QUESTION IMPORTANCE. It is important to find ice if the idea of humans on Mars would ever become a possibility.

Transcription

1 MSIP TEAM KAPPA

2 SCIENCE QUESTION How can crater diameter and rampart diameter ratios of rampart craters be used to find different amounts of ice present in the Northern and Southern parts of Mars?

3 HYPOTHESES Main: Rampart Crater ratios will be larger in the Northern part of Mars. Alternate: Rampart Crater ratios will not change in the Northern and Southern areas of Mars.

4 QUESTION IMPORTANCE It is important to find ice if the idea of humans on Mars would ever become a possibility.

5 DEFINITIONS Rampart crater- A specific type of Martian impact crater which are accompanied by distinctive fluidized ejecta features, have evidence of ice or liquid water beneath the surface. Chryse - A smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region, located at 320, 28. Solis Lacus Albedo- A dark feature know as "The Eye of Mars located at 270, -27 Alba Mons- A volcano in the Northern region located at 250, 40 Utopia - A large impact basin on Mars located at 118, 49 Malea Patera- Located Southwest of Hellas at 312, 63 Pityusa Rupes- Located Southwest of Hellas at 64, 29 Acidalia - A plain located between the Tharsis volcanic province and Arabia Terra to the north of Valles Marineris, centered at 46, 42 CTX image- A picture from the context camera found on the space craft named The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Themis image- A picture from the Themis camera found on the space craft named The Odyssey.

6 Black arrow: Crater Red arrow: Rampart CONTROL IMAGES Chryse Themis Camera V Solis Lacus Albedo Context camera (CTX) B05_011544_1508_XI_29S87W

7 CONTROL IMAGES Pityusa Rupes B02_010406_XI_61S332W Acidalia V

8 Black arrow: Crater Red arrow: Rampart CONTROL IMAGE Utopia V

9 MARS/EARTH COMPARISON Mars Earth Haughton Crater V

10 Black arrow: Crater Red arrow: Rampart CONTROL IMAGES B19_016925_2431_XN_63N127W Alba Mons G03_019438_1223_XN_57S318W Malea Patera

11 RESEARCH Ages of rampart craters in equatorial regions on Mars: Implications for the past and present distribution of ground ice: D. Reiss, S. Gasselt, E. Hauber, G. Michael, R. Jaumann, G. Neukum(2006) Scientist are testing the theory that rampart craters may have formed a significant time ago, which would mean that the minimum diameter of the crater would only reflect the ice depth at that certain time. The tests showed that a rampart crater will form within or shortly after water activity can cause a lowering of ground ice tables which is indicated by the increase of the crater diameter.

12 CTX Image ID# Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region P12_005545_1515_XI_28S093W E :7.31 Solis Lacus Albedo P18_008050_1500_XI_28S093W E :16.5 Solis Lacus Albedo B01_009843_1525_XI_27S087W E :10.72 Solis Lacus Albedo B01_009922_1530 XI_27S085W E :8.8 Solis Lacus Albedo P11_005426_1530_XN_27S084W E :8.8 Solis Lacus Albedo P11_005426_1530_XN_27S084W E :11.1 Solis Lacus Albedo P19_008498_1529_XI_27S E :11.1 Solis Lacus Albedo B16_015984_1508_XN_29S081W E :10.5 Solis Lacus Albedo P13_006138_1555_XN_24S084W E :10.33 Solis Lacus Albedo B05_011557_1512_XI_28S082W E :8.95 Solis Lacus Albedo B22_018058_XN_24S087W E :6.17 Solis Lacus Albedo P18_008050_1500_XN_30S089W E :17.8 Solis Lacus Albedo P17_007483_1484_XI_31S086W E :8.6 Solis Lacus Albedo B18_016832_1514_XN_28S094W E :6.34 Solis Lacus Albedo

13 CTX Image ID # Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region B05_011544_1508_XI_29S 087W E :9 Solis Lacus Albedo P18_007958_1514_XN_28 S098W P21_009355_1493_XI_30S 084W P20_008722_1542_XN_25 S081W B09_013113_1580_XI_22S 083W P10_004925_1592_XI_20S 087W P11_005347_1596_XN_20 S088W P22_009487_1527_XI_27S 088W B03_010819_1561_XN_23 S094W E :8.5 Solis Lacus Albedo E :8.4 Solis Lacus Albedo E :9.6 Solis Lacus Albedo E :5.01 Solis Lacus Albedo :4.8 Solis Lacus Albedo E :12.53 Solis Lacus Albedo E :5.22 Solis Lacus Albedo E :6.5 Solis Lacus Albedo

14 CTX Image ID# Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region B17_016379_1208_XN_59S322W E :56.5 Pityusa Rupes B16_015944_1222_XN_57S327W E :13.49 Pityusa Rupes B16_015944_1222_XN_57S032W E :19.68 Pityusa Rupes B02_010406_XI_61S332W E :35.3 Pityusa Rupes P04_002508_1108_XI_69S330W :14.55 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_XI_71S329W E :6.05 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_XI_1089_71S329W :6.77 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_71S329W E :1.495 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_71S329W E :5.43 Pityusa Rupes G13_23223_1089_71S329W E :5.25 Pityusa Rupes B04_011369_1110_XN_69S341W E :16.89 Pityusa Rupes

15 CTX Image ID # Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region P16_007399_1182_X N_61S307W E :34.3 Malea Patera B17_016379_1208_X N_59S322W P15_007004_1222_X N_57S323W P15_007004_1222_X N_57S323W G03_019438_1223_X N_57S318W G03_019491_1207_X N_59S325W P05_001782_1194_XI _60S314W P16_007399_1182_X N_61S307W E :58.2 Malea Patera E :41.8 Malea Patera E :9.71 Malea Patera E :44.4 Malea Patera E :22 Malea Patera E :13.85 Malea Patera :37.5 Malea Patera

16 Image ID# Latitude Longitude Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Region V E :66 Chryse V E :65.7 Chryse V E :33.1 Chryse V E :15.1 Chryse V E :4.23 Chryse V E :9 Chryse V E :34 Chryse V E : 4.07 Chryse V E :16.97 Chryse V E :16.87 Chryse

17 V :6.46 Chryse V E :13.2 Chryse V E :15.1 Chryse V E : 24.4 Chryse V E : 26.6 Chryse V E : 29.5 Chryse V E : 11.3 Chryse V E : 15.8 Chryse V E :14.1 Chryse V E : 67.5 Chryse V : 13.2 Chryse

18 Region Latitude Longitude (E) VIS ID# Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter (KM) Ratio Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia V : V : V : V : V : V : V : 26.8

19 Region Latitude Longitude VIS ID# Crater Rampart Ratio (E) Diameter (KM) Diameter (KM) Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia Utopia V : V : V : V : V : V : V : 7.57

20 Region Latitude Longitude (E) VIS ID # Crater Diameter (KM) Rampart Diameter ( KM) Ratio Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia V : V : V : V : V : V : V : 5.9

21 Region Latitude Longitude (E) VIS ID# Crater Diameter (km) Rampart Diameter (km) Ratio Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia Acidalia V : V : V : V : V : V : V :24.9

22 Crater Diameter (km) Rampart Diameter (km) Ra,o CTX image # La,tude Longitude Region B20_017399_2 459_XN_65N10 9W :13.7 Alba Mons P18_008116_2 474_XN_67N10 8W :5.9 Alba Mons B19_016925_2 431_XN_63N12 7W : 10.5 Alba Mons P18_008117_2 431_XN_63N13 3W :12.6 Alba Mons B16_015910_2 355_XN_55N13 5W :7.2 Alba Mons B21_017901_2 376_XN_57N13 4W :11.1 Alba Mons B20_017479_2 343_XI_54N13 1W :16.3 Alba Mons P16_00739_23 09_XN_50N125 W :16.2 Alba Mons

23 B19_016991_23 36_XN_53N127 W :7.9 Alba Mons B _23 28_XI_52N129 W :6.5 Alba Mons P15_006970_23 98_XN_59N133 W :14.5 Alba Mons B19_016854_24 27_XN_62N125 W :3.9 Alba Mons B19_016854_24 27_XN_62N125 W :1.7 Alba Mons B17_016292_23 14_XN_51N123 W :9.9 Alba Mons B20_017307_23 69_XI_56N115 W :11.1 Alba Mons B20_017307_23 69_XI_56N115 W :5.1 Alba Mons B16_015883_23 41_54N117W :8.3 Alba Mons

24 B20_01749_24 10_XN_61N101 W :22.6 Alba Mons P19_008511_2 443_XI_64N09 2W` :1.4 Alba Mons P21_009091_2 420_XN_62N09 0W :9.1 Alba Mons P21_009091_2 420_XN_62N09 0W :7.8 Alba Mons B16_015922_2 386_XN_ 58N103W :19 Alba Mons B18_016832_2 356_XN_55N10 6W :11.6 Alba Mons B19_016977_2 393_XN_59N10 6W :11.7 Alba Mons B19_016977_2 393_XN_59N10 6W :4.9 Alba mons

25 CTX Image ID # Longitude Latitude Crater Diameter (km) Rampart Diameter (km) Ratio Region B16_016006_2298_XI_49N235W E N :20 Utopia B17_016178_2254_XN_45N249W E 44.37N :14 Utopia P15_006882_2241_XN_44N248W E E :3.7 Utopia B03_010666_2263_XN_46N_246W E N :15.7 Utopia B17_016191_2286_XN_48N245W E N :24.5 Utopia B19_017206_2290_XN_49N236W E N :20 Utopia B19_017008_2350_XI_55N237W E N :19.1 Utopia B19_017008_2350_XI_55N237W E N :20.1 Utopia B19_017008_2350_XI_55N237W E N :15.1 Utopia P15_006842_2310_XN_51N236W E N :10.9 Utopia

26 G01_018749_2369_ XN_56N243W B20_017338_2283_ XN_48N241W P15_007027_2319_ XN_51N247W P16_007238_2331_ XN_53N249W B16_015901_2285_ XN_48N248W B18_016758_XN _47N244W B18_016837_2289_ XN_48N241W B20_017338_2283_ XN_48N241W B19_016969_2363_ XI_56N247W B20_017246_2366_ XI_56N249W E N :14.2 Utopia E N :62 Utopia E N :60 Utopia E N :17.5 Utopia E N :19.9 Utopia E N :38 Utopia E N :33.7 Utopia E 48.94N :63 Utopia E N :16 Utopia E N :17.6 Utopia

27 PLOTS ON MOLA MAP Utopia Alba Mons Acadilia Chryse Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera

28 1. Download Jmars on your computer 2. Go to Google and type in Jmars and click enter 3. When the results come up, click on the first link PROCEDURES 4. Scroll down the page and find the box that says JMARS Public Downloads and click on JMARS crossplatform WebStart installer 5. When link is clicked, a pop up window will come up, click on RUN to download Jmars. 6. Let Jmars download, this usually takes about 5 minutes to download. 7. When the download is complete, another pop up window will come up asking for a username and password, ignore that and click OK 8. Once you ve clicked OK Jmars is done downloading and a Layer Manager and a view of Mars will come up in 2 separate windows. 9. To find the region Solis Lacus Albedo go to New Layer on the Layer Manager window, scroll down and click on Nomenclature 10. At the top of the Layer Manager, click on the Nomenclature Tab. 11. Go to the Selected Landmark Types list and click the first landmark type Albedo. 12. Go to Navigation and on the Landmark list, scroll down and click on Solis Lacus. 13. Once the region if found click on Goto on the bottom of the window. 14. Now, Solis Lacus Albedo will be in your view, go to the Main tab and go to New Layer, Stamps, and click on Projected CTX Stamps 15. A window will pop up and click on Set Lon/Lat to bounds of MainView then click on OK

29 PROCEDURES CONTINUED 16. When clicked OK, the CTX stamps will come up and will look like long, blue rectangles. 17. In the images, find one that has a rampart crater in it. 18. Once an image is found, click on it, the blue box will be yellow now, and right click, scroll down to Render Selected Projected _CTX Stamps and click on Render Selected as PROJECTED_CTX 19. The image will now look realistic and to zoom in on the image, right click and click on Zoom & recenter and choose how far to zoom in. 20. On Layer Manager go to New Layer Mas by Instrument Mola MOLA 128ppd Elevation and click on Plot Numeric Data. 21. This layer allows you to measure the crater diameter and rampart diameter, to do this go to 1 rim and click, go across the middle to the other rim and DOUBLE CLICK. At the bottom of the screen, it will tell you how long the diameter is in KM, write the crater diameter in the data table. 22. To measure the rampart diameter, go from the edge of the ejecta, click and go across the middle to the other end of the ejecta and DOUBLE CLICK. Write the rampart diameter in the data table. 23. To find the ratio of the crater and rampart diameters, reduce if possible, and put the rampart diameter first, then the colon, and then the crater diameter. 24. Now put the image ID#, latitude, longitude, and region into the data table. 25. Repeat steps until images are found. 26. Go back to Nomenclature tab and change region to Chryse. 27. On CTX layer, delete that, and go to New Layer Stamps and click on Themis 28. A pop up window will come up like the CTX Stamps, and click on Set Lat/Lon to bounds of MainView and click OK 29. Repeat steps with new region and stamp.

30 PROCEDURES CONTINUED 30. Once all images are found in Chryse, go back to Nomenclature tab, and find Utopia. 31. Delete the Themis Stamp for Chryse and create a new Themis stamp for Utopia. 32. Repeat steps Delete the Themis stamp and make a new stamp for Utopia using the CTX stamps. 34. Repeat steps Now, go back to the Nomenclature tab and find the region Pityusa Rupes. 36. Delete the CTX stamp for Utopia, and set up a CTX stamp for Pityusa Rupes. 37. Repeat steps Once done in Pityusa, go to Nomenclature and find Malea Patera 39. Delete CTX stamp for Pityusa, and create a new CTX stamp for Malea. 40. Repeat steps When done with Malea Patera, go back to Nomenclature and find Acidalia. 42. Delete the CTX stamp in Malea, and set up a Themis stamp for the new region 43. Repeat steps Once finished in Acidalia, go to Nomenclature and find Alba Mons. 45. Delete the Themis stamp in Acidalia and create a CTX stamp in Alba Mons/

31 GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS Utopia Alba Mons Chryse Acidalia Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera

32 LAYERS AND WEBSITES Nomenclature- Used to locate regions. CTX Stamps- Used to find rampart craters in Solis Lacus, Alba, Utopia, Pityusa, and Malea. THEMIS Stamps- Used to find rampart craters in Chryse and in Acidalia. MOLA 128ppd Elevation- This later was used to measure the crater and rampart diameters. Crater Counting Layer- Used to show where all images were found. MOLA Shaded Relief/Colorized Elevation-This layer was used to show the elevation differences between the 7 regions. Lat/Long Grid- This layer was used to find precise locations when images were found. Mola Shaded Relief (NE)- This layer showed the view Mars. HEND Epithermal (counts/second)- This layer allowed us to see where water was located on Mars. Mars on Earth.org- This website was used to compare rampart craters on Mars and on Earth. Jmars.com- This website was used to find the control image and used to find the geographic image. Mendeley.com- Used to find scientific research for presentation.

33 LAYER LIMITATIONS Nomenclature- This layer was good to use to find the regions, but when zoomed in to far, Mars is blurry and no images cannot be found. CTX Stamps- These stamps were great to use, but the images were long and there were a lot of repeat images found. THEMIS Stamps- This layer had a lot of images found within regions and poor image quality in the southern part of Mars. MOLA 128ppd Elevation- Good to measure the features, but if zoomed to far in the image, measuring was not accurate. Crater Counting Layer- Helpful, but can t do much with it but show were all images were found. MOLA Shaded Relief/Colorized Elevation- Doesn t show raised or sunken features and shadows, only elevation. Lat/Long Grid- Hard to get an exact lat/long points. Mola Shaded Relief (NE)- Doesn t give the realistic image of Mars and when zoomed in to far, the view of Mars is blurry and hard to find exact images. HEND Epithermal (counts/second)- This layer was very blurry and it s hard to see anything.

34 IMAGES We used 50 Themis images and 87 CTX images. Giving us a total of 137 images used. The data and images obtained is substantial enough to support our hypothesis and scientific question.

35 We are going to measure: MEASUREMENTS Crater diameter using the layer MOLA elevation 128ppd in JMARS by clicking one side of the crater rim with a yellow line and continuing it across the crater diameter to the other side s rim and double click to turn the yellow line red. The measurement is then displayed at the bottom of the screen in kilometers. Rampart diameter also using the MOLA elevation 128ppd in JMARS, clicking one side of the rampart s rim with a yellow line continuing it across the rampart diameter all the way to the other side of the rampart s rim and double click turning the yellow line red. The measurement is shown at the bottom of the screen in kilometers.

36 MEASUREMENTS Red line: measurement of the rampart diameter Yellow line: measurements of the crater diameter.

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43 Solis Lacus Albedo: Correlation: Slope: 3.32 Chryse : Correlation: Slope : 1.37 Pityusa Rupes: Correlation: Slope: 2.09 Malea Patera: Correlation: Slope: 3.14 GRAPHICAL DATA Acidalia : Correlation: Slope: 1.38 Utopia : Correlation: Slope: 1.37 Alba Mons: Correlation: Slope: 3.26 Utopia : Correlation: Slope: 2.31

44 PLOTS ON MOLA MAP Utopia Alba Mons Acadilia Chryse Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera

45 GRS/HEND EPITHERMAL Utopia Alba Mons Acidalia Chryse Solis Lacus Albedo Pityusa Rupes Malea Patera

46 Solis Lacus Albedo: 3.32 Alba Mons: 3.26 Malea Patera: 3.14 Utopia : 2.31 Pityusa Rupes: 2.09 Acidalia : 1.38 Chryse : 1.37 Utopia : 1.37 RESULTS

47 CONCLUSION Restated question: How can crater diameter and rampart diameter ratios of rampart craters be used to find different amounts of ice present in the Northern and Southern parts of Mars? Restated Hypothesis: Rampart Crater ratios will be larger in the Northern part of Mars. Restated importance: It is important to find ice if the idea of humans on Mars would ever become a possibility.

48 REFERENCES Jmars Images: Christensen, Philip R., E. Engle, S. Anwar, S. Dickenshied, D. Noss, N. Gorelick, and M. Weiss-Malik. "JMARS - A Planetary GIS." Jmars.asu.edu. Mars Space Flight Facility, Arizona State University, Dec Web. 26 Mar <Mars Space Flight Facility, Arizona State University>. PowerPoint Images: Lee, Pascal. Digital image. Marsonearth.org. SETI Institute, Mars Institute, Canadian Space Agency, NASA, Web. 28 Mar < Scientific research: Reiss D., S. Gasselt, E. Hauber, G. Michael, R. Jaumann, and G. Neukum. "Ages of Rampart Craters in Equatorial Regions on Mars: Implications for the past and Present Distribution of Ground Ice." Medeley (2006): Web. 29 Mar <

49 REFERENCES CONTINUED Themis: Christensen, P.R., N.S. Gorelick, G.L. Mehall, and K.C. Murray, THEMIS Public Data Releases, Planetary Data System node, Arizona State University, < CTX: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona