Contents. Living world. Introduction page vii Acknowledgements page viii
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1 Contents Introduction page vii Acknowledgements page viii Chapter 1: Introduction page 1 My address in the universe page 1 Research Famous scientists and inventors page 2 Safety in the laboratory page 4 Laboratory equipment page 5 Simple separations page 7 Measuring volumes page 8 How to carry out an experiment page 9 The Bunsen burner page 11 Burning magnesium page 16 Graphs page 17 Hot water page 21 Archimedes principle page 24 Why do icebergs float? page 26 Why is butter bouyant? page 27 Measuring density page 28 A summary of volumes and densities page 29 Research Marvellous mercury page 31 Living world Chapter 2: Life processes page 33 Living or non-living? page 33 MRS GREN puzzle page 34 How plants respond to their environment page 35 The problem with MRS GREN page 38 Plant or animal? page 40 New Zealand animals puzzle page 43 New Zealand plants puzzle page 43 Is there life on Mars? page 44
2 ii Year 9 Science Learning Workbook Chapter 3: Ecology page 45 Producers, consumers and decomposers page 45 Plants are useful page 46 A world without plants page 47 The parts of a flowering plant page 48 Different types of nutrition page 48 Food chains page 50 Food webs page 51 Conservation and recreational fishing page 53 Research A local community study page 58 Chapter 4: Evolution page 59 Classifying living things The diversity of life page 59 What is a species? page 59 The mystery of the mule page 60 Classification page 60 Which Kingdom? page 61 Which animal? page 62 Animal groups puzzle page 64 Which plant? page 65 Identification keys page 66 Key to seven animal groups page 68 Key to some common crabs page 68 Crab adaptations page 70 Toxic shellfish warning for Bay of Plenty page 71 Key to five plant groups page 74 Plant IDs page 74 Variation What is variation? page 76 Patterns of variation page 77 Causes of variation nature vs nurture page 80 Selection Selective breeding taking advantage of natural selection page 84 Natural selection page 87 New Zealand s unique wildlife page 88 Research The origins of our unique wildlife page 91
3 Year 9 Science Learning Workbook iii Material world Chapter 5: Properties and changes of matter page 93 Life s a gas The air we breathe page 93 Oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen page 94 It s a dog s life page 100 Three puzzled gases page 100 Metals Which metal am I? page 101 What are metals like? page 102 Do metals conduct? page 102 Where are metals found? page 104 Physical and chemical changes Physical changes page 104 Chemical changes page 105 Comparing physical and chemical changes page 106 Reversible and irreversible changes page 108 Detecting chemical changes page 109 Limestone page 110 The carbonate family page 111 Chapter 6: The structure of matter page 115 The makeup of matter Is matter made up of particles (little bits)? page 115 Purple particles page 116 Very tiny things page 117 Supersize my atom page 119 Blowing them up page 120 Particle puzzle page 120 Solid, liquid or gas The fatal voyage of the Titanic page 121 Changes of state page 121 Melting and boiling points page 123 Too cold for coconuts page 125 Altered states page 125 Distillation page 126 Sublime fun with dry ice page 126 Liquid nitrogen page 127
4 iv Year 9 Science Learning Workbook Emotional states chemicals can be changeable too! page 128 Sand play modelling the three states of matter page 129 Crystal magic page 129 Moving particles (diffusion) page 130 Comparing the three states of matter page 131 Why water expands when it freezes page 132 Puzzling states page 133 Chapter 7: Chemistry and Society page 135 Uses of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen page 135 Carbon dioxide and the Earth s climate page 136 Research Uses of limestone and marble in New Zealand page 146 Cold steel page 146 Rust never sleeps page 147 What are metals used for? page 150 Physical world Chapter 8: Energy page 151 Potential energy page 151 Active energy page 154 Energy transformations and energy equations page 156 When is a motor not a motor? page 157 Energy makes the world go round page 158 Chapter 9: Light page 163 Can light bend? page 163 Shadows page 163 Does light always travel at the same speed? page 165 Plane mirrors page 166 Up periscope page 167 What happens to light when it strikes a concave mirror? page 167 Catching sunbeams the telescope page 169 Non-parallel incident rays page 169 What happens to light when it strikes a convex mirror? page 170 Uses of curved mirrors page 171 Reflections page 172 Which objects reflect? page 172 Reflections from different surfaces page 172
5 Year 9 Science Learning Workbook v Moonlight page 173 Laser beams and burglars page 173 Lenses and refraction bending light rays page 174 Total internal reflection page 175 Fibre optics seeing around the bend page 176 Lenses convex and concave page 176 Uses of lenses page 178 Optical illusions page 179 Rainbows page 180 Light filters page 182 Sight page 186 Chapter 10: Heat page 189 Who am I? page 189 The energy in a Weet-bix page 189 Peanut power page 190 The bomb calorimeter page 192 Black body radiation page 193 Research The thermos flask page 194 Chapter 11: Sound page 195 Delayed sound page 195 The speed of sound page 195 Boomerang sounds page 197 Making sounds page 199 Hearing sounds how our ears work page 202 Planet Earth and beyond Chapter 12: Earth systems page 205 Air, water and the weather Research Stormy weather page 205 Weighing the air page 208 Hot air balloon page 209 Hot water page 210 Convection currents page 211 Research Lava lamps page 213 Global wind patterns page 214 Research Polynesian migration page 215
6 vi Year 9 Science Learning Workbook Heat and pressure page 217 The barometer page 218 Weather map page 220 Interacting systems the water cycle The world s water supply page 223 The water cycle diagram page 224 The water cycle in action page 225 Transpiration page 226 Karst and caves water and limestone page 228 Research Tomo and moa page 229 Chapter 13: Astronomical systems page 231 Mission to the red planet The launch page 231 The voyage page 232 The landing page 233 Transmissions page 234 The mission page 235 Energy in space The electromagnetic spectrum page 236 Uses of radiation page 238 The speed of light page 238 Communicating in space page 239 Time travel page 240 The solar system Our suburb in space page 240 Scale models page 242 Shadows in space The Earth has a shadow, too page 247 A lunar eclipse page 248 A solar eclipse page 249 Maramataka the Māori lunar calendar Lunar calendars page 250 Research Planting by the Māori calendar page 251 Research Fishing by the Māori calendar page 252 Monty Python and the Milky Way page 253 Answers page 255 Index page 309
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