e th ough a Ci il e i es Boa d hi h has also ee e og ized the up e e Cou t i P akash i gh ase. The Hota Committee & Jha Co issio ha e e o e ded a i ed te u e for oi ials. The C i suppo ted the eed fo spe if i g a o al te u e fo e e atego of posts at the Ce t e a d the tate, a d asked fo a p o edu e to deli eate the sa e The a date of UP C a e e te ded f o sele io to a ee a age e t. Need fo ele a t t ai i g a d apa it uildi g at a ious stages of a ee p og essio. Co upio uggesio s. Make pu li se i e deli e p o edu es si ple, t a spa e t a d auto ated usi g I fo aio Te h olog t e gthe TI, Ciize s Cha te s, o ial Audits uita le ha ges to A i le B i gi g i p oposed a e d e ts to P e e io of Co upio A t to make all a tual a d pote ial i e-gi e s ofe de s The go e e t should put i pla e a g ie a e ed ess e ha is I ediatel ope aio alise the Lokpal A t and the Whistle Blo e s P ote io A t tatuto a ki g to Ci il e i es Values a d Code of Ethi s, as suggested nd ARC I p o i g ei ie uggesio s P i aisaio & Co t a i g out - Need fo p i aizaio a d outsou i g of la ge u e of o o e se i es of the go e e t like u i ipal st eet lea i g, ga age olle io, se u it se i es, po e dist i uio, it t a spo t et. - P i aize those state o ed e te p ises hi h a e eithe u i g i loss or in the te ia se to of the e o o su h as hotel, tou is, e gi ee i g a d te ile se to, he e the a ot o pete ith p i ate se to - Ope i g certain se to s of the e o o, like ai li es, ail a s a d tele o to p i ate sector, as go e e t does ot ha e esou es to eet the u geo i g pu li demand. - P i ipal of u sidia it ust e follo ed i lete a d spi it Pe fo a e ased O ga isaio - Ope aio al f eedo e gi e to pe so s i the ield ho i ple e t p og a es a d s he es pla i g t ust a d o ide e i thei a ilit to deli e esults - Jo e i h e t, espe iall fo G oup C a d D employees - Pe alisi g o pe fo e s E ha i g Moi aio - Pe fo a e elated I e i e s he e - e og iio th ough Naio al a a ds a d Pad a a a ds - ele io of fo eig assig e t o e it asis 68 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

71 Co lusio : Gu a M dal, the No el p ize i i g so iologist des i ed I dia as a ot tate, its leade s u illi g to take ha d a d u o fo ta le de isio s. It is, thus, high i e to e hi it polii al ill at the highest le el to i g ea i gful efo s. 6.3 RISING PROPORTION OF UNDERTRIALS Context Nearly % of p iso e s i I dia a e u de t ials Glo al - % u h high p opo io of u de t ials is a su e sig of pathologi al failu e of C i i al Jusi e ste I te aio al Ce t e fo P iso tudies poi ts that I dia s i a e aio ate ie. No. Of p iso e s pe,, populaio is a o g lo est i the o ld. Ho e e the o posiio of u de t ials is o i g The o e of the p o le ests i so io, e o o i, a d eligious di e sio of o posiio of p iso e s. - P eli i a data suggest that u e of illite ates, lo e aste a d eligious i o iies a e o e ep ese ted a o g the u de t ail populaio. - Illite ates o situte %, Musli s %, C %, T % of the u de t ials easo fo e plodi g U de t ial populaio i jails Too a a ests the poli e du i g the i esigaio a d t ial phase ajo it of u de t ails too poo to pa fo o ds/su eies o hi e good la e s to se u e ail Lo g, tedious i i al jusi e p o edu e, lo o i io ate, la k of sui ie t u e of ou ts, a d o es of pe di g ases. up e e Cou t o U de t ails The C i its la d a k judge e t had o de ed to f ee all u de t ial p iso e s ho ha e se ed half of thei jail te, e ept he e highest pe alt is death se te e. This eite ates the p o isio s u de A of C PC a t a d alls o e e ui e to e su e its efe i e i ple e taio. The ape ou t had also o de ed the judi ial oi e s to su e all jails a d ide if ases he e su h u de t ials a e gi e ail o pe so al o d. It has u ged U io go e e t to p epa e a fast-t a k oad ap fo e i e i i al jusi e s ste. Wa fo a d efo i i al jusi e s ste to e su e speed jusi e Mali ath o itee, Madha Me o Co itee D at Naio al Poli o CJ, Mulla o itee on prison reforms If Poli e does t ile ha gesheet i da s of a est, the pe so should e eleased To assist the poo u de t ials p ese t s ste of f ee legal aid is i sui ie t. He e, eed fo dedi ated e t all spo so ed s he e and ad e of la e s to ight thei ases 69 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

72 6.4 LATERAL ENTRY IN CIVIL SERVICES Context The P i e Mi iste s Oi e i st u ted DoPT to p epa e a oad outli e of odaliies fo sele i g p i ate i di iduals fo appoi t e t i the a ks of deput se eta, di e to a d joint secretary A gu e ts i fa ou of Late al E t pe ializaio o e ge e alizaio : The 21 st e tu e o o eeds spe ialized skills a d k o ledge fo poli - aki g a d ad i ist aio. Do ai e pe ise: Late al e t i gs e pe ise i the do ai of ad i ist aio fo eg. a Pit oda a d Na da Nileka i i the ield of te h olog, aghu a aja, Mo tek i gh Ahlu alia, Vija Kelka, A i d u a a ia i so io e o o i do ai. edu e polii al i lue e: The i il se i es ote gets i lue ed the polii al p essu es i te s of t a sfe a d posi g. This is take a e of th ough late al e t he e polii al i lue e is to ed do. Wo k Cultu e: Late al e t a ts i g thei o o k ultu e, a d this e ha es efe i e ess a d ei a i o ki g e i o e t. The a i du e o peiio ithi the system. Ma agi g ho fall: The e is oughl % sho fall of IA oi e s as epo ted Bas a o itee. This a e a aged th ough late al e t. e o e daio of o itees: The i st a d se o d A C had poi ted out the eed fo spe ializaio a d late al e t. A gu e ts agai st Late al E t Clash o e se io it a d posiio : Despite dei i g se io it, this s ste a i g dispute o e se io it lai s. It a also se e to de oi ate the a aila le tale t. U t ai ed late al e t a ts: a late al e t a ts ill e u t ai ed fo a i g out the u eau ai ole. P e ious e pe ie es ha e so ei es ee less tha saisfa to Fi i g a ou ta ilit : I ase of sho t te late al e t, it is e dii ult to e aluate the pe fo a e of the pe so a d as e tai the espo si ilit of the i di idual. Natu e of dife e e of o po ate a d so ial se to : Pu li ad i ist aio dife s idel f o p i ate ad i ist aio. Pu li ad i ist aio is d i e elfa e oi e a d e ui es di e se skill sets like o u i aio, e path a d saisi i g de isio aki g. It a esult i to t a sfo i g the p ese t ad i ist aio i to poils s ste. Wa fo a d The o ept of late al e t i to i il se i e is p og essi e a d its ell i o te po a e ui e e ts. Ho e e, the e isi g u eau ai st u tu e also eeds a o e hauli g i te s of po e s, espo si iliies a d a ou ta ilit to e o e the p ese t u eau ai stag aio. Ci il se a ts should also e e ou aged to o k fo dife e t se to s o a sho t-te asis to e i h thei k o ledge a d e ha e thei oi aio a d ei ie. The efo e, late al e it is as i po ta t as late al e t 70 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

73 Thus, i te al ad i ist ai e efo s su h as i sulaio f o polii al p essu e, se u it of te u e, a ee paths li ked to spe ializaio a d t ai i g, pe fo a e li ked i e i es et. a d e te al efo s su h as late al e t a d esta lish e t of a e t al i il se i es autho it to deal ith issues o e i g late al e t ies, a e o ple e ta, a d a e pu sued i ta de ith ea h othe. 6.5 BAN ON BEACONS Context e e tl, Ce t al Moto Vehi le ules, as a e ded to a the use of ea o s the desig ated fu io a ies This est i io applies to P i e Mi iste, P eside t, Vi e P eside t, Chief Jusi e of I dia, the Lok a ha peake, alo g ith U io Mi iste s, Chief Mi iste s, tate Ca i et Mi iste s, u eau ats a d judges. No o l lue ea o s ill e allo ed o e e ge ehi les like a ula e, poli e, i e igade et. Vie s of Judi ia I, the up e e Cou t te ed the use of ea o s i iste s a d go e e t oi ials as idi ulous a d s o ous ith po e As pe up e e Cou t, o l Co situio al autho iies should e allo ed to use it. I te ded Be eits A use of ea o s ade the oads less o e ie t and o e da ge ous for the o o iize. The e ha e ee a ases of oad a ide ts due to speed of these VIP a s. Bea o -ited ehi les e e ausi g t ai ja s A ts to u the te de ies of e e the lo e -le el polii ia s a d oi ials to isuse the ea o s to sho of thei i po ta e, espe iall i s alle to s. Displa of autho it akes the so e eig that is the people assu e a lesse posiio tha thei se a ts. This step dis a tles the VIP ultu e to edu e the gap et ee the ule a d those ei g se ed. Puts e e iize o the sa e pedestal e es to st e gthe health de o ai alues, p o ote p i iples of e ualit, et People ote i d these lashi g lights as a e a ple of po e a d VIP status athe tha se u it aids. This o e akes go e e tal autho it people o ie ted E hi its st o g polii al ill to i g ea i gful ha ges to de o ai a d ad i ist ai e ultu e Wa Fo a d To ea i gfull egi to dis a tle I dia s VIP ultu e, doi g a a ith status s ols su h as ed ea o s is ot e ough. It is just o e atego a o g a host of p i ileges that ai tai a olo ial-e a o e ha g o the ou t s de o a Thus, go e e t ust ide if all the p i ileges e te ded to the pu li fu io a ies, assess the o thei ii alit i dis ha ge of pu li /ad i ist ai e duies, a d dispe se a a ith the u a a ted o es as a ate of p o edu e. 71 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com

74 6.6 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Co po ate so ial espo si ilit is a o ept he e o pa ies i teg ate so ial/ o u it and e i o e tal o e s ith thei usi ess/e o o i ope aio s. P o isio s elated to C i Co pa ies a t, E e o pa, p i ate li ited o pu li li ited, ith a et o th of s o e o a tu o e of s, o e o et p oit of s o e, eeds to spe d at least % of its a e age et p oit o po ate so ial espo si ilit a i iies. e io E e ualif i g o pa ill e e ui ed to o situte a C o itee of the Boa d of Di e to s Boa d, o sisi g of o o e di e to s. The epo t of the Boa d of Di e to s ata hed to the i a ial state e ts of the Co pa ould also eed to i lude a a ual epo t o the C a i iies of the o pa hedule VII of the Co pa ies A t p o ides the a i iies pe ited u de C. Co pa ies a also olla o ate ith ea h othe fo joi tl u de taki g C a i iies Whe e a o pa has a e site, the C poli of the o pa ould eed to e dis losed o su h e site. Co t i uio to a polii al pa t is ot o side ed to e a C a i it a d o l a i iies i I dia ould e o side ed fo o pui g C e pe ditu e. u essful e a ples of C I dia i s olle i el a e o e tha o pl i g ith the C la. A o di g to P i e Data ase, I dia o pa ies spe t s, o e o C p oje ts i -, hi h as s o e o e tha the a ou t e ui ed la E i o e tal efo ts: Efo ts su h as g ee e e g usage, e o-f ie dl oi e a d t a el poli ies, afo estaio, p o oio of good sa itaio p a i es i su ou di g a eas et. fo eg. God ej I dust ies Ltd, hi h has di e siied i to e e a le like i d ills to i i ize its a o footp i t. Phila th op : Va ious ha ities fo so ial e efits like p o otio of ut itio health Bill and Mili da Gates fou daio i I dia. Ethi al la o p a i es: B t eati g e plo ees fai l a d ethi all, o pa ies ha e also ee de o st ati g thei o po ate so ial espo si ilit. Volu tee i g: B doi g good deeds ithout e pe ti g a thi g i etu, o pa ies a e a le to e p ess thei o e fo spe ifi issues a d suppo t fo e tai o ga izatio s. For eg. DM C ope ai g a Old Age Wi te Ho e, Hi dusta U ile e edu ai g people a out the e eits of ashi g thei ha ds ith soap fo ete h gie e 72 Toll Free: content@chanakyaiasacademy.com