Westerlies: Polar Easterlies: 6a. Even though the land and water receive the same amount of energy from the sun, which one heats up faster?

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1 Packet #11: Weather & Climate Name: Per: Reading Guide: Chapter 22.3 (Read and study text pages ) Atmospheric Circulation 4b Students know the fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of reflections, absorption, & photosynthesis. 4c They know the atmospheric gases that absorb the Earth s thermal radiation, & the mechanism & significance of the greenhouse effect. 8a They know the thermal structure & composition of the atmosphere. 1. efine the Coriolis Effect? 2. What does the Coriolis effect due to the Winds? 3. The air flowing from the poles toward the equator gets broken into 3 looping patterns called. Each of these convection cells correlate to an area of earth called a belt, and the wind in each belt flows in one main. These winds are called. 5a. efine Jet Stream Winds? 4. escribe each of the prevailing winds listed below: Trade winds: Westerlies: Polar Easterlies: 5b. escribe how the polar jet stream forms? oldrums & horse latitudes: 6a. Even though the land and water receive the same amount of energy from the sun, which one heats up faster? 6b. uring the day the warm air above the land as the air from above the water moves in to replace the warm air. A cool wind moving from water to land is called a, generally forms in the afternoon. Major Ocean Surface Currents 1. Read the text. 2. Color the title of the map Major Ocean Currents Green. Color the word warm Red and cold ark blue. 3. The cold ocean current arrows are dotted & labeled with a B. Color all of them ark Blue. 5. The warm ocean current arrows are white and labeled with an A. Color all of them Red. 6. Color the Oceans light Blue and the Continents Yellow-green 7. Use your map and the text to answer the questions below: Questions 1. What drives the currents shown on the map? 2. How fast do currents move? 3. How do currents affect ship traffic? 4. Currents in the northern hemisphere generally flow in a (clockwise/counterclockwise) circular pattern. Currents in the southern hemisphere generally flow in a (clockwise/counterclockwise). 6. What causes the circular pattern of the winds? 7. Warm currents are usually found on the coast of continents & cold currents on the coast. 8. How do currents affect the climate on the east side of continents? The west side? 9. How much is Great Britain and Western Europe warmed by the North Atlantic rift? 10. The California Current is a current. What effect does this have on the climate? 1

2 Reading Guide: Chapter 24.1 (Read and study text pages ) Understanding Air Masses 5a. Students know how differential heating of Earth results in circulation patterns in the atmosphere and oceans that globally distribute the heat. 6a. Students know weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of energy into and out of the atmosphere. 1. What causes differences in air pressure? 2. Explain how and why air moves? 3. What is an air mass? 4. Fill in the table about the 4 different types of air masses. Air Masses Source Region Type of Air Symbol 5. escribe the differences between a continental air mass & a Maritime air mass. 6. escribe the differences between a Tropical air mass & a Polar air mass: 7. Fill in the table below about the Air Masses of North America: Air Mass Source location Movement Weather 8. Which air mass brings dry hot weather to the Central US in the Summer? 9. Which air mass brings warm and moist air to southern California? 10. Which air mass brings cold dry air to the great lakes region in the Winter? 11. Which air mass brings cold wet air to northern California in the Winter? 2

3 Reading Guide: Chapter 24.2 (Read and study text pages ) Fronts 5a. Students know how differential heating of Earth results in circulation patterns in the atmosphere and oceans that globally distribute the heat. 6a. Students know weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of energy into and out of the atmosphere. 1. What is a front? 2. What must happen for a front to form? 3. A cold front forms when a cold air mass overtakes a. When a cold air mass retreats from an area a forms. 4. List the other 2 types of fronts: 5. Fill in the blank with the correct front name for the symbol. Warm front Occluded front Stationary front Cold front 7.Name the front shown below: 6. Name the front shown above: 8.Name the front shown below: 9 Fill in the blanks below: Front Cold Pressure (High/Low) Weather and Sky Conditions Warm 3

4 Reading Guide: Chapter 24.2 (Read and study text pages ) Severe Weather 6a. Students know weather and climate involve transfer of energy into and out of the atmosphere. 1.escribe Severe weather: 2. efine Thunderstorms: 3. How does lightning form? 4a. Where do hurricanes develop? 4b. escribed a fully developed hurricane: 5. escribe a tornado? 6. How and where do tornadoes form? Reading Guide: Chapter 25.1 (Read and study text pages ) Factors that Affect Climate 5g. Students know features pf the ENSO cycle. 6b. Students know the effects on climate of latitude, elevation, topography, and proximity to large bodies of water. 1. efine Climate: 2. Climates are chiefly described by: 3. When describing climates, extremes of & as well as have to be. 5. escribe the amount of solar energy an area at a high latitude receives and why this happens: 4. ifferent latitudes receive different amounts of solar energy. Solar energy determines the and wind pattern of an are, which influences the 6a. escribe the wind belts that form near the poles: 6b. escribe the wind belts that form near the equator: 7. escribe the oldrums (pressure, temperature, precipitation): 8. Land heats up faster than water, explain why water stays cooler: 9. efine Specific Heat: 10. How do ocean currents affect air temperature? 11. What cycle does El Nino-Southern Oscillation or ENSO describe? 12. List the characteristics of an El Nino: 13. escribe a Monsoon: 14. How does a rain shadow form? 4

5 Winds Notesheet What is Wind? air Caused by the Hot Air--> --> Cold Air--> --> High Pressure Air Always moves from: Pressure to Pressure The Sun heats the earth & the flows north, the rising air flows south The air. This is. Types of Winds: Trade Winds & oldrums, Prevailing Winds, Jet Stream Winds, Local Winds Trade Winds A, air that blows toward the equator between 30 o & 0 o latitude. Where the trade winds meet there is a calm area where the. This area is called the. Prevailing Winds Are winds that in the same area of the world. Caused by rising heat from the equator that. Westerlies - between latitude Polar Easterlies - between latitude The prevailing winds are deflected because of the spinning of the earth ( effect) N. hemisphere = S. hemisphere = Jet Stream Winds Strong winds, (145mph), above earth, Travels in circles, above each hemisphere Move lots of air & Local Winds The movement of air influenced. These gentle winds extend over areas & are called breezes. San iego is influenced by breezes and the Winds. Santa Ana Winds The Santa Ana winds are, winds that blow in from the desert (Great basin area). 1. High pressure in the Great Basin (Idaho & Utah) pushes winds toward the. 2. The winds are blocked by the Sierra s &. 3. The winds are squeezed through narrow canyons and pushed to. Land & Sea Breezes- draw diagrams on back side!!! 5

6 Air Masses and Fronts Air masses a large Sub-continental in size high With uniform & moisture conditions SOURCE REGIONS The area where the It is where they acquire their (wet/dry/hot/cold) Air Masses are Classified According to: Surface of source region Continental (c) = Forms over Maritime (m) =Forms over Temperatures Tropical (T) -Low latitudes - Polar (P) - High latitudes - Arctic (A) - Poles - FRONTS Fronts are that air masses There are four types of front: front front Warm Front Stationary front Occluded front WARM FRONT Warm, moist air slowly replaces the cold air Gentle slope, A wide area with drizzle or COL FRONT Cold air replaces & Much steeper front than warm fronts Advances than warm front More violent weather -cumulonimbus clouds Short, sharp, hail Cold Front STATIONARY FRONT air masses next to each other Neither air mass advances ( ) Stationary Front OCCLUE FRONT - front overtakes the warm front - Lifts the warm air - Clouds and rain possible Occluded Front 6

7 SEVERE WEATHER THUNERSTORMS What is a thunderstorm? A with thunder, lightning, and strong winds How do they occur? (3 ways) The rises and forms a thunderstorm. Air rises over the mountains and forms a thunderstorm. A moves through. 3 stages of a thunderstorm 1. - warm moist air rises and condenses as a cumulus cloud. 2. stage- the cumulus cloud grows to a cumulonimbus cloud-torrential rain, hail stones. 3. stage- strong down drafts stop the rising air and the thunderstorm dies. How does lightning occur? Positive charges & negative charges in Positive charge A spark forms between charges. of lightning is in the cloud, only reaches the ground. How does thunder form? The electricity heats & cools the air, which causes it to. This produces a loud noise. What do you do in a lightning storm? Stay away from water,, and tall objects (trees). Go inside a because the lightning is carried to the ground by the exterior of the car or building. HURRICANES What are hurricanes? They are with winds that exceed and blow counter-clockwise about their centers in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Hurricane eye: A km diameter region at the where skies are often clear and winds are light. The storm s pressure readings are found here. Eye wall: a wall of clouds and intense thunderstorms that. Where and when do hurricanes form? They form over tropical oceans where there are,, and converging winds. Equatorial regions. The hurricane season: June to November when the water is. Hurricane stages/development: Low Pressure Circular storm center Stronger center The eye develops Clouds & rain Pressure drops in center More pressure drop Winds at least Winds at least Winds at least TORNAOES The, most and shortest-lived storms. It is a whirling, cyclone. How does a tornado form? A thunderstorm that meets high-altitude. The winds cause clouds to develop a spinning funnel. Winds speeds can get up to! Tornado facts: Average of 780 tornadoes occur each year in U.S. *Average diameter of 1/4 mile - 1 mile Can occur all year long, but most are in. They can travel about 7

8 WEATHER MAPS Background: Weather maps are made by combining meteorological data collected from weather stations all over the U.S. Weather maps include the names of the cities where the reporting stations are located and symbols that represent the weather data. The weather symbols express a lot of information in a concise way. If you combine information from many stations on a map you will get a picture of the large weather systems across the U.S. 1. Get a Blue Laminated Weather Map. Use the Key on the map to draw the following symbols: Weather Symbol Weather Symbol Rain Clear Skies Snow Partly Cloudy High Pressure Cloudy Low Pressure Warm Front Wind irection Cold Front High and low daily temperature ( o F) Stationary Front 2. Use the map to fill in the chart about weather in each city: City High & Low Temp. Seattle San Francisco Albuquerque Cheyenne Chicago New York City Charlotte Miami Temp. Change (high-low) Sky Conditions (Clear Skies, partly cloudy, cloudy) Current Weather (Clear, Rain, Snow) Wind direction (North is Up) (N, NE, NW, S, SW, SE, W, E, ) E NE N 3. What type of front is moving into New York City from the north? (Cold Front/ Warm Front ) 4. What type of pressure is coming with the front that is moving into New York? (High /Low) Pressure 5. What type of weather is coming with the front that is moving into New York? (Clear /Rain/ Snow) 6. What type of front is moving into San Francisco & Cheyenne from the north? (Cold Front/Warm Front) 7. There is a stationary front in the middle of the U.S. escribe the pressure and weather on each side of the front? 8. What type of front is leaving Miami? (Cold Front/ Warm Front ) 9. escribe the weather & pressure in Miami that the front left behind? 10. Look at 3 areas of High Pressure on the map. What type of weather is found with high pressure systems? 11. Look at the 3 areas of Low Pressure on the map. What type of weather is found with the low pressure systems? 8

9 What is the difference between weather & climate? Weather: is what is happening outside! It is the condition Climate: is what you! It is a measure of an areas average annual temperature & precipitation. 4 factors that affect climate Global Winds Currents/Proximity to Water 1. Latitude It is than the poles because sunlight hits the earth. This produces three basic climate groups. Climates based on Latitude Group I (0 o 30 o ): Group II (30 o 55 o ): Group Ill (55 o 90 o ): 2. Global Winds Global Winds & create where the at 0 o & 60 o latitude and where the at 30 o & 90 o latitudes Wet-side 3. Topography: Rainshadow Effect Creates forests ( ) & deserts ( ) 2) The 3) ry side 1) from over the ocean is forced to the base of the mountain by wind. 4a. Ocean Currents Ocean currents will & cool areas down. The cold Humboldt Current drastically the coastal temperatures of Equatorial Peru. Gulf Stream: keeps Europe than Greenland even though they are at the latitude. 4b. Proximity to Water Water changes temperature. (it has a higher specific heat) Therefore, areas near lakes or large rivers as the surrounding area. This is called the. Thus, areas closer to water will have than the surrounding areas. 9

10 CLIMATIC FACTORS: MOUNTAINS AN RAINFALL Purpose: To compare the rainfall on the windward and leeward sides of a mountain range. Background: Seattle, Washington and Spokane, Washington are in almost exactly the same latitude-about 48 North, in the prevailing southwesterly wind belt. Seattle, nearer the Pacific, is about 200 miles west of Spokane, & separated from it by the north-south running Cascade Mountains. Seattle is on the western or windward side of the mountain range. Spokane is on the eastern or leeward side Procedure: 1) Plot the rainfall of both Seattle and Spokane as bar graphs on the graph paper below. 2) Estimate tenths of inches of rain as closely as possible. Each box represents 0.5 of rain. Average Monthly Rainfall (Inc.) Name Seattle WA Spokane WA Location 48 N, 122 W 48 N, 118 W January February March April May June July August September October November ecember Total for Yr. Questions 1. Use the table & add up the monthly rainfall for the year in Spokane & Seattle. Enter the totals in the table & the graph. 2. Which side of the mountain, windward or leeward receives greater rainfall? 3. Why should more rain fall on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward side? 4. a) Which six months are rainiest in Seattle? b) What seasons do these include? c) Why are these seasons rainier than the other two? (compare the temperatures of land & sea) 5. Though Spokane's rainfall is much less than that of Seattle, its distribution through the year parallels Seattle's. Why should this be? 6. What factor, other than the Cascade Mountains, might be cited to explain why Spokane gets less rain than Seattle? Activity modified from Earth Science-Prentice-Hall Inc. 10

11 Climatic Factors: Warm & Cold Ocean Currents Purpose: To see how warm and cold ocean currents affect the temperatures of sea coasts. Background: Hebron, 54 o N latitude, is a small city on the northeast coast of Labrador. Westmanna, even farther north at 63 o N latitude, is a small island just off the southern coast of Iceland. Both places are at about the same altitude nearly at sea level, and both are on the Atlantic Ocean. The prevailing winds are from the west. With conditions so nearly alike, it might be expected that Herbon and Westmanna would have similar temperatures throughout the year, with Westmanna a little colder because of its higher latitude. In one important respect, however, conditions are different. Herbon s coast is washed by the cold Labrador Current. Westmanna is washed by the warm Gulf Stream. Let us see how this difference affects their temperatures though the year. Average Monthly Temperatures ( o F) Name Hebron, Labrador Westmanna, Iceland Location 54 o N, 63 o W 63 o N, 20 o W Latitude 49 feet 43 feet Ocean Current Labrador Current Gulf Stream January February March 6 36 April May June July August September October November ecember 4 35 January Hebron X Yr. Avg Yr. Range Questions 1) How much higher is the years average temperature in Westmanna than in Hebron? X Westmanna 2) Why would Westmanna normally be expected to be colder rather than warmer than Hebron? 3) How do you explain this great difference in the average temperature of two cities so much alike in latitude, altitude, and location? 4) Calculate each cities year's temperature range by subtracting the coldest day from the warmest day. Enter these figures in the table. 5) Compare the winter temperatures at Hebron ecember, January, February with those of Westmanna. 6) The waters of the Labrador Current have temperature of about 27 o F How do you explain Hebron's low Winter temperatures?(hint: Where do its winds come from?) 7) Why is Westmanna so much warmer than Hebron in the winter? 11

12 Name: Per: Bill Nye- Climate 1. Where does most of the earths moisture end up? 2. Climate is how or a place is over all. 3. What is condensation? 4. Why are the poles the coldest places on the earth? 5. When air hits mountains the molecules spread out. This causes 6. What is the climate in the tropics? & 7. What does CO 2 in the worlds atmosphere do for the earth? 8. What is the weather like in a temperate rain forest? 9. What climate has cactus and it is hot and dry? 10. What keeps Britain warm? BILL NYE: STORMS PRE QUESTION POST T F 1. El Nino can cause storms to rage all over the globe. T F T F 2. Hurricanes or typhoons occur when large areas of the open ocean soak up heat from the sun. T F T F 3. Because lightning heats up the air so slowly, its relationship to thunder is currently unknown. T F T F 4. The Earth is the only planet that contains storms. T F T F 5. Lightning is a form of energy made up of protons that move from clouds to the ground. T F 6. Which of the following correctly describes how the sun s energy can cause a tornado? A) The sun s energy directly powers the tornado B) The sun s energy heats the ground which then heats the air above it C) The sun s energy heats the air which then heats the ground below it 7. Which of the following statements describes the role that water plays in a rain storm? A) When water vapor turns into a liquid, wind-driven energy is released B) Water vapor is a gas that turns into rain C) Warm air carries moisture from the ocean to the atmosphere ) All of these 8. Which of the following is true about the air s temperature at different elevations? A) Air closer to space is warmer B) Air closer to space is cooler C) Air closer to the ground is cooler ) All of the above 9. Which of the following statements is true about clouds? A) Clouds contain electrons that can find their way to the ground as lightning B) Since clouds are formed by the condensation of water vapor, they do not affect the weather C) Clouds only form on sunny, warm days. ) All of these 10. Which of the following affects the weather worldwide? A) tornado B) Blizzard C) El Nino ) None of these 12

13 Name: Per: Write the following words at 0 o, 30 o, 60 o and 90 o latitudes: Hot, Warm, Cool, Freezing esert (use 2 times), Rain Forest (use 2 times) Wet (use 2 times), ry (use 2 times) 13