NASA s SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy" D. Backman! SOFIA Outreach / NASA Ames / SETI Institute!
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1 NASA s SOFIA: Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy" D. Backman! SOFIA Outreach / NASA Ames / SETI Institute!
2 Outline:" Infrared light & infrared astronomy" SOFIA s engineering development" SOFIA in operation" SOFIA science highlights " Airborne Astronomy Ambassadors"
3 William Herschel" Discovery of Infrared Radiation !
4 Getting a more complete picture:! Constellation Orion left: view at visual wavelengths right: far-infrared view!
5 Representing invisible light is as much art as science.!
6 Special capabilities of an infrared observatory:" " Study objects cooler than normal stars," "e.g. stars & planets forming" " Study objects inside or behind interstellar dust clouds" " Study organic molecules in space"
7 View of troposphere / stratosphere boundary (tropopause) from above!
8 Mauna Kea observatories!
9 Evolution of NASA s Airborne Telescopes" LearJet! 10-inch! Kuiper! Airborne! Observatory! 36-inch! SOFIA! 100-inch! Aircraft flying above about 40,000 ft" can observe most of the infrared universe. Airborne infrared telescopes can be more versatile and much less expensive -- than space infrared telescopes. " "
10 SOFIA: An Engineering Marvel"
11 How does SOFIA work?" Airborne observatory has 3 critical parts:!! Boeing 747SP aircraft that must fly at 41,000+ ft!!for hour missions! 17 M-ton reflecting telescope that must be able to point precisely at targets in the universe! Interchangeable Science Instruments that must be able to make sensitive infrared measurements!
12 Component 1: The Aircraft"
13 NASA s Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO)" The KAO, a C-141 with a 0.9-meter (36-inch) telescope onboard, was based at NASA-Ames near San Jose and flew from 1975 to 1995,!
14 Studies of cavity acoustics: SOFIA 7%-scale model in NASA Ames 14-ft transonic wind tunnel
15 ^ 1977 >! < 2007!
16 SOFIA on its way to Waco, TX to get chopped:"
17 video of telescope door opening!
18 Component 2: The Telescope"
19 SOFIA Light Path Secondary mirror Spherical bearing CABIN! Infrared instrument Light tube IR light reflection Visible light reflection Visible- wavelength camera Primary mirror
20
21 Putting it together - L-3 Communications Integrated Systems, Waco, Texas!
22 Telescope cavity, with door open:"
23 Component 3: Science Instruments"
24 Four First-generation Instruments HIPO UV / visual / near-ir fast photometer (Lowell Observatory) FLITECAM near-ir camera w/ grism (UCLA) FORCAST mid-ir camera w/ grism (Cornell) GREAT far-ir spectrometer (MPIfR)
25 SOFIA Science Instrument footprints in spectral resolution versus wavelength!
26 SOFIA in operations"
27 SOFIA -- The Next Generation Airborne Observatory! 2.5-meter (100-inch) diameter telescope in a Boeing 747SP Based at NASA-Armstrong facility in southern Calif., with mission science center at NASA-Ames in northern Calif. 20% share with the German space agency DLR First science flight was in 2010 Goal: hr science flights per year, 20-yr lifetime 4-7 weeks per year in Southern Hemisphere deployments
28 SOFIA the observatory! Educator work stations" Pressure bulkhead" Open cavity! (door not shown)! Scientist work stations, telescope and instrument control, etc." Scientific instrument (1 of 6)" TELESCOPE"
29 " View aft past the Mission Directors console." " The telescope is beyond the blue bulkhead." " The science instrument & counterweight are seen at center-rear. "
30
31 Sample Flight Plan!
32 Pointing the telescope: Floating on spherical bearing; Orientation sensed by gyroscopes; Optical TV cameras view field near target!
33 SOFIA: A Scientific Marvel"
34 JUPITER"
![W3A in Perseus" " Compact HII region &" massive protostar cluster" " [inset]"](/docs-images/83/88214183/images/35-0.jpg "SOFIA/FORCAST\" 7.7, 20, 32 µm\" ~ 1.5 x 1.0 pc\" \" [background]\" Spitzer/IRAC\" 3.6, 4.")
35 W3A in Perseus" " Compact HII region &" massive protostar cluster" " [inset]" SOFIA/FORCAST" 7.7, 20, 32 µm" ~ 1.5 x 1.0 pc" " [background]" Spitzer/IRAC" 3.6, 4.5, 7.9 µm" " Note bubble at left, cleared by winds from young O stars in the cluster, resolved by SOFIA." " Salgado et al (Ap.J.)" " Hi-resolution deconvolution" by J. De Buizer"
36 Images of the Milky Way Galaxy s nucleus Ring of molecular clouds orbiting! central supermassive black hole.! [Only massive central star cluster is seen.]! SOFIA: mid-ir" Hubble: near-ir"
37 M82 - SN 2014J" " SOFIA/FLITECAM+grism" µm" " Co II 1.77 µm" FWHM ~ 12,000 km s -1" " Two epochs:" t o + 36 days" t o + 44 days" " Vacca et al (Ap.J.)" " Insets: [left] SOFIA/ FLITECAM J,H,K image of M82, arrow points to SN 2014J" [right] Optical light curves; epoch of first SOFIA observation indicated."
38 MARS" " SOFIA/EXES" H 2 0 & 7.2 µm" R ~ 85,000" " Disk-integrated spectrum compared with terrestrial atmosphere transmission" " Ratio of HDO to H 2 " confirms wetter Mars" in the past." " Encrenaz et al. 2015" (submitted to A&A)" "! Insets:" (left) EXES on SOFIA telescope! (right) Mars 7.2 µm continuum map!
39 Stellar Occultations" SOFIA is able to:!! Probe the sizes," structures (rings & moons), and " "atmospheres of solar system " "bodies by measuring how they " "occult background stars." " Can go anywhere on Earth to " reach the occultation shadow" "of a Solar System object." Toward Occulted Star Object Motion of Occulting Object Shadow of Occulting Object Earth
40 The rings of Uranus discovered via occultation observations by SOFIA s predecessor, the KAO. Star behind Uranus and rings Rings were discovered via occultations of a background star
41 2015 Pluto" occultation" shadow track"
42 video of SOFIA Pluto observations!
43 2015 occultation light curve!
44 Airborne Astronomy Ambassadors"
45 2011: First Airborne Astronomy Ambassador educators! Mary Blessing, Herndon, Va. " Cris DeWolf, Remus, Mich. with Dana Backman (SETI)" Pamela Harman (SETI) with Margaret Piper, Frankfort, Ill. " Kathleen Fredette, Palmdale, CA" Theresa Paulsen, Mellen, Wis. and Marita Beard, San Jose, Calif. " with Coral Clark (USRA)" Cecilia Scorza (DSI) with Wolfgang Vieser, Munich, Germany" Jörg Trebs, Berlin, Germany"
46 22 Educators Selected for the Cycle 4 AAA" Program (flights in 2016), Including:! Marie Thornsberry, Hughbanks Elementary, Rialto CA Wendi Rodriquez, The Heritage School, Phelan CA
47 JOBS IN THE SOFIA PROGRAM" (Many career paths lead here )! Scientists & mathematicians 40 Engineering incl. software & IT 70 Aircraft incl. pilots & mechanics 30 Business & accounting 40 Admin & admin assistants 25 Outreach 10 TOTAL 215!
48 !! For further information:! SOFIA Science Center home page & EPO main page! Spitzer Space Telescope s award-winning infrared tutorial! (includes instructions for home-made Herschel demo)!! To contact the presenter:! dbackman@sofia.usra.edu!!
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