AMMA Conference 28 November-2 December, 2005 Dakar, Senegal. Multiyear Streamflow and Rainfall In the Ankobra River, Ghana
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1 AMMA Conference 28 November-2 December, 2005 Dakar, Senegal Multiyear Streamflow and Rainfall In the Ankobra River, Ghana Michael M. Tanu, Karen I. Mohr, and Anantha R. Aiyyer Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University at Albany, SUNY Albany, NY Support for Study: National Science Foundation Acknowledgement: Thanks to Ademe Mekonnen for helping in discussion
2 Study Motivation Continental runoff to the oceans is a critical component of the global climate system. (e.g., Webster 1994; Branstetter and Erickson 2003). Branstetter and Erickson (2003) evaluated the model-simulated freshwater discharge from 19 large rivers. Model performance for African rivers, both timing and magnitude, was particularly poor. Analysis of trends in hydroclimatological variables such as streamflow and precipitation have been found to be an effective way to investigate regional climate variability. Improving prediction of regional climate requires a better understanding of the rainfall-runoff relationship.
3 Monthly mean discharge from the Niger River Graph from Branstetter and Erickson (2003) CCSM2 Community Climate System Model, version 2 (newer) CCSM3 Community Climate System Model, version 3 (older) Observations from Vörösmarty et al. (1998)
4 Data and Analysis Daily streamflow values for the Ankobra River, Ghana and rainfall for synoptic stations in Ghana were converted to monthly values. The Mann-Kendall trend test (e.g., Molnar and Ramirez 2000) was used to evaluate monthly and yearly trends. The Kendall-Thiel Robust Line was computed for areas showing a decreasing trend in rainfall.
5 Map of Study Area Burkina Faso Benin Ivory Coast Ghana Togo
6 Streamflow for three Ankobra sites ( ) (a) Bonsaso Prestea Bepo Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Streamflow (m3/s) Month
7 Trend statistics (Z) for streamflow for the three Ankobra sites (b) Bonsaso Prestea Bepo Trend statistics (Z) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Significant at 95% confidence level, Z > 1.96
8 RAINFALL ANALYSIS
9 Rainfall closest to the Ankobra streamflow sites ( ) (a) Axim Takoradi Sefw i-bekw ai Rainfall (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month
10 Trend statistics (Z) for the rainfall sites (b) Axim Takoradi Sefwi-Bekwai Trend statictics (Z) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Significant at 95% confidence level, Z > 1.96
11 Benin Ivory Coast Ghana Togo Trend statistics (Z) for annual rainfall ( )
12 Trends for Takoradi and Axim rainfall Rainfall Kendall-Thiel Robust line Annual rainfall for Axim Rainfall Kendall-Thiel Robust line Annual rainfall for Takoradi Rainfall (mm) Ye a r Rainfall (mm) Year T= mm/yr T= mm/yr
13 Trends for Accra and Saltpond rainfall Rainfall (mm) Kendall-Thiel Robust line Annual rainfall totals for Accra Rainfall Kendall-Thiel Robust line Annual Rainfall for Saltpond Rainfall (mm) Year Rainfall (mm) Year T = mm/yr T = mm/yr
14 Trends for Akuse and Yendi rainfall Rainfall Kendall-Thiel Robust line Annnual rainfall totals for Akuse Rainfall Kendall-Thiel Robust Line Annual rainfall for Yendi Rainfall(mm) Year T = -6.8mm/yr Rainfall (mm) Year T = -6.7mm/yr
15 Benin Ivory Coast Ghana Togo Trend for June rainfall for southern stations
16 LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS SST and Meridional winds ( )
17 Mean SST Trend
18 Mean Vector wind and trend in the Meridional wind
19 CONVECTION CLOUD TOP BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE Diurnal and synoptic scale ( )
20 Mean Variance (Diurnal) BTK June ( Trend
21 Mean variance BTK 2-6D June( Trend
22 Summary Streamflow from March to July has a significant decreasing trend. A significant decreasing trend in rainfall occurs in areas closest to the Gulf of Guinea. The month of June has the largest decreasing trend. SST show an increase trend over the Gulf coast closer to Ghana. Meridional wind, diurnal, and synoptic scale activities for June indicate decrease trend over Ghana.
23 Future work Investigate trend analysis in more detail and extend to other major rivers in the region. Investigate variability of various scales (SST, atmospheric circulation, convection, land surface condition)
GAMINGRE 8/1/ of 7
FYE 09/30/92 JULY 92 0.00 254,550.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254,550.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 254,550.00 AUG 10,616,710.31 5,299.95 845,656.83 84,565.68 61,084.86 23,480.82 339,734.73 135,893.89 67,946.95
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Climate Division: CA 4 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 49.4 37.5 43.5 73
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Climate Division: CA 5 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) 59.3 31.5 45.4 80 1976
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Climate Division: CA 2 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) 53.7 32.7 43.2 79 1962
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Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) 56.0 35.7 45.9 83 1975
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) 64.8 45.4 55.1 85 1971
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 1 Number of s (3) 65.5 38.7 52.1 87 1962
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) 58.8 34.3 46.6 81+ 1948
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 7 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) 70.4 44.2 57.3 95 1971
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 1 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 52.4 35.4 43.9 69
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 4 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 61.9 42.0 52.0 89
Climatography of the United States No
Climate Division: CA 2 NWS Call Sign: Month (1) Min (2) Month(1) Extremes Lowest (2) Temperature ( F) Lowest Month(1) Degree s (1) Base Temp 65 Heating Cooling 100 Number of s (3) Jan 55.6 38.8 47.2 81