Section 13-1: Thunderstorms
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1 Section 13-1: Thunderstorms Chapter 13 Main Idea: The intensity and duration of thunderstorms depend on the local conditions that create them. Air-mass thunderstorm Mountain thunderstorm Sea-breeze thunderstorm Frontal thunderstorm Stepped leader Return stroke 3 Things Needed for a Thunderstorm Abundant moisture in the lower atmosphere. A lift mechanism Unstable atmosphere: the atmosphere must be cooler with altitude, so the air will continue to rise Air Stability Cause? Stability: The ability of air to resist rising. 1
2 Atmosphere Stability Day vs. Night The speed or rate at which air rises & cools determines its stability. Speed of rising depends on the temperature change from ground to upper troposphere Stable atmosphere = high stability = little rising Air at surface is similar in temp and density as the air above, resulting in little to no rising. Clouds are thin stratus, or absent. Untable atmosphere = instability = Air rises quickly Air temperature quickly decreases with altitude. Air at the surface is warm with low density compared to the air above it. The low density causes it to rapidly rise Causes cumulonimbus clouds and intense precipitation. Untable atmosphere = instability = Air rises quickly 2
3 Untable atmosphere Cont Instability can be increased with a high amount of humidity in the air. Results: Lots of condensation at the LDL (Lifted Condensation Level) will release latent heat Latent heat warms the atmosphere, air continues to rise, cloud expands. Untable atmosphere Cont Instability is also increased when warm air is forced quickly up at a cold front. Instability is increased during orographic lifting. 3
4 Classification of Thunderstorms Thunderstorms are classified by type of lift mechanism. Air mass thunderstorms Mountain Sea breeze Frontal thunderstorms Air Mass Thunderstorms Occurs in the middle of a single air mass due to convection in the middle. Due to unequal surface heating within the air mass during the day. Most common in late afternoon around 4pm. Mountain Thunderstorms Occur when an air mass rises by orographic lifting, which involves air moving up the side of a mountain. Sea-Breeze Thunderstorms Caused by heating and temperature differences between land and water. mt air is warm and humid perfect for thunderstorm formation. Do not produce severe storms. Happen in late afternoon. 4
5 Sea-Breeze Thunderstorms Frontal Thunderstorms Produced mainly by cold fronts. Steep front forces warm air up quickly. T-Storm develops at leading edge (front edge) Frontal Thunderstorms Differences from air mass T-Storms Last longer Can occur day or night More severe Sometimes produced by warm fronts, but not as often and not as severe. Stages of Thunderstorm Development T-Storm Development: 3 stages classified by direction of air movement (up and/or down) 5
6 1. Cumulus Stage Baby Cumulus Warm wet air rises, creating updrafts. As air rises, it begins to cool until it reaches the dew point. Water vapor condenses, releasing latent heat. Latent heat causes air to warm and rise. 1. Cumulus Stage Baby Cumulus Warm wet air rises, creating updrafts. As air rises, it begins to cool until it reaches the dew point. Water vapor condenses, releasing latent heat. Latent heat causes air to warm and rise. 6
7 2. Mature Stage tall & active cumulonimbus Precipitation/rain begins, cooling surrounding air. Cooled, dense air sinks to the ground with rain, producing downdrafts Equal amounts of updrafts and downdrafts form convection cells with strong winds. Heavy rain and/or hail is possible 3. Dissipation Stage Downdrafts predominate Cool air predominates. Little warm air left, so updrafts stop. Very light rain, cloud evaporates and disappears. 7
8 3 Signs of Severe T-Storms Strong winds of 50mph or more Large hailstones measuring 0.75 or more Tornado present Severe Thunderstorm Hazards 3 Hazards that accompany severe T-storms responsible for the most property damage and deaths. Lightning Tornadoes Flash Flooding 8
9 Lightning Caused by electricity generated by the rapid rushes of air inside a cumulonimbus cloud. Friction rubs/knocks electrons off. Charges separate: - charge builds up on bottom, + charge on top of cloud. - charge at bottom of cloud attracts and pulls positive charges on the ground to the tops of trees. Lightning Lightning When charges build up, a giant electrical spark/current jumps from negative area to positive area. Lightning A branched channel of partially charged air forms between the cloud and the ground, called a stepped leader. When the stepped leader reaches the ground, it connects with the return stroke, a branch of positively charged particles. 9
10 Lightning Lightning Lightning Lightning causes an instant heat, 5x hotter than the surface of the Sun. Thunder is due to rapid expansion followed by immediate contraction of the air. Responsible for 300 injuries and 90 deaths annually. Lightning Lightning causes an instant heat, 5x hotter than the surface of the Sun. Thunder is due to rapid expansion followed by immediate contraction of the air. Responsible for 300 injuries and 90 deaths annually. 10
11 13-2: Supercells Supercells are self-sustaining, extremely powerful storms. Characterized by: Intense, rotating updrafts Spawning long-lived tornadoes 240km/h winds Less than 10% of thunderstorms in the U.S. reach supercell proportions 13-2: Strong Winds Violent downdrafts of 200km/h or greater concentrated in a local area are called downbursts. Macrobursts: Can affect an area 5km wide, and lasts for up to 30 minutes Microbursts: Can affect an area of 3km wide, and lasts fewer than 10 minutes. 11
12 13-2: Strong Winds Downbursts can be as destructive or more destructive than tornadoes. Extremely difficult to predict and detect. 13-2: Tornadoes Violent, whirling column of air in contact with the ground. Prior to contact, called a funnel cloud. Formed when wind speed and direction change suddenly. 13-2: Tornadoes Begins with air moving horizontally on the surface. Storm updrafts flip the air up. Air begins to stretch out. More stretching faster air. 12
13 13-2: Tornadoes Begins with air moving horizontally on the surface. Storm updraft picks this air up. Air begins to stretch out. More stretching faster air. 13-2: Tornadoes (simplified) Measuring/Classifying Fujita tornado intensity scale Based on estimated wind speed and damage. Determined AFTER the tornado occurred damage must be assessed Measuring/Classifying 13
14 Measuring/Classifying Enhanced Fujita Scale Type of structure combined with damage is evaluated, because building more poorly made will have more damage. Locations Occur most often in spring in the central U.S. where cold cp collide with mt (Large temp. differences) As warm, moist mt air moves N from Feb to May, tornado occurrences also move N. Usually occur in late afternoon Tropical Storms Normally peaceful, tropical oceans are capable of producing one of Earth s most violent weather system. During summer and fall, the tropics experience conditions ideal for the formation of large, rotating, lowpressure tropical storms called tropical cyclones. 14
15 Tropical Cyclones Large, rotating, low-pressure storms. Require warm ocean water. Occur in late summer / early fall. Called hurricanes in the U.S. and Atlantic ocean. Called typhoons in the Pacific ocean. Latent Heat & Pressure Counter-clockwise spin in the Northern hemisphere. Warm, moist air rises, condenses, releasing latent heat, and continuing to rise. Continued rising increases energy and spinning speed. Overall Result Low-pressure in the center of the cyclone. Spiraling surface wind speed increases. The lower the pressure, the stronger the storm. 15
16 Formation 2 things needed Abundant supply of warm water. Disturbance causing lift. Movement Moves with wind currents. (trade winds) Lasts until no warm ocean water is available to sustain it. Energy no longer available when it reaches: Land (loses moisture) Cold Water (loses warmth) 16
17 Tropical Cyclone Stages 1. Tropical Disturbance 2. Tropical Depression 3. Tropical Storm 4. Hurricane Tropical Disturbance Starts as a weak low-pressure system where air rises because it is warm or because it is lifted by the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) Tropical Disturbance Tropical Disturbance May be a band of thunderstorms in the tropics. 17
18 Tropical Depressions and Storms Tropical Depressions form when spinning around the low pressure center begins Tropical Storms form when cyclonic winds around the center are 40mph or more. Hurricanes Hurricanes form when winds are >= 75mph (120kmph) and the eye is present. The eye is calm and an area of extremely low pressure The eyewall has the strongest/fastest winds. Measuring Hurricanes Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale: Based on CURRENT wind speed, pressure, and storm surge damage potential (NOT actual damage like the Fujita Tornado Scale) Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale A hurricane can move up and down through the different levels throughout its life. 1-5 scale: lowest to highest intensity 18
19 Hurricane Destruction: 3 Main Hazards 1. Storm Surge 2. Wind Damage 3. Flash Flooding Storm Surge Storm Surge Huge wall of water that is pushed over the land by the hurricane winds. Causes 90% of hurricane deaths. 19
20 Storm Surge Storm Surge Wind Damage mph winds These change in intensity depending on your location and the path of the hurricane. Most violent winds are in the eye wall. Wind Damage 20
21 Flash Flooding Caused by heavy rainfall in a small duration of time. Worse if combined with a storm surge. 13-4: Recurrent Weather Relatively mild weather can become destructive if it persists for long periods of time. Too much of any type of weather can have serious consequences. 21
22 Droughts: Lack of Rainfall Extended period with no rain, or less than average rainfall. Result of HIGH pressure system? Heat Waves: Extended periods above normal temperature. With a HIGH-pressure system, there are little to no clouds. Air is rising or sinking? Sun is intense since it does not reflect off of cloud cover. Heat Waves: Usually accompany droughts. Winds blowing out away from center (H-Pressure) prevent cool air masses from moving in. Health problems can occur (heat stroke) Heat Index Compares combined heat and humidity to the body s ability to sweat and cool off 22
23 Cold Wave Extended periods below normal temperature. Also due to high pressure, but cp in origin. Influenced by the jet stream. Wind-Chill Factor How cold the air feels based on the estimated heat loss from the skin due to cold temperatures and WIND. 23
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