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1 METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 5 - NUMBER METEOROLOGICKÝ ČASOPIS ROČNÍK 5 - ČÍSLO CONTENTS DETECTION OF GROSS ERRORS IN AIR POLLUTION DATA Jan Horálek, Jitka Hrdá, Jaroslav Fiala, Marek Brabec... 3 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND AVALANCHE FORMATION IN THE HIGH TATRAS Martin Vojtek... 9 BENZENE IN THE AMBIENT AIR OF SLOVAKIA Jaroslava Szabóová INFLUENCE OF VISITORS ON THE MICROCLIMATE OF THE DOBŠINSKÁ ICE CAVE Gabriela Kožáková DEPENDANCE OF THE ONSET OF THE FIRST MAY SPROUTS OF NORWAY SPRUCE ON CHOSEN METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS Viera Luknárová OBSAH DETEKCIA HRUBÝCH CHÝB V SÚBOROCH MERANÍ ZNEČISTENIA OVZDUŠIA Jan Horálek, Jitka Hrdá, Jaroslav Fiala, Marek Brabec... 3 METEOROLOGICKÉ PODMIENKY TVORBY LAVÍN VO VYSOKÝCH TATRÁCH Martin Vojtek... 9 BENZÉN VO VONKAJŠOM OVZDUŠÍ NA SLOVENSKU Jaroslava Szabóová VPLYV NÁVŠTEVNOSTI NA MIKROKLÍMU DOBŠINSKEJ ĽADOVEJ JASKYNE Gabriela Kožáková ZÁVISLOSŤ NÁSTUPU PRVÝCH MÁJOVÝCH VÝHONKOV SMREKA OBYČAJNÉHO OD VYBRANÝCH METEOROLOGICKÝCH PRVKOV Viera Luknárová INFORMATION 30 Years of radar and satellite observations at Malý Javorník Dagmar Kotláriková WMO Technical conference CBS/DPFS, Session of the WMO Commission for Basic Systems, CBS-Ext Igor Záhumenský th International Conference on Carpathian Meteorology Marián Ostrožlík, Anna Pribullová Young scientists conference 2002 Pavel Šťastný, Oľga Majerčáková th meeting of the meteorology group of the EANPG ICAO Cyril Kunzo Landscape atlas of the Slovak Republic Jozef Iľko Ferdinand Šamaj: Meteorology in the past and today Jozef Iľko INFORMÁCIE 30 rokov pracoviska rádiolokačných a družicových meraní na Malom Javorníku Dagmar Kotláriková Technická konferencia WMO CBS/DPFS, Zasadnutie WMO komisie pre základné systémy, CBS-Ext Igor Zahumenský medzinárodná konferencia o meteorológii Karpát Marián Ostrožlík, Anna Pribullová Konferencie mladých odborníkov spojené so súťažou roku 2002 Pavel Šťastný, Oľga Majerčáková zasadanie meteorologickej skupiny pri EANPG ICAO Cyril Kunzo Atlas krajiny Slovenskej republiky Jozef Iľko Ferdinand Šamaj: Meteorológia včera a dnes Jozef Iľko PERSONALS PERSONÁLIE... 51

2 DETECTION OF GROSS ERRORS IN AIR POLLUTION DATA JAN HORÁLEK 1, JITKA HRDÁ 1, JAROSLAV FIALA 1, MAREK BRABEC Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 17, Prague 4, Czech Republic National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10, Czech Republic The paper presents a method of detection of the values in the course of measured pollutant concentrations appearing to be heavily suspicious of gross errors occurrence. The method is based on the differences between the measurements of the respective pollutant concentration in two subsequent measurement terms. With the use of the presented statistical distribution of these differences the method detects untypical and therefore suspicious data. The described mechanism has been used for more than seven years in data checking in the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. The methodology was developed primarily for daily data, and then also for short-time data (half-hour intervals). DETEKCIA HRUBÝCH CHÝB V SÚBOROCH MERANÍ ZNEČISTENIA OVZDUŠIA JAN HORÁLEK 1, JITKA HRDÁ 1, JAROSLAV FIALA 1, MAREK BRABEC Český hydrometeorologický ústav, Na Šabatce 17, Praha 4 Státní zdravotní ústav, Šrobárova 48, Praha 10 V příspěvku je prezentována metoda vyhledávání hodnot v chodu naměřených koncentrací znečišťujících látek, které se jeví být silně podezřelé vzhledem k výskytu hrubé chyby. Metoda pracuje s diferencemi mezi měřeními příslušné imise ve dvou vždy po sobě následujících dnech. Pomocí předpokládaného statistického rozdělení těchto diferencí metoda vyhledává netypická a tudíž podezřelá data. Prezentovaný mechanismus je již více než sedm let využíván při kontrole dat v ČHMÚ. Metodika byla vyvinuta v prvé řadě pro denní data, následně i pro data krátkodobá (půlhodinová)..

3 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND AVALANCHE FORMATION IN THE HIGH TATRA MOUNTAINS MARTIN VOJTEK PhD student in Dept. of Meteorology & Climatology, Faculty of Math., Physics & Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia, Some avalanche forecasting methods based on daily meteorological data are presented. Linear stepwise regression was applied and tested on a verification sample with success. Some nonlinear variables were forced into the model. Dependent variable Y 1 5 represents output of the best regression model D12 (designed for dry-snow avalanches), according to the International 5-degree scale of avalanche danger. The forecast was successful in 59 % of days from the verification sample. The rest days were under- or overestimated by 1 degree from the real value of Y 1 5. The empirical forecast of SLP ZHS 1 avalanche warners is successful in 65 % of all days, but more days (about 1 %) are under- than overestimated by 2 degrees. Other avalanche prediction methods mentioned may be applied in the future together with regression model developments, which needs sophisticated analysis to find out the most suitable variables connected with avalanche triggering. The terminus of avalanche (Y xt ) is proposed as an alternative or complementary dependent variable to be an output of future models. Also some certified elements to be measured in the future are proposed. It is inevitable to increase the quality of specialized observations and measurements on SLP ZHS mountain stations and replace them by automatic ones, where it is possible. For the purpose of this work, it was inevitable to create a new modern database, which now offers basic statistical avalanche characteristics from the winter season 1991/92. METEOROLOGICKÉ PODMIENKY TVORBY LAVÍN VO VYSOKÝCH TATRÁCH MARTIN VOJTEK PhD študent, Katedra meteorológie a klimatológie, FMFI, Univerzita Komenského, Bratislava, matov@host.sk, Práca sa zaoberá metódami na predpovedanie lavín z denných meteorologických údajov. Zrealizovať a otestovať sa podarilo do úspešného konca lineárnu postupnú regresiu obohatenú o niektoré nelineárne prvky. Najúspešnejší regresný model D12 vhodný najmä pre lavíny zo suchého snehu predpovedá stupeň lavínového nebezpečenstva (Y 1 5, podľa medzinárodnej 5-dielnej stupnice) s 59 % úspešnosťou. Vo zvyšných prípadoch sa na testovacej vzorke odchýlil najviac o jeden stupeň. Úspešnosť predpovedania stupňa Y 1 5 pracovníkmi Strediska Lavínovej Prevencie Záchrannej Horskej Služby (SLP ZHS) použitím empirických metód je 65 %, ale asi 1 % prípadov podhodnocujú o 2 stupne. Po vylepšení regresného modelu a nájdení vhodnejších premenných sa otvára možnosť aplikovať aj ďalšie predpovedné metódy. Ako ďalej vyplynulo, lepšie by bolo modelovať veličinu maximálneho dosahu lavíny. Po analýze boli navrhnuté niektoré osvedčené prvky, ktoré by sa v budúcnosti mali začať merať, prípadne by sa mali zhustiť ich merania. Je nutné skvalitniť špecializované pozorovania a merania na staniciach patriacich SLP ZHS ich častejšie a pravidelné vykonávanie, a tam, kde je to možné, prejsť k automatickým staniciam. Uvažuje sa o vybudovaní špeciálnej siete horských automatických staníc. Vďaka databáze, ktorej vznik bol pre prácu nevyhnutnosťou, je dnes možné jednoducho a pohotovo získať základné štatistické charakteristiky súvisiace s lavínovou problematikou od sezóny 1991/92. Databáza sa bude ďalej rozširovať o dostupné historické údaje.

4 BENZENE IN THE AMBIENT AIR OF SLOVAKIA JAROSLAVA SZABÓOVÁ Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, Bratislava, Slovakia, Benzene is a human genotoxic carcinogen and exposure to a high level of this compound represents a considerable health risk. Therefore EU Member States have taken measures necessary to ensure that concentrations of benzene in ambient air will not exceeded the limit value. The benzene directive 2000/69/EC was completely transposed into the Slovak air pollution legislation, from which results the requirement to monitor benzene in ambient air around Slovakia. Sources, fate and world-wide concentration levels are briefly reviewed in this introductory paper. Available benzene data from Slovakia are summarised and future monitoring activities are outlined. BENZÉN VO VONKAJŠOM OVZDUŠÍ NA SLOVENSKU JAROSLAVA SZABÓOVÁ Slovesný hydrometeorologický ústav, Jeséniova 17, Bratislava, jaroslava.szaboova@shmu.sk Benzén je ľudský genotoxický karcinogén a expozícia vyšším koncentráciám tejto látky predstavuje značné zdravotné riziko. Členské štáty EÚ preto prijali potrebné opatrenia, aby koncentrácie benzénu vo vonkajšom ovzduší neprekračovali limitnú hodnotu. Smernica EÚ 2000/69/EC o benzéne bola kompletne transponovaná do slovenskej legislatívy ochrany ovzdušia. Z legislatívy vyplýva požiadavka monitorovať benzén na území Slovenska. V tomto úvodnom článku sa stručne hodnotia zdroje, transformácia a úroveň koncentrácií benzénu v rôznych štátoch sveta. Ďalej sú zhrnuté dostupné údaje o koncentráciách benzénu z územia Slovenska a načrtnuté monitorovacie aktivity pre najbližšie obdobie.

5 INFLUENCE OF VISITORS ON THE MICROCLIMATE OF THE DOBŠINSKÁ ICE CAVE GABRIELA KOŽÁKOVÁ Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, Bratislava, Slovakia The study: Influence of Visitors on the Microclimate of the Dobšinská Ice Cave deals with the question of the influence of visitors on the speleoclimatic elements regime in the Dobšinská Ice Cave. The introduction of the study defines the discussed territory and presents characteristics of the cave. The main part of the study is an evaluation of the speleoclimatic monitoring held in the period from 2001 to 2002 in the Dobšinská Ice Cave. The next part of this study points out the influences of the daily visitors on the changes in speleoclimatic elements regime. In the last part conclusions are drawn based on the results of the study and proposals are made aiming at the protection and preservation of such a beautiful and unique site as the Dobšinská Ice Cave represents. VPLYV NÁVŠTEVNOSTI NA MIKROKLÍMU DOBŠINSKEJ ĽADOVEJ JASKYNE GABRIELA KOŽÁKOVÁ Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav, Jeséniova 17, Bratislava Príspevok: Vplyv návštevnosti na zmeny mikroklímy Dobšinskej ľadovej jaskyne rieši problematiku vplyvu návštevnosti na zmeny režimu speleoklimatických prvkov Dobšinskej ľadovej jaskyne. V úvode príspevku sa nachádza vymedzenie záujmovej lokality a charakteristika jaskyne. Nosnou časťou práce je vyhodnotenie speleoklimatického monitoringu v rokoch v Dobšinskej ľadovej jaskyni. Ďalšou úlohou práce je poukázať na vplyv dennej návštevnosti na zmeny režimu speleoklimatických prvkov. Na základe výsledkov spracovania sú v poslednej časti príspevku vyvodené závery a z hľadiska ochrany navrhnuté opatrenia na zachovanie prírodného unikátu, akým je Dobšinská ľadová jaskyňa.

6 DEPENDANCE OF THE ONSET OF THE FIRST MAY SPROUTS OF NORWAY SPRUCE ON CHOSEN METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS VIERA LUKNÁROVÁ Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, Bratislava 37, Slovakia, In connection with expected climate change a consistent monitoring of these changes is needed. Because it is possible to regard the plants as bioclimatological indicators, phenological observations can also be used for the evaluation of possible climate change impacts. In this paper the problem of the dependence of the onset of a phenological phase in the first May sprouts of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on the air temperature and soil temperature is solved, that is on the basis of a very close relationship between air temperature and soil temperature in a depth of 5 cm and 10 cm. The results of the work proved a shift in the onset of phenological phase first May sprouts of spruce in the period from 1986 to 2000 towards an earlier date. The air temperature and soil temperature to a depth of 5 and 10 cm in the decisive months for the onset of first May sprouts showed a rising trend. From the correlation analysis it resulted, that the highest influence on the creation of first May sprouts of spruce in the evaluated period were the temperature conditions of the air and soil in both depths in the period from March to May, by a correlation with separate months in April. ZÁVISLOSŤ NÁSTUPU PRVÝCH MÁJOVÝCH VÝHONKOV SMREKA OBYČAJNÉHO OD VYBRANÝCH METEOROLOGICKÝCH PRVKOV VIERA LUKNÁROVÁ Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav, Jeséniova 17, Bratislava 37, viera.luknarova@shmu.sk V súvislosti s očakávanou zmenou klímy je potrebný dôsledný monitoring týchto prebiehajúcich zmien. Nakoľko je možné rastliny považovať za bioklimatologický indikátor, dajú sa aj fenologické pozorovania využiť pre posudzovanie dopadov možnej zmeny klímy. V práci je riešená problematika závislosti nástupu fenologickej fázy prvé májové výhonky smreka obyčajného (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) od teploty vzduchu a teploty pôdy, a to na základe veľmi tesného vzťahu medzi teplotou vzduchu a teplotou pôdy v hĺbke 5 cm a 10 cm. Výsledky práce preukázali posun nástupu fenologickej fázy prvé májové výhonky smreka obyčajného za obdobie rokov ku skorším termínom. Teplota vzduchu a teplota pôdy v hĺbke 5 a 10 cm v rozhodujúcich mesiacoch pre nástup prvých májových výhonkov ukázali stúpajúci trend. Z korelačnej analýzy vyplynulo, že na tvorbu prvých májových výhonkov smreka obyčajného za sledované obdobie mali najväčší vplyv teplotné pomery vzduchu a pôdy v obidvoch hĺbkach v období marec až máj, pri korelácii s jednotlivými mesiacmi v mesiaci apríl.

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