Ø How does the length of the volcanic eruption effect the length of the collapsed lava tube?

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2 Ø How does the length of the volcanic eruption effect the length of the collapsed lava tube?

3 Ø Main: The bigger the volcanic eruption the bigger the collapsed lava tube. Ø Alt1: The bigger the volcanic eruption the smaller the collapsed lava tube. Ø Alt2: The bigger the volcanic eruption there will be no effect on the length of the collapsed lava tube.

4 Ø Our question is interesting because the formation of a collapsed lave tubes is created by lava traveling beneath the surface of the ground during a volcanic eruption, which the lava tube was made with a low viscosity lava flow.

5 Ø Our question is important because we can compare what is happening underground to what is happening on the surface, which will help determine how much volcanic activity happens on the exterior and interior surface of the planet.

6 Ø Volcanic Eruptions- a volcano erupts when an opening develops in weak rock on the surface. The gases dissolved in magma rush out, carrying the magma with them. Ø Lava Flows- The area covered by lava as it pours out of a volcano s vent. Ø Collapsed Lava Tubes- Natural conduits through which lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow, and dries out causing a tube like feature.

7 Collapsed lava tubes Mars control image: V Collapsed lava tubes Ø Collapsed lava tubes on a Bartolomé hillside, in the Galapagos Island region. Ø In the Galápagos, we will see both small and large versions. ~jmerck/geol388/lectures/ 03.html

8 Ø Alba Patera displays two primary lava flow morphologies associated with different rates of effusion. Sheet flows may be tens of kilometers wide and several hundred kilometers long, and are generally tabular with lobate flow fronts and level surfaces lacking in features such as channels or unroofed lava tubes. These are associated with rapid eruption of great volumes of lava and compare well with terrestrial flood basalts, which also do not display lava tubes. The tube-fed ridge flows also involve large volumes of lava that may have been erupted at a somewhat slower rate. The tube/channel flows are more characteristic of prolonged eruption of lavas which built up thick piles of overlapping flow units (BVSP, 1981, p ).

9 Ø The process of collapsed lava tubes is simple. When Mars was volcanically active volcanos were erupting left and right. The lava would flow out and under the ground and create various amounts of tubes, that the lava flowed through. Over the time that Mars was aging the lava tubes began to fill in with dirt and the walls of the tubes began to collapse. Thus creating collapsed lava tubes.

10 1. First, I would go to the topic page* website to find images to observe. For this particular project you would look at images relating to collapsed lava tubes. 2. For each image I observe,i would write image identification number(the v #) so that I (or other scientists) could reexamine those images at any time. 3. For each image I observe, I would also write down weather it had (or didn t have) the specific feature/s in the image that I am look for.even if the image does not have the feature that I am looking for, this is still valuable data the specific feature/s I would be looking for are: collapsed lava tubes and volcanic eruption flow. 4. Next, I would record the latitude and longitude of each image to look for any patterns in the obviations I make and also to be able to plot that information on a map. 5. Go to JMARS. 6. On your JMARS homepage click Add New Layer. 7. Go to the Stamps section click on THEMIS. 8. Enter your image ID #,then click okay.

11 9. Look for your image ID # boxed area. 10. Zoom in on your image, from the THEMIS camera. 11. Right click to view THEMIS stamps. 12. Click on the stamp ID number, click on render ABR. 13. Click on the measuring tool on the top of your JMARS homepage. 14. Measure the length of your collapsed lava tube. 15. Record your measurements. 16. Zoom out to 16 on your JMARS homepage, 17. Using your measurement tool measure the length of your surrounding volcanos lava flow. 18. Record your data. 19. Repeat steps 6-18 for the next 26 images.

12 Image ID Longitude Latitude Image Description This image shows a portion of Hebrus Valles a channel system located south of Aranicus Valles. Length of eruption (km) Length of collapsed lava tubes (km) V V V V I V V V V V V V V collapsed pits on Mars are formed in several ways. In volcanic areas, channelized lava flows can form roofs which insolate the flowing lava This image is of Olympica fossae, located further eastward than yesterdays image and closer to alba Patera. The southern flank of the massive Pavonis Mons volcano hosts a remarkable concentration of channels, pit chains, and garben. This pair of images shows part of Albor Tholus, a relatively small volcano near the Elysium Mons complex. Part of the southern flank Pavonis Mons collapsed features and lava channels at bottom of image. multiple collapsed features in the eastern flank ascraeus mons. this region is arsia chasmata an area of complex collasped lava tubes collaspe features in the south west flank of ascreus mons collaspe feautures on the southern flank of ascreus mons pit chain a lava tube form by cooling lava in a subsurface lava tube this image contains collasped tubes that are partially collasped part of the eastern flank of ascraeus mons, one of the largest tharsis volcanoes. Union shows the mark of the collapsed roof of the lava tube

13 V V V V V on the southern flank of povonis mon at the of the image are collapsed features. the eastern flank of pavonis mons. a portion of the northeastern flank of ascraeus mons. the eastern flank of pavonis mons and the initiation of a similar feauture with small collapses to the east. this VIS of the southwestern flank of alba monsshow lava flows and collapsed features. many lava channels begin at vents such as the fracture, in this image in the tharsis region , , , , V V V V V V V V The lava flow in this lower portion on this VIS image is confined whithin the fault block walls of a graben. the channels in this image were likely carved by flowing lava from elysium mons. the deepest channel in this VIS image is called tyrrhena fossae, a large channel feature on the northern flank of tyrrhena mons. these channels and channel-like collapsed features are located on the northern flank of ascraeus mons. collapsed features are present at the margins of the volcano. there is a large amount of collapsed features formed in this region. off the edge of elysium are the hephaetus fossae including collapsed features , , , , ,

14 Length Of Volcanic Erup:on Vs. Length Of Collapsed Lava Tube Length of collapsed lava tube (Km) R² = Length Of Erup:on (Km)

15 Ø The graph shows a positive relationship because as the length of a volcanic eruption increased so did the length of the lava tubes. Our trend line was , not a solid point but strong enough to help support our hypothesis.

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17 Ø How does the length of the volcanic eruption effect the length of the collapsed lava tube? The bigger the volcanic eruption the bigger the collapsed lava tube. Our hypothesis was supported. Our question is important because we can compare what is happening underground to what is happening on the surface, which will help determine how much volcanic activity happens on the exterior and interior surface of the planet. Our team should be accepted to use the THEMIS visible camera because we would be able to further explore the collapsed lava tubes on Mars, we would also be able to do research like the scientists at ASU, which would be an amazing opportunity. An example of this would be, (V number-v )volcanic eruption(length): 75km and collapsed lava tube(length): 1.27km compared to(v number-v ) volcanic eruption (length):322km and collapsed lava tube (length): 5.43km. Another example is,(v number-v )

18 Ø Volcanic eruption (length): 10.3km and collapsed lava tube (length): 9.04 compared to (v numberv ) volcanic eruption (length): 311.6km and collapsed lava tube (length): 2.26km. These findings mean that most likely all of the bigger collapsed lava tubes on Mars were caused by bigger volcanic eruption. One of our sources of errors was that when we were measuring the lava flow of our volcano we couldn t calculate the exact point at which the lava flow stopped. Therefore our measurements were more of an estimate than an exact measurement. The bigger the volcanic eruption the bigger the collapsed lava tube.

19 Ø Christensen, P.R., N.S. Gorelick, G.L. Mehall, and K.C. Murray, THEMIS Public Data Releases, Planetary Data System node, Arizona State University, < Ø Wikipedia contributors, Lava tube. 27 October :53 UTC 31 October October 31, 2012 < title=lava_tube&oldid= >. Ø Ø Ø Merck, John. Volcanic landscapes University of Maryland < lectures/03.html>. Basaltic Volcanism Study Project (1981) Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets. New York, Pergamon Press, Inc pp.vsp, 1981, p ). JMARS. Mars space flight facility