1. A 5. D 9. D 2. B 6. D 10. B 3. D 7. C 4. A 8. A

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1 17. a description of land breezes, including when and how they form Sample answer: onvection is the transfer of energy by moving particles. In water or air, particles move more freely than in rock. The freedom of movement results in more efficient transfer of energy. Students answers should include: understanding of what convection is understanding of the differences in particle motion in rock (solid), water (liquid), and air (gas) Extended Response 18. Sample answer: Earth is a system because it has many parts that work together. The biosphere is all the living and once-living things on Earth and is found in the atmosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. The other parts of the Earth system are not living. The atmosphere is the gases that surround Earth s surface. The geosphere is Earth s layers, which include the crust, mantle, and core. The hydrosphere is all the water on Earth that is liquid. The cryosphere is all the water on Earth that is frozen. The Earth system also includes all the processes that happen on Earth. Students answers should include: an understanding that a system consists of parts that interact an identification of the five spheres: atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere a broad description of each sphere an understanding that the Earth system includes ongoing Earth processes Unit 4 Weather and limate Unit Pretest is correct because drops of water that have condensed on a cold surface are known as dew. is incorrect because fog is a cloud forms near the ground. is incorrect because mist is made of fine water droplets in the air near Earth s surface. that is incorrect because arrow R points to a location that has a smaller degree of latitude than the places at arrow T or arrow S. is incorrect because arrow T points to a location that has a smaller degree of latitude than the location at arrow S. is incorrect because arrow W points to a location close to the equator with the smallest degree of latitude. is incorrect because a hygrometer measures humidity is incorrect because snow is solid precipitation that falls to Earth s surface. is correct because arrow S points to a location that has the highest degree of latitude the North Pole. is incorrect because an anemometer measures wind speed. is incorrect because a thermometer measures temperature. is correct because a barometer measures air pressure. 4. is correct because prolonged exposure to extremely cold temperatures may cause hypothermia, which could lead to death. is incorrect because sinkholes, not cold weather, may cause roads and structures to collapse and may damage utility service lines to cause outages. is incorrect because thunderstorms, not cold weather, cause strong winds and heavy rain that may lead to flash flooding. is incorrect because hurricanes, not and is incorrect because lightning is a discharge of electricity, not an expansion of air that can cause thunder. is incorrect because lightning is a discharge of electricity, not a mixture of warm and cold air. is correct because the discharge of electricity produces a flash of light between ground and cloud, seen as lightning. is incorrect because a tropical storm does not always develop as a cold front approaches. is incorrect because a front marks the boundary between two air masses that usually have different temperatures. is correct because a front is found between a cold, denser air mass and a warm, less dense air mass. 7. is incorrect because flash floods are a result of the heavy rains. is incorrect because sinkholes may form as a result of the removal of sediment below ground during a storm. is correct because lightning strikes may ignite wildfires. cold weather, may cause flooding strong winds. 5. is incorrect because a tornado is a rotating column of wind. 6. is incorrect because not all cold fronts produce thunderstorms. is incorrect because hail may cause crop damage. 8. is correct because infiltration is the movement of water from the surface of Earth, through the soil, and into the groundwater. is incorrect because precipitation is the movement of water from the atmosphere to the surface of Earth. is incorrect because runoff is the movement of water over the surface of Earth. is incorrect because transpiration is a process carried out by plants where water vapor is released into the 267 Grade 6 ssessment Guide Florida Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing ompany

2 atmosphere. 9. is incorrect because in order for a is incorrect because in order for a is incorrect because in order for a is correct because in order for a 10. is incorrect because the Monsoon urrent is in the Indian Ocean. is correct because the Gulf Stream flows from the aribbean along the eastern coast of Florida and then into the North tlantic. is incorrect because the North tlantic rift does not flow as far south as Florida. is incor rect because the South Pacific Equatorial urrent flows in the South Pacific Ocean. Lesson 1 Quiz is incorrect because hail is a solid form of precipitation. is correct because rain is a liquid form of precipitation. 5. is incorrect because sleet is a solid form of precipitation. is incorrect because snow is a solid form of precipitation. is correct because the dew forms when water vapor in the air condenses to form liquid water droplets. is incorrect because deposition is the change of state from a gas to a solid. is incorrect because evaporation is the change of state from a liquid to a gas. is incorrect because melting is a change of state that absorbs energy. is incorrect because sublimation is a change of state that absorbs energy. is correct because freezing is a change of state that releases energy. is incorrect because evaporation is a change of state that absorbs energy. 4. is incorrect because it does not explain why water is always available for the plants. is incorrect because sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas. is incorrect because water is able to evaporate from the soil in the terrarium. is correct because the energy from the sun cycles water through the soil, plants, and air in the terrarium. is incorrect because it does not explain why water is always available for the plants. 5. is incorrect because evaporation adds more water to the atmosphere than sublimation and transpiration do. is correct because sublimation adds the least amount of water, transpiration adds the second least amount of water, and evaporation adds the most water by far. is incorrect because evaporation adds more water to the atmosphere than transpiration does. is incor rect because transpiration adds more w ater to the atmosphere than sublimation does. Lesson 2 Quiz is correct because a satellite represents an example of a moving method for is incorrect because an anemometer represents an example of a stationary, not moving, method for weather data collection. is incorrect because an anchored weather buoy represents an example of a stationary, not moving, method for weather data collection. is incorrect because relative humidity is a percentage determined by dividing the density of water vapor in the air by the saturation density; therefore, the relative humidity is 50%, not 9 g/cm 3. is incorrect because relative humidity is a percentage determined by dividing the density of water vapor in the air by the saturation density; therefore, the relative humidity is 50%, not 27 g/cm 3. is incorrect because wind direction does not greatly affect visibility. is incorrect because air pressure does not directly affect visibility. weather data collection. is incorrect because a ground station represents an example of a stationary, not moving, method for weather data collection. is incorrect because relative humidity is a percentage determined by dividing the density of water vapor in the air by the saturation density; therefore, the relative humidity is 50%, not 25%. is correct because relative humidity is a percentage determined by dividing the density of water vapor in the air by the saturation density; therefore, the relative humidity is 50%. is correct because fog generally decreases visibility. is incorrect because temperature does not directly affect visibility. 4. is incorrect because the city with the highest elevation will have the lowest air pressure; the city with the highest elevation is heyenne, not tlanta. is correct because the city with the highest elevation will have the lowest air pressure; the city with the highest elevation is heyenne. is incorrect because the city with the highest elevation will have the lowest 268 Grade 6 ssessment Guide Florida Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing ompany

3 air pressure; the city with the highest elevation is heyenne, not Lansing. is incorrect because the city with the highest elevation will have the lowest air pressure; the city with the highest elevation is heyenne, not Phoenix. 5. is incorrect because it is true that wind is the movement of air that results from differences in air pressure. is incorrect because it is true that precipitation is water that falls to Earth s surface from clouds; the water can be in the form of rain, snow, or sleet. is correct because air typically moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure, not the opposite. is incor rect because it is true that when the temperature of the air cools to the dew point, the air is saturated and water droplets form. Lesson 3 Quiz is incorrect because although hail and rain are forms of precipitation, fog is a type of cloud that forms near the ground. is correct because snow, rain, and sleet all return water from the atmosphere to Earth. is incorrect because although rain and snow are forms of precipitation, condensation is the change of state from a vapor to a liquid. is incorrect because none of these processes returns water from the atmosphere to Earth. is incorrect because the air mass will take on the features of the land and become cooler. is incorrect because the air mass will lose its moisture in the form of precipitation to the drier land. is incorrect because the air mass will take on new features as it passes over a is correct because a high-pressure system is the rotation of air around a high-pressure center in the direction opposite to that of a planet s rotation. is incorrect because the atmosphere is spinning in one direction in the Great Red Spot and not as two masses moving toward each other. is incorrect because the atmosphere is spinning in the same direction and not as two air masses moving in opposite directions. 4. is incorrect because this illustration shows the jet stream pulling cold air from anada down into the United States. is incorrect because the polar jet stream in this case is pulling cold air down from anada. is correct because the jet stream pulls the warmer air from alifornia up into central anada. 5. is incorrect because the experiment did not demonstrate any of the steps that make up the water cycle, such as evaporation, condensation, or precipitation. different type of landmass. is correct because as an air mass moves, it brings its temperatures and moisture to the new location. is incorrect because in a low-pressure system the rotation of air is in the same direction as a planet s rotation. is incorrect because the jet stream in this illustration does not move into anada. is incorrect because the experiment did not model the formation of wind patterns. is correct because the food coloring will show how a current fo rms as the warm water fl ows through the co ld water. is incorrect because the experiment did not demonstrate a tropical, rotating weather system. Lesson 4 Quiz is incorrect because acid rain results mainly from air pollution. is incorrect because air is present as part of the Earth system and is not formed in thunderstorm clouds. is correct because ice particles form as water vapor cools, condenses, and freezes in the upper parts of thunderstorm clouds. is incorrect because in late winter, ocean water is usually not warm enough for hurricanes to form. is incorrect because in late spring, ocean water is usually cooler than is needed for hurricane formation. is correct because hurricanes are most likely to form when ocean water is warm enough to provide the necessary energy, such as in late summer. is incorrect because in late fall, ocean water is usually not warm enough for hurricane formation. is incorrect because a hurricane is a low-pressure system that does not have a funnel cloud. is incorrect because a blizzard does not have a funnel cloud. 5. is incorrect because oxygen is produced by organisms that photosynthesize, and oxygen is already present in the atmosphere. is incorrect because lake-effect snow does not have a funnel cloud. is correct because a funnel cloud is characteristic of a tornado. 4. is incorrect because a hurricane brings with it large amounts of rain. is correct because lightning is the discharge of electricity, produces a flash of light, and produces very high, localized temperatures, which can cause a wildfire where conditions at the strike location are very dry. is incorrect because thunder is sound 269 Grade 6 ssessment Guide Florida Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing ompany

4 Powerful Performance: Performances focus on tornadoes or other severe weather and give information about the movement and destructive capabilities of the severe weather event. Lesson 5 lternative ssessment Mix and Match: The Impact of Natural isasters. Student use one information source from olumn to gather information about natural disasters.. Student choose two natural disasters from olumn.. Use the following guidelines to evaluate student s presentation of analysis. iagram or illustration: Image shows the similarities and differences between the chosen natural disasters and their impact. olors or symbols marked on a visual, with a key: Visual such as a map, chart, or graph uses symbols to provide data about the impact of the chosen natural disasters. Model, such as drawings or descriptions connected by strings: Model describes and analyzes how the chosen natural disasters affect communities. ooklet, such as a field guide, travel brochure, playbook, or set of menus: ooklet presents information about the impacts of the two chosen natural disasters. Game: Game players learn about the similarities and differences between the two chosen natural disasters and their impacts. Story, song, or poem, with supporting details: Work uses supporting details to describe how the two chosen natural disasters impact communities and people. Skit, chant, or dance, with supporting details: Work uses supporting details to describe how the two chosen natural disasters impact communities and people. Multimedia presentation: Presentation provides information about the impact of the two chosen natural disasters. Mathematical depiction: epiction describes the impact of two natural disasters, and can explain the consequences of each event. Student choice: Work presents relevant information about how the chosen natural disasters impact people s lives. Lesson 6 lternative ssessment limb the Pyramid: limate Factors nywhere in the World ity reator: Poster describes the climatic conditions of two cities, including temperature and precipitation. Poster explains what factors affect the two climates. limate Journal: Journal entries describe the weather for one day of each month. Entries include information about temperature, precipitation, and other factors that affect the climate in the region. Where in the World?: Posters describe the unexpected climate in a chosen location, and explain factors that affect the region s climate. Fighting Factors: Each character in the skit gives a detailed explana tion of how it affects climate, and describes which factor has the greatest impact on climate. limate P oem: Poem describes the climate of a city or region and the different factors that affect th e climate. ompare ities: Paragraph compares the average monthly temperature and precipitation in two cities. graph may be included. Florida enchmark Review See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is incorrect because the difference in latitude between these two cities is probably too small to cause large variations in temperature. is incorrect because oceans tend to moderate temperatures, so temperatures in Miami would be less variable than those in Gainesville is correct because Miami is closer to the ocean, and oceans tend to moderate temperatures, so temperatures in Miami would be less variable than those in Gainesville. See Unit 4, Lesson 2 is incorrect because wind speed describes the speed of wind. is incorrect because wind direction describes the direction from which the wind blows. is correct because the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation at a given temperature is the definition of relative humidity. is correct. Melanin protects the skin from the sun s ultraviolet rays. is correct because strong winds in the jet stream, which is in the troposphere, can reach speeds of 400 km/h. 5. is incorrect because Gainesville s distance from the ocean causes its climate to be less moderate than that of Miami. is incorrect because air pressure is a measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface. See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is incorrect because melanin does not protect against extreme humidity. is incorrect because melanin does not protect against subzero temperatures. is incorrect because melanin does not protect against acid rain. 4. See Unit 4, Lesson 3 is incorrect because air spinning in the same direction as Earth s rotation forms a low-pressure system. is incorrect because air spinning in the direction opposite to Earth s rotation forms a high-pressure system. is incorrect because the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure produces winds. See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is correct because arrow R points to a line of latitude, the distance in degrees north or south from the equator. is incorrect because arrow S points to the North Pole, not a line of latitude. is incorrect because arrow T points to a line of longitude, not a line of latitude. is incorrect because arrow W points to 272 Grade 6 ssessment Guide Florida Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing ompany

5 neither a line of latitude nor a line of longitude. 6. See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is incorrect because although humidity is a factor in determining climate, it is not one of the two main factors, temperature and precipitation. is incorrect because although air pressure is a factor in determining climate, it is not one of the two main factors, temperature and precipitation. is correct because precipitation is the other main factor that determines climate. is incorrect because although wind conditions are a factor in determining climate, it is not one of the two main factors. 7. See Unit 4, Lesson 1 is incorrect because ocean water would also be a source of water vapor. is incorrect because palm trees would also add water to the atmosphere through transpiration. is incorrect because palm trees would also be adding water vapor to the atmosphere. is correct because ocean water and sand would add water vapor to the air by evaporating, and palm trees would add water vapor to the air through the process of transpiration. 8. See Unit 4, Lesson 1 is incorrect because deposition would describe the snow changing from water vapor to a solid instead of from a solid to water vapor. is incorrect because evaporation would describe the snow changing from liquid water to water vapor. is incorrect because melting would describe the snow changing from solid water to liquid water. is correct. the snow changes directly from a solid to a gas. this process is known as sublimation. 9. See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is incorrect because for the temperatures to be comparable, they should be taken at the same time each day. is incorrect because temperature would be a sufficient indication of a tropical climate if the data covered a longer period of time. is correct because climate describes weather patterns in an area over a long period of time, such as 30 years or more. is incorrect because calculating the average temperature for one week would not provide enough information to make any conclusions about climate. 10. See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is correct because winds carry energy around Earth, which can influence the temperature of an area. is incorrect because although winds are caused by the energy of the sun, this does not explain how winds can influence temperature. is incorrect because although winds move because of differential heating, this does not explain how winds can influence temperature. is incorrect because if winds are bringing warm air, this will also cause the ground to warm to some extent. Winds influence the temperature simply by carrying energy in the form of heat. 11. See Unit 4, Lesson 5 is incorrect because Florida s elevation and topography explain why the state is susceptible to flooding, not muck fires. is incorrect because the prevalence of limestone in Florida makes the state susceptible to sinkholes, not muck fires. is incorrect because thunderstorms that are accompanied by lightning may result in wildfires and muck fires, but without the organic material underlying Florida s soil, muck fires would be unlikely to happen. is correct because the organic material in Florida s soil is highly flammable and may ignite during dry years. 1 See Unit 4, Lesson 3 is incorrect because humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, not air temperature. is incorrect because humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, not air pressure. is incorrect because high humidity indicates that there is a lot of water vapor in the air but does not reflect anything about an approaching cold front. is correct because a lot of water vapor in the air is the cause of high humidity. 1 See Unit 4, Lesson 1 is incorrect because hail is a solid but rain is not. is incorrect because rain is a liquid but hail is not. is incorrect because hail is not a liquid and rain is not a solid. is correct because hail is a form of solid precipitation, and rain is a form of liquid precipitation. 14. See Unit 4, Lesson 4 is incorrect because a hurricane forms when energy is released from a mass of warm, humid air as it condenses into droplets or ice crystals. Hurricanes are much larger than tornadoes and rotate more slowly. is incorrect because lightning is a flash of light that results from the discharge of static electricity. Lightning does not rotate. is incorrect because thunder is sound, not rotating air. is correct because a tornado can develop when rising air starts to rotate very quickly as a result of the motion of winds at altitude. 15. See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is correct because the sun s energy drives the water cycle, which determines precipitation. is incorrect because surface currents do not bring precipitation to different areas. is incorrect because the sun s energy is more directly related to the amount of evaporation. is incorrect because the sun s energy does not cause runoff. In addition, runoff is an effect rather than a cause of precipitation. 16. See Unit 4, Lesson 6 is correct because sea level is commonly used as a reference point to calculate elevation. is incorrect because most lakes have different elevations, so lake level would not provide a reference point to measure elevation. is incorrect because land can be at 273 Grade 6 ssessment Guide Florida Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing ompany

6 many different elevations, so land level would be too ambiguous and not provide a reference point to measure elevation. is incorrect because the elevations of rivers are different even within the same river, so river level does not provide a reference point to measure elevation. 17. See Unit 4, Lesson 5 is incorrect because a wildfire is an uncontrolled, non structure fire that happens in the wilderness, wildland, or bush. is correct because a sinkhole is a circular depression that forms when rock dissolves, when overlying sediment fills in an existing cavity, or when the roof of an underground cavern or mine collapses. is incorrect because a hurricane is a severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more than 120 km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center. is incorrect because hail is solid precipitation in the form of lumps of ice that form when convection currents within clouds carry raindrops to high levels, where the drops freeze and accumulate layers. 18. See Unit 4, Lesson 4 is incorrect because point a is in the northwest, where hurricanes happen much less often than at point. is incorrect because point is in the southwest, where hurricanes happen much less often than at point. is incorrect because point is in the Midwest, where hurricanes do not happen very often, and when they do, they are in the northward path of hurricanes that happen at point. is correct because point is near the tropical regions of the tlantic Ocean, where hurricanes are most likely to happen because of general climate and atmospheric conditions. Unit Test Key oncepts Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing ompany is incorrect because condensation does not involve a transfer from land to the ocean. is incorrect because arrow should be labeled evaporation. is incorrect because arrow should be labeled precipitation. is correct because water could move from the land to the ocean by runoff. is incorrect because air masses are large, usually stretching thousands of kilometers across. is incorrect because an air mass has a constant temperature throughout. is correct because a warm air mass is defined by its humidity and temperature. is incorrect because air masses play an important role in determining the type of weather in an area. is incorrect because part of Florida is located in the tropical climate zone, but the other part is in the temperate, not polar, climate zone. is incorrect because part of Florida is located in the temperate climate zone, but the other part is in the tropical, not polar, climate zone. is correct because Florida is located in the tropical and temperate climate zones. is incorrect because part of Florida is located in the temperate climate zone, but the other part is in the tropical, not subtropical, climate zone. 4. is correct because air pressure is a measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface. is incorrect because air pressure, not temperature, is a measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface. with which air molecules push on a surface. is incorrect because air pressure, not relative humidity, is a measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface. 5. is incorrect because plants take in water from the soil. is incorrect because plants do not play a main role in water storage in the water cycle. is correct because the main role of plants in the water cycle is to release water vapor into the air during transpiration. is incorrect because although condensation occurs on plants as dew, it is not the main way that plants contribute to the water cycle. 6. is incorrect because hail is solid precipitation in the form of lumps of ice that form when convection currents within clouds carry raindrops to high levels, where the drops freeze and accumulate layers. is incorrect because a hurricane is a severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more than 120 km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center. is correct because a sinkhole is a circular depression that forms when rock dissolves, when overlying sediment fills in an existing cavity, or when the roof of an underground cavern or mine collapses. is incorrect because a wildfire is an uncontrolled, non structure fire that happens in the wilderness, wildland, or bush. 7. is correct because tornadoes form when a thunderstorm meets horizontal winds at high altitude, these winds cause the warm air in a thunderstorm to rotate. Tornadoes often extend from the lower parts of clouds down to the ground. is incorrect because air pressure, not precipitation, is a measure of the force is incorrect because hurricanes are tropical low-pressure systems that form over warm ocean water. Hurricanes produce sustained winds 274 Grade 6 ssessment Guide Florida