Climate concepts & climate zones
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1 Climate concepts & climate zones Internationellt Hållbart Byggande Erik Johansson, HDM, 2012
2 Contents Climate elements Climate zones Exercise: climate analysis Erik Johansson, HDM 2
3 Climatic elements Solar radiation (shortwave) Thermal radiation (longwave) Cloud cover Temperature Rainfall Humidity Wind Erik Johansson, HDM 4
4 The sun-atmosphere-earth system 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 5
5 The atmosphere Total height: 100 km (Earth s radius = 6400 km) Ozone layer: km altitude The troposphere Lower part of the atmosphere: 8 18 km above the Earth s surface Temperature from +15 (Earth) to 53 C (upper boundary) Erik Johansson, HDM 6
6 The troposphere Is the zone where weather occurs: winds, clouds, water, pollution Contains 75% of the mass of the atmosphere: nitrogen, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ozone Erik Johansson, HDM 7
7 Short- and longwave radiation Sun: shortwave radiation: µm Ultra violet (UV) radiation Visible light Earth: longwave radiation: infrared radiation (IR), 3-80 µm Low temperature radiation 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 9
8 Heating and cooling of the earth 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 11
9 Heating and cooling of the earth 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 12
10 Ways to measure solar radiation Sunshine duration (hours) Energy/time and surface units Daily total irradiation (MJ/m², day) Continuous (hourly) irradiation (W/m²) (1 W/m² = 1 J/s,m²) Erik Johansson, HDM 13
11 Sunshine duration Piteå, 65 N (northern Sweden) Dec: 0 June: 10 Los Angeles, 34 N Jan: 7 July: 12 Kuala Lumpur, 3 N Dec: 5 June: 7 Erik Johansson, HDM 14
12 Hourly radiation (on a horizontal surface) W/m² Solar radiation in Fez, Morocco Summer Winter :00 Erik Johansson, HDM 15 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
13 Thermal radiation (low temp.) All bodies radiate heat according to the formula: Q (W/m 2 ) T 4 where T (K) = T( C)+273 ( = W/m 4 K, 0.9) 09) Erik Johansson, HDM 16
14 Radiation of heat Surface Radiation temperature (W/m²) 0 C C C 490 Erik Johansson, HDM 17
15 Daytime heating of the air SW LW radiation convection conduction Erik Johansson, HDM 18
16 Surface absorptivity Reflectivity y( (albedo) of different surfaces Bare soil: 5 40% (dark/light) Forest 5 20% Grass 16 26% (long/short) Fresh snow: 95% Erik Johansson, HDM 19
17 Cooling by night LW radiation convection conduction Erik Johansson, HDM 20
18 Effect of clouds Less incoming solar radiation lower heating by day Less outgoing longwave radiation lower cooling by night Erik Johansson, HDM 22
19 Diurnal temperature variations clear day cloudy day Erik Johansson, HDM 23
20 Humidity Air contains water vapour Ways to measure humidity in the air: Relative humidity (% of saturation) Absolute humidity (g moisture/kg air) Vapour Pressure (hpa) Erik Johansson, HDM 24
21 Max. moisture content vs. air temperature Erik Johansson, HDM 25
22 Relative humidity Absolute humidity (g/kg) Temperature ( C) Erik Johansson, HDM 26
23 Relative humidity Absolute humidity (g/kg) Temperature ( C) Erik Johansson, HDM 27
24 Winds Winds blow from higher to lower pressures The wind direction is modified due to the Earth s rotation, friction at the Earth s surface, etc. Erik Johansson, HDM 28
25 Winds: global circulations 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 29
26 Winds: monsoons The result of temperature differences of the continents and the oceans 4-5 months N direction, 4-5 months S direction Erik Johansson, HDM 30
27 Area affected by the monsoons 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 31
28 Summer monsoon 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 32
29 Winter monsoon 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 33
30 Local sea breeze Sunny afternoons Erik Johansson, HDM 34
31 Ocean currents 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 35
32 El Niño Varmare strömmar i östra Stilla havet runt jultid Varmare ytvatten mer regn i västra Sydamerika Starka El Niño-år kan påverka klimatet på hela jorden Erik Johansson, HDM 37
33 La Niña Motsatsen till El Niño (kallare strömmar) Vindarna från Stilla havet mot Australien är starkare Mer vatten förs mot Australiens kust kraftig molnbildning Australiska kontinenten får betydligt mer nederbörd (Sydamerika får torka) Erik Johansson, HDM 38
34 Heating and cooling of the earth 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 40
35 Greenhouse gases Water vapour Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane Nitrous oxides Ozone CFCs Erik Johansson, HDM 41
36 Climate zones Erik Johansson, HDM 42
37 Parameters affecting climate zones Latitude Altitude Low and high pressure zones Global wind patterns Proximity to oceans and large seas Ocean currents Erik Johansson, HDM 44
38 Latitude zones Tropic of Capricorn: Tropic of Cancer: Erik Johansson, HDM 45
39 Incoming and outgoing g radiation at different latitudes 18 jan-10 Erik Johansson, HDM 46
40 Latitude zones Low latitudes: Mid-latitudes: High latitudes: 0-30 N/S 30 N/S-60 N/S >60 N/S Erik Johansson, HDM 47
41 Köppen s climate classification Main catagories: A. Equatorial (warm humid) B. Arid (hot dry) C. Temperate D. Cold temperate E. Arctic H. Mountain climates Erik Johansson, HDM 48
42 Köppen s climate classification Erik Johansson, HDM 49
43 Atkinson (Modified Köppen) 1. Cold 2. Temperate (moderate) 3. Hot dry Maritime desert climate 4. Warm humid Warm humid island climate Sub-types: Composite/monsoon climate Tropical highland climate Erik Johansson, HDM 50
44 Simplified climate zone classification according to Köppen Erik Johansson, HDM 51
45 1 Cold Moscow (Russia), 56 N Erik Johansson, HDM 52
46 2 Temperate Rome (Italy), 42 N Erik Johansson, HDM 53
47 4 Warm humid (equatorial) Brazzaville (Congo), 4 S Erik Johansson, HDM 54
48 Warm humid (monsoon) Bombay y( (India), 18 N Erik Johansson, HDM 55
49 3 Hot dry (arid) Alice Springs (Australia), 23 S Erik Johansson, HDM 56
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