2018 Science Olympiad: Badger Invitational Meteorology Exam. Team Name: Team Motto:

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1 2018 Science Olympiad: Badger Invitational Meteorology Exam Team Name: Team Motto: This exam has 50 questions of various formats, plus 3 tie-breakers. Good luck! 1. On a globally-averaged basis, which emits the most longwave radiation? a. Atmospheric water vapor b. The earth s surface c. Clouds d. The Sun e. Carbon dioxide 2. What force is the fundamental driver of weather and climate on earth? a. The earth s rotation b. The sun c. Gravity d. Wind 3. Which factor controls the amount of longwave radiation that an object emits? a. Density b. Color c. Temperature d. Mass 4. Which surface has the highest albedo? a. Liquid water b. Ice c. Fresh snow d. Thick clouds e. Forest 5. The albedo of a surface is 0.3 and the outgoing shortwave radiation is 100 W/m 2. What is the incoming shortwave radiation? 6. What is the primary factor at a global scale that drives sea level rise? a. Addition of melted water from snow, glaciers, and ice caps b. Thermal expansion of sea water as it warms c. Extraction of groundwater and its eventual flow into the oceans d. Changes in ocean salinity Page 1 of 13

2 7. Which equation describes the amount of water vapor the atmosphere can hold? a. Bernoulli Equation b. Stefan-Boltzmann Equation c. Hydrostatic Equation d. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 8. Which impact is not caused by positive El Niño events? a. Drought in Eastern Australia b. Drought in western South America c. Wetter conditions in southern United States d. Weaker easterly trade winds 9. Which contributed most to the climate impacts of the 1816 Mount Tambora Eruption (circle one)? a. Volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide b. Volcanic emissions of sulphur dioxide c. Volcanic emissions of methane 10. Fill in the blank: Under the Faint Young Sun Hypothesis, the lower solar radiation, relative to the modern epoch, implies that all water on earth should be in the phase. This was apparently not the case, since life thrived on earth at that time. Some researchers have proposed that increased levels of were able to counteract this low level of solar radiation and thus maintain sufficiently high temperatures for life to develop. 11. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was driven primarily by: a. Elevated carbon dioxide emissions from volcanos b. Elevated methane gas emissions from submarine clathrates c. The primary driver is not known 12. True / False : The Thornthwaite climate classification is based on the temperature, precipitation, and vegetation of a region. 13. True / False : During El Niño events, sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific are above average and air pressures are high in western Pacific. 14. True / False : Representative Concentration Pathways are scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions for the purposes of creating climate change projections. 15. True / False : The albedo of a surface can vary depending on the angle at which the sun s rays strike it. 16. True / False : Aerosols can serve as cloud condensation nuclei. Therefore, more atmospheric aerosols will mean more clouds and greater precipitation. Page 2 of 13

3 17. Circle one choice for each word pair to form a correct statement: Atmospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions tend to warm / cool the troposphere and warm / cool the lower stratosphere. 18. What component of the earth s atmosphere has a lower concentration in the southern hemisphere? 19. Specific locations will exhibit unique responses to global warming. Generally, however, which would you expect to respond faster to an upward trend in sprintime temperatures: locations with continental climate types or maritime climate types? 20. Put the following substances in order in terms of the percentage of the atmosphere they occupy, from highest to lowest: A. Argon B. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrogen D. Oxygen 21. The thermohaline circulation refers to the global pattern of movement that is driven by variations in. 22. Name the class on the Koppen climate classification: mild winters with infrequent snow but significant rain; temperate, dry summers never exceeding 22 degrees C. Page 3 of 13

4 Climatograph Interpretation: Climatographs are shown for two locations. Answer the following questions. Location A Location B 23. What is the average monthly temperature for location A in degrees F? 24. What is the average annual precipitation for location B in inches? 25. Which location experiences more annual evaporation? Page 4 of 13

5 Understanding Climate Projections: The following figure shows climate change projections from the 5 th IPCC Assessment Report. Answer the following questions. 26. True / False : The gray shaded areas indicate the range over which the increase in average global temperature will fluctuate over each year. 27. True / False : These RCP climate projections consider a range of greenhouses gases, not just CO True / False : Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity in global climate models is calculated by estimating all past and future emissions and running the models until the climate system reaches equilibrium or the stable temperature response. Page 5 of 13

6 Global Temperature Trends: The following figure shows temperature trends from berkeleyearth.org. Answer the following questions. 29. True / False : The grey shaded area has narrowed in recent decades because the climate has grown more predictable. 30. True / False : The spike in temperature in the late 1870s was associated with the eruption of Krakatoa eruption in what is now Indonesia. 31. What physical quantity is responsible for the lower overall temperature change and less dramatic fluctuations over the ocean, relative to the land? 32. Using the berkeleyearth.org datasets as your guide, provide your best guess of the temperature anomaly for 2040: 33. Circle all correct statements regarding temperature anomalies: a. A temperature anomaly is the difference between what you would expect and what happens. b. These temperature anomaly graphs provide a good estimate of temperature changes for a particular location over land or over the ocean. c. Temperature anomalies are less sensitive to the specific station location and thus provide a better representation of climate changes. d. The overall shape of the temperature anomaly trend will change depending on what time period is used to compute the baseline temperature. Page 6 of 13

7 The maps show the average January and July temperatures, elevation, and average annual precipitation respectively, for the state of Washington. Answer the following questions. Page 7 of 13

8 Page 8 of 13

9 34. What physical phenomenon best explains the variations in precipitation over the state? Based on the maps of average January and July temperatures in Washington, what part of the state has the most pronounced temperature swings between summer and winter? a. Northern part b. Southern part c. Eastern part d. Western part 35. Based on the maps of average January and July temperatures in Washington state (and considering the elevation map previously shown), which metric seems to produce the strongest temperature swings between winter and summer? a. Elevation b. Latitude c. Longitude Page 9 of 13

10 Cloud effects on climate: answer the following questions based on figures A and B below. 36. In the figure above, the dashed lines represent: a. shortwave radiation b. longwave radiation c. scattering 37. Which figure above best depicts the radiative impacts of high clouds (Circle one): A / B 38. The net effect of low clouds is to ( increase / decrease ) the surface temperature. Page 10 of 13

11 Three-Cell Model: Answer the following questions by writing/drawing on the diagram of the northern hemisphere. 39. In the diagram of the northern hemisphere, there are three latitude bands: 0-30, 30-60, and In each of the three bands, write the correct name of the corresponding cell. 40. In the ovals to the left of the hemisphere, draw arrows indicating the direction of atmospheric motion (to/from earth s surface, north-to-south, south-to-north). 41. Next to each of the four latitude markers (0, 30, 60, 90 ), write the names of the corresponding pressure belts/pressure centers. 42. Next to each of the four latitude markers (0, 30, 60, 90 ), write either wet or dry indicating the relative amount of precipitation received at those latitudes. Page 11 of 13

12 Climate feedback loops. Each diagram below shows a feedback loop. In the questions below, write a + sign or a - sign depending on the relationship between the two quantities. For example, if increased sea ice leads to increased albedo, you would write a + sign. Feedback Loop 1: 43. A: Surface Temperature à Sea Ice: 44. B: Sea Ice à Albedo: 45. C: Albedo à Surface Temperature: 46. D: Overall Feedback Loop 1: Feedback Loop 2: 47. A: Atmospheric Water Vapor à Radiative Forcing: 48. B: Radiative Forcing à Surface Temperature: 49. C: Surface Temperature à Atmospheric Water Vapor: 50. D: Overall Feedback Loop 2: Tie-breaker #1: Circle the correct answers Black carbon aerosols from coal power plants that settles on snow and glaciers serves to ( increase / decrease / have no effect on ) the albedo and to ( increase / decrease / have no effect on ) the rate of melt. Tie-breaker #2: In the 3-cell model diagram, what is the dominant surface-level wind directions in the following cells in the northern hemisphere: 0-30 : : Page 12 of 13

13 Tie-Breaker #3: Part 1: On the map below, draw a shape roughly defining the primary region which experiences more rising (upward motion) of warm moist air during El Niño conditions than during normal conditions. Part 2: Circle the correct answer: does the region you drew experience ( more / less / same ) precipitation during El Niño conditions than normal conditions? Page 13 of 13

14 2018 Science Olympiad: Badger Invitational Meteorology Exam Team Name: Team Motto: This exam has 50 questions of various formats, plus 3 tie-breakers. Good luck! 1. On a globally-averaged basis, which emits the most longwave radiation? a. Atmospheric water vapor b. The earth s surface c. Clouds d. The Sun e. Carbon dioxide 2. What force is the fundamental driver of weather and climate on earth? a. The earth s rotation b. The sun c. Gravity d. Wind 3. Which factor controls the amount of longwave radiation that an object emits? a. Density b. Color c. Temperature d. Mass 4. Which surface has the highest albedo? a. Liquid water b. Ice c. Fresh snow d. Thick clouds e. Forest 5. The albedo of a surface is 0.3 and the outgoing shortwave radiation is 100 W/m 2. What is the incoming shortwave radiation? 333 W/m 2, SW out =albedo * SW in 6. What is the primary factor at a global scale that drives sea level rise? a. Addition of melted water from snow, glaciers, and ice caps b. Thermal expansion of sea water as it warms (accept either a or b) c. Extraction of groundwater and its eventual flow into the oceans d. Changes in ocean salinity 1

15 7. Which equation describes the amount of water vapor the atmosphere can hold? a. Bernoulli Equation b. Stefan-Boltzmann Equation c. Hydrostatic Equation d. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 8. Which impact is not caused by positive El Niño events? a. Drought in Eastern Australia b. Drought in western South America c. Wetter conditions in southern United States d. Weaker easterly trade winds 9. Which contributed most to the climate impacts of the 1816 Mount Tambora Eruption (circle one)? a. Volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide b. Volcanic emissions of sulphur dioxide c. Volcanic emissions of methane 10. Fill in the blank: Under the Faint Young Sun Hypothesis, the lower solar radiation, relative to the modern epoch, implies that all water on earth should be in the Solid/frozen phase. This was apparently not the case, since life thrived on earth at that time. Some researchers have proposed that increased levels of Greenhouse gases were able to counteract this low level of solar radiation and thus maintain sufficiently high temperatures for life to develop. 11. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was driven primarily by: a. Elevated carbon dioxide emissions from volcanos b. Elevated methane gas emissions from submarine clathrates c. The primary driver is not known 12. True / False : The Thornthwaite climate classification is based on the temperature, precipitation, and vegetation of a region. 13. True / False : During El Niño events, sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific are above average and air pressures are high in western Pacific. 14. True / False : Representative Concentration Pathways are scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions for the purposes of creating climate change projections. 15. True / False : The albedo of a surface can vary depending on the angle at which the sun s rays strike it. 16. True / False : Aerosols can serve as cloud condensation nuclei. Therefore, more atmospheric aerosols will mean more clouds and greater precipitation. 2

16 17. Circle one choice for each word pair to form a correct statement: Atmospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions tend to warm / cool the troposphere and warm / cool the lower stratosphere. 18. What component of the earth s atmosphere has a lower concentration in the southern hemisphere? aerosols 19. Specific locations will exhibit unique responses to global warming. Generally, however, which would you expect to respond faster to an upward trend in sprintime temperatures: locations with continental climate types or maritime climate types? continental 20. Put the following substances in order in terms of the percentage of the atmosphere they occupy, from highest to lowest: C,D,A,B A. Argon B. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrogen D. Oxygen 21. The thermohaline circulation refers to the global pattern of Ocean currents movement that is driven by variations in Seawater density. 22. Name the class on the Koppen climate classification: mild winters with infrequent snow but significant rain; temperate, dry summers never exceeding 22 degrees C. Csb Note: "cool dry-summer climates (classified as Csb) are often referred to as "Mediterranean" I accept any climate group C 3

17 Climatograph Interpretation: Climatographs are shown for two locations. Answer the following questions. Location A Location B 23. What is the average monthly temperature for location A in degrees F? 72 degrees F, will accept from F 24. What is the average annual precipitation for location B in inches? 58.5 inches, will accept from inches 25. Which location experiences more annual evaporation? Location B-there is more water available to evaporate NOTE: location A is Phoenix AZ, location B is Miami FL 4

18 Understanding Climate Projections: The following figure shows climate change projections from the 5 th IPCC Assessment Report. Answer the following questions. 26. True / False : The gray shaded areas indicate the range over which the increase in average global temperature will fluctuate over each year. 27. True / False : These RCP climate projections consider a range of greenhouses gases, not just CO True / False : Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity in global climate models is calculated by estimating all past and future emissions and running the models until the climate system reaches equilibrium or the stable temperature response. 5

19 Global Temperature Trends: The following figure shows temperature trends from berkeleyearth.org. Answer the following questions. 29. True / False : The grey shaded area has narrowed in recent decades because the climate has grown more predictable. 30. True / False : The spike in temperature in the late 1870s was associated with the eruption of Krakatoa eruption in what is now Indonesia. 31. What physical quantity is responsible for the lower overall temperature change and less dramatic fluctuations over the ocean, relative to the land? The higher heat capacity of water than land 32. Using the berkeleyearth.org datasets as your guide, provide your best guess of the temperature anomaly for 2040: Approximately +1.5 degrees C, will accept from +1-2 C 33. Circle all correct statements regarding temperature anomalies: a. A temperature anomaly is the difference between what you would expect and what happens. b. These temperature anomaly graphs provide a good estimate of temperature changes for a particular location over land or over the ocean. c. Temperature anomalies are less sensitive to the specific station location and thus provide a better representation of climate changes. d. The overall shape of the temperature anomaly trend will change depending on what time period is used to compute the baseline temperature. 6

20 The maps show the average January and July temperatures, elevation, and average annual precipitation respectively, for the state of Washington. Answer the following questions. 7

21 8

22 9

23 34. What physical phenomenon best explains the variations in precipitation over the state? Orographic precipitation, rain shadow Based on the maps of average January and July temperatures in Washington, what part of the state has the most pronounced temperature swings between summer and winter? a. Northern part b. Southern part c. Eastern part d. Western part 35. Based on the maps of average January and July temperatures in Washington state (and considering the elevation map previously shown), which metric seems to produce the strongest temperature swings between winter and summer? a. Elevation b. Latitude c. Longitude 10

24 Cloud effects on climate: answer the following questions based on figures A and B below. 36. In the figure above, the dashed lines represent: a. shortwave radiation b. longwave radiation c. scattering 37. Which figure above best depicts the radiative impacts of high clouds (Circle one): A / B 38. The net effect of low clouds is to increase / decrease the surface temperature. 11

25 Three-Cell Model: Answer the following questions by writing/drawing on the diagram of the northern hemisphere. 39. In the diagram of the northern hemisphere, there are three latitude bands: 0-30, 30-60, and In each of the three bands, write the correct name of the corresponding cell. 40. In the ovals to the left of the hemisphere, draw arrows indicating the direction of atmospheric motion (to/from earth s surface, north-to-south, south-to-north). 41. Next to each of the four latitude markers (0, 30, 60, 90 ), write the names of the corresponding pressure belts/pressure centers. 42. Next to each of the four latitude markers (0, 30, 60, 90 ), write either wet or dry indicating the relative amount of precipitation received at those latitudes. 12

26 Climate feedback loops. Each diagram below shows a feedback loop. In the questions below, write a + sign or a - sign depending on the relationship between the two quantities. For example, if increased sea ice leads to increased albedo, you would write a + sign. Feedback Loop 1: 43. A: Surface Temperature! Sea Ice: B: Sea Ice! Albedo: C: Albedo! Surface Temperature: D: Overall Feedback Loop 1: + Feedback Loop 2: 47. A: Atmospheric Water Vapor! Radiative Forcing: B: Radiative Forcing! Surface Temperature: C: Surface Temperature! Atmospheric Water Vapor: D: Overall Feedback Loop 2: + 13

27 Tie-breaker #1: Circle the correct answers Black carbon aerosols from coal power plants that settles on snow and glaciers serves to ( increase / decrease / have no effect on ) the albedo and to ( increase / decrease / have no effect on ) the rate of melt. Tie-breaker #2: In the 3-cell model diagram, what is the dominant surface-level wind directions in the following cells in the northern hemisphere: 0-30 : northeast to southwest, I ll take easterly or east to west : southwest to northeast, I ll take westerly or west to east Tie-Breaker #3: Part 1: On the map below, draw a shape roughly defining the primary region which experiences more rising (upward motion) of warm moist air during El Niño conditions than during normal conditions. Part 2: Circle the correct answer: does this region you drew experience (more / less / same ) precipitation during El Niño conditions than normal conditions? 14

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