Guided Notes Weather. Part 2: Meteorology Air Masses Fronts Weather Maps Storms Storm Preparation

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1 Guided Notes Weather Part 2: Meteorology Air Masses Fronts Weather Maps Storms Storm Preparation

2 The map below shows North America and its surrounding bodies of water. Country borders are shown. On the map, label the following locations: Canada United States Mexico North Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Gulf of Mexico North Pacific Ocean South Pacific Ocean

3 1. What are the characteristics of air masses? Air mass: a large body of air having similar temperature and humidity o Air masses are named based upon these two characteristics: (see ESRT page 13) 1) Moisture content: Continental (c): dry air which formed over land Maritime (m): moist air which formed over water

4 Continental Air Mass Forms Over Land (Dry)

5 Maritime Air Mass Forms Over Ocean (Humid)

6 1. What are the characteristics of air masses? 2) Temperature: Tropical (T): warm air which formed closer to the equator Polar (P): cold air which formed at higher latitudes Arctic (A): extremely cold air which formed near the poles

7 Tropical Air Mass Formed At Low Latitude (Warm)

8 Polar Air Mass Formed At High Latitude (Cold)

9 Arctic Air Mass Formed Near the Poles (Very Cold)

10 2. Where do air masses originate? Air Mass Description Source Region *cp (continental polar) *mt (maritime tropical) Dry, cold Dry, cold Wet, warm Wet, warm Central Canada Central Canada Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico ct (continental tropical) mp (maritime polar) Dry, warm Dry, warm Wet, cold Wet, cold Texas Texas North Atlantic North Atlantic Ocean

11 Continental Polar Dry and Cold

12 Maritime Tropical Moist and Warm

13 Continental Tropical Dry and Warm

14 Maritime Polar Moist and Cold

15 3. Which air masses are most important to us in New York? The weather in New York is most influenced by two air masses: o Continental polar (cp) from Central Canada o Maritime tropical (mt) from the Gulf of Mexico In the United States, weather systems move towards the northeast because we are in the southwesterly wind belt.

16 Arctic Ocean North Pacific Ocean cp Canada North Atlantic Ocean United States South Pacific Ocean Mexico Gulf of Mexico mt

17 4. What happens when two air masses meet? Front: a boundary between two air masses

18 4. What happens when two air masses meet? o The front is named by the air mass that is behind it.

19 cp mt

20 mt cp

21 4. What happens when two air masses meet? o Fronts extend from the low pressure center. Cold air Warm air

22 4. What happens when two air masses meet? o When a front passes a location, there will be changes in: Precipitation Temperature Humidity Air pressure Wind direction

23 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? 1) Cold front: cold air moves into an area occupied by warm air Cold, dense air pushes warm, lighter air up quickly.

24 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? Effect: o Strong, but quick precipitation occurs at the cold front. o After a cold front passes an area, that area will become colder.

25

26 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? Cross section: Cold City A Warm City B

27 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? Cold front on a map: Precipitation occurs at the cold front Cold Warm City A City B

28 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? 2) Warm front: warm air moves into an area occupied by cold air. Warm, lighter air slowly flows on top of the cold, dense air.

29 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? Effect: o Gentle, but prolonged precipitation ahead of the warm front. o After a warm front passes an area, that area will become warmer.

30

31 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? Cross section: Warm City A Cold City B Precipitation occurs ahead of the warm front

32 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? Warm front on a map: Precipitation occurs ahead of the warm front Warm Cold City A City B

33 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? 3) Occluded front: since cold fronts move faster than warm fronts, a cold front sometimes overtakes a warm front. The warm air is then help up by two cooler air masses that merge beneath it. This produces cloudy weather. It may or may not bring precipitation. A temperature change is usually not noticed at ground level. Occluded front on a map:

34 5. What are the different types of fronts that can exist? 4) Stationary front: air masses moving in opposite direction which can cause cloudy skies for hours or days. Stationary front on a map:

35 Do Now: Identify each type of front. Occluded front 1 Cold front 2 3 Warm front

36 Which type of front is approaching Long Island? Cold Front

37 March 1, 2016 Weather Map: What type of front was approaching Long Island?

38 March 1, 2016 Long Island Approaching Warm Front

39 March 1, 2016 Long Island Approaching Warm Front

40 March 1, 2016 Long Island Approaching Warm Front

41 March 1, Forecast What terms in the forecast indicate a warm front was approaching?

42 What type of front would this be? Cold Front

43 What type of front would this be? Warm Front

44 What type of front would this be? Cold Front

45 6. How are maps used to determine current weather conditions and to predict future weather conditions? Weather maps may show: o Station models o Temperature (isotherms) o Air pressure (isobars) o High and low-pressure centers o Fronts o Wind speed (spacing of isobars) o Air masses o Precipitation locations (around the low-pressure center, at the cold front, and ahead of the warm front) o Satellite maps can show areas of precipitation and clouds.

46 6. How are maps used to determine current weather conditions and to predict future weather conditions?

47 6. How are maps used to determine current weather conditions and to predict future weather conditions?

48 6. How are maps used to determine current weather conditions and to predict future weather conditions?

49 6. How are maps used to determine current weather conditions and to predict future weather conditions?

50 7. How are maps used to predict future weather conditions? Weather forecasting: the weather forecast over the next few hours/days are based upon the direction the pressure centers and fronts are moving. o Storm Track: in the United States, storms move towards the northeast due to the southwesterly prevailing winds

51 7. How are maps used to predict future weather conditions? o This is why we typically look at weather conditions in mid-west of the United States to predict our future weather conditions.

52 8. How does radar help scientists determine changes in weather? Doppler radar: a radio tracking system that uses the Doppler effect to determine the location and velocity of a storm, clouds, and precipitation.

53 8. How does radar help scientists determine changes in weather?

54 8. How does radar help scientists determine changes in weather? The diagrams below represent electromagnetic waves being transmitted (T) by a Doppler radar weather instrument and waves being reflected (R) by rain showers. This instrument produces computer images that show the movement of rainstorms. The reflected wavelengths (R) from a stationary rain shower are equal to the transmitted wavelengths (T).

55 8. How does radar help scientists determine changes in weather? The diagrams below represent electromagnetic waves being transmitted (T) by a Doppler radar weather instrument and waves being reflected (R) by rain showers. This instrument produces computer images that show the movement of rainstorms. The reflected wavelengths (R) from a rain shower moving toward the instrument are shorter than the transmitted wavelengths (T).

56 8. How does radar help scientists determine changes in weather? The diagrams below represent electromagnetic waves being transmitted (T) by a Doppler radar weather instrument and waves being reflected (R) by rain showers. This instrument produces computer images that show the movement of rainstorms. The reflected wavelengths (R) from a rain shower moving away from the instrument are longer than the transmitted wavelengths (T).

57 9. What causes severe storms? Storms: a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.

58 9. What causes severe storms? o Storms are associated with low-pressure centers and fronts.

59 9. What causes severe storms? o Clouds form when warm, moist air rises, expands, and cools to the dewpoint temperature.

60 14. How should we prepare for storms? General Storm Preparation: Have a family and city emergency storm plan.

61 14. How should we prepare for storms? General Storm Preparation: Listen to weather reports for the latest information and instructions in your area.

62 14. How should we prepare for storms? General Storm Preparation: Have storm supply kit for your home and car: o First aid kit o Non-perishable food and water o Battery operated flashlight and radio o Protective clothing and blankets o Backup generator o Cash

63 Severe Storm #1: Thunderstorms

64 11. What is a thunderstorm? Thunderstorm: A rainstorm that produces thunder, lightning, strong winds and sometimes hail. o Often associated with cold fronts.

65 11. What is a thunderstorm?

66 12. What are the dangerous conditions associated with thunderstorms? Thunderstorm dangers: Lightning, hail, flash flooding

67 12. What are the dangerous conditions associated with thunderstorms?

68 12. What are the dangerous conditions associated with thunderstorms?

69 13. How can I stay safe in a thunderstorm? Thunderstorm safety: o Avoid exposed areas such as open fields o Stay away from tall trees that may be hit or knocked down by a lightning strike o Avoid objects that can conduct electricity o Do not try to drive through flood water

70 13. How can I stay safe in a thunderstorm?

71 Severe Storm #2: Blizzards

72 14. What is a blizzard? Blizzard: A winter snowstorm that produces heavy snow and winds of 35 miles per hour (56 kilometers per hour) or greater

73 14. What is a blizzard?

74 15. What are the dangerous conditions associated with blizzards? Blizzard dangers: Freezing temperatures, frost bite, ice storms, windy conditions

75 15. What are the dangerous conditions associated with blizzards?

76 16. How can I stay safe in a blizzard? Blizzard safety: o Stay indoors o Dress warmly o Keep gas tank full o If your car gets stuck stay until help comes

77 Severe Storm #3: Hurricanes

78 17. What is a hurricane?

79 17. What is a hurricane? Hurricane: A huge storm that formed over warm water that has sustained winds in excess of 74 miles (120 kilometers) per hour.

80 17. What is a hurricane? o Power: Evaporation of warm water powers the hurricane. Hurricanes lose power when they move towards colder water and move over land.

81 Hurricane Sandy 2012

82 Hurricane Sandy 2012

83 17. What is a hurricane? o Hurricane tracking: Hurricanes originate in tropical regions and are pushed by the prevailing winds.

84 17. What is a hurricane?

85 17. What is a hurricane? o Duration: Hurricanes can last for days or weeks.

86 18. What are the dangerous conditions associated with hurricanes? Hurricane dangers: o Flying objects due to high winds o Flooding due to storm surge (dome of water 65 to 80 kilometers wide that sweeps ashore at the coast near the point where the storm center (eye) hits land) o Coastal beach erosion

87 18. What are the dangerous conditions associated with hurricanes?

88 Hurricane Sandy Impacts

89 Hurricane Sandy Impacts

90 19. How can I stay safe in a hurricane? Hurricane safety: o Know your cities evacuation plan o Move to higher elevations o Stay indoors o Do not try to drive through flood water

91 Severe Storm #4: Tornadoes

92 20. What is a tornado? Tornado: Violent rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm cloud to the ground.

93 20. What is a tornado?

94 20. What is a tornado? oformation: when warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico meets cool, dry air from Central Canada it causes instability in the atmosphere. cp mt

95 20. What is a tornado? osize: very small storms, usually less than 0.5 km in diameter

96 Moore, Oklahoma Tornado 2013

97 Moore, Oklahoma Hurricane Damage

98 20. What is a tornado? oduration: very short in duration, usually a few minutes or less

99 Tornado Intensity Scale

100 21. What are the dangerous conditions associated with tornadoes? Tornado dangers: o Flying objects due to very strong winds o Hail

101 22. How can I stay safe in a tornado? Tornado safety: o Go to the cellar or safest interior room o Stay away from windows o Evacuate mobile homes

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