AFRICAN DUST INFLUENCE ON AMBIENT PM LEVELS IN SPAIN: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF AIR QUALITY DIRECTIVES

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1 AFRICAN DUST INFLUENCE ON AMBIENT PM LEVELS IN SPAIN: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF AIR QUALITY DIRECTIVES Crete, 2 nd June 28 QUEROL X. 1, ALASTUEY A. 1, PEY J. 1, PÉREZ N. 1, DE LA ROSA J. 2, CRISTOBAL A. 3, PALLARÉS M. 3, GONZALEZ A. 3, JIMENEZ S. 3, ALONSO S. 4, CUEVAS E. 4 1 Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, CSIC, Spain; 2 Universidad de Huelva, Spain; 3 D.G. Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, Spain; 4 Izaña Observatory, AEMET, Spain

2 Outline Natural episodes African dust outbreaks Impact of dust outbreaks on PM levels Procedure for the detection and quantification of natural dust contributions Some applications of the procedure D.G. Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental

3 Natural episodes 1999/3/EC, Article 2: 15. natural events' shall mean volcanic eruptions, seismic activities, geothermal activities, wild-land fires, high-wind events or the atmospheric resuspension or transport of natural particles from dry regions;

4 Long transport of dust towards Europe 11-Nov Nov Nov Oct- 25-Nov-1 ZONA DE CONVERGENCIA INTER-TROPICAL (ITCZ) 4-Mar-97 9-Mar Feb-99 5-Mar- 14-Feb-1 9-Aug-97 1-Sept Aug Aug- 16-Sep-1

5 African dust outbreaks: Influence on PM1: Monagrega Regional Background PM1 (µg/m 3 ) jun 12 ago oct dic feb abr jun ago oct dic feb abr jun ago oct dic feb abr jun ago oct dic feb abr jun ago oct dic Daily PM1 limit value 1999/3/EC (5 μg m -3 ) 6 out of 7 exceedances registered in 13 years are caused by African dust outbreaks PM1 (µg/m 3 ) Summer max 2 ene mar may jul sep nov ene mar may jul sep nov ene mar may jul sep nov ene mar may jul sep nov Feb-Mar max (dust) Winter min PM1 (µg/m 3 ) Local dust emissions 2 ene mar may jul sep nov ene mar may jul sep nov ene mar may jul sep nov ene mar may jul sep nov

6 Setelite imagery: Terra-Modis-NASA Regional dust plume from Ebro basin 14 th November 27 African dust episode 2 th January 28 (top) 11 th October 21 (bottom)

7 Courtesy Carlos Pérez, BSC

8 Ground based measurements: Montseny site PM (µg/m 3 ) 1 NAF PM1 PM2.5 PM PM1 Moving average PM1 ATL NAF MED EU REG ANT Montseny 24 6 PM1 (µg/m 3 ) 4 2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

9 µg/m 3 3/22 5/22 7/22 9/22 11/22 1/23 3/23 5/23 7/23 9/23 11/23 1/24 3/24 5/24 7/24 9/24 11/24 1/25 3/25 5/25 7/25 9/25 11/25 1/26 3/26 5/26 7/26 9/26 11/26 1/27 3/27 5/27 7/27 9/27 11/ PM2.5 SO42- NO3- µg/m ng/m 33 3/22 3/22 5/22 5/22 7/22 9/22 9/22 11/22 1/23 3/23 5/23 7/23 9/23 11/23 1/24 3/24 5/24 7/24 9/24 11/24 1/25 3/25 5/25 7/25 9/25 11/25 1/26 3/26 5/26 7/26 9/26 11/26 1/27 3/27 5/27 7/27 9/27 11/ PM2.5 PM2.5 OC+EC Pb NH4+ Sea V spray ng/m µg/m 3 3/22 3/22 5/22 5/22 7/22 7/22 9/22 9/22 11/22 11/22 1/23 1/23 3/23 3/23 5/23 5/23 7/23 7/23 9/23 11/23 1/24 3/24 5/24 7/24 9/24 11/24 1/25 3/25 5/25 7/25 9/25 11/25 1/26 3/26 5/26 7/26 9/26 11/26 1/27 3/27 5/27 7/27 9/27 11/27 PM2.5 Chemical speciation of PM to determine origin Montseny Al2O3 Ti Ca P Fe

10 Mallorca Antropogénico; 2 µg/m 3 ; 4% Marino; 3 µg/m 3 ; 5% Tráfico ; 7 µg/m 3 ; 11% Cartagena How to quantify the dust contribution????? NAF 21/3/25 Combustión Fuel-Oil; 6 µg/m 3 ; 1% No determinado; 1 µg/m 3 ; 2% Crustal; 42 µg/m 3 ; 68% Mineral (Africano) 7/1/24 Indet. 25% 21,8µg/m 3 Marino 5% Combustión /Carbón 1% Industria/ Combustión 1 11% Indet 12% Mineral (Africano) 5/1/24 88 µgpm1/m 3 Crustal 71% Puertollano Astillero %,µg/m 3 Zn 2% 2,2µg/m 3 Burgos Marino 1% 1,2µg/m 3 Secundario 12% Tráfico 1,3µg/m 3 7% 6,2µg/m 3 Crustal 81% 62.1 µg/m 3 Crustal (Africano) 5/9/24 Mineral 53% 45,2µg/m 3 Industrial 7% 5.6 µg/m 3 Secundario 7% 5.3 µg/m 3 Marino 1% 1. µ g / m 3 Indet. 1%.4 µg/m 3 Industrial 5% 2. µg/m 3 Marino 4% 1.3 µ g / m 3 Crustal (Africano) 26/5/25 Crustal 61% 22.5 µg/m 3 Secundario 24% 9. µg/m 3 Tráfico 5% 2. µg/m 3 Badajoz Indet. 1% 1.1 µ g / m 3 Tráfico 3% 1.9 µ g / m 3

11 African dust outbreaks: dust outbreaks: tools for detection 1. TOMS 2. SKIRON 3. BSC-DREAM 4. NAAPs-NRL 5. AIR MASS BACK-TRAJECTORIES (HYSPLIT) 6. NASA satellite imagery 7. HYSPLIT Dust storm forecast system 8. SeaWIFS, MODIS-Terra satellite imagery

12 SKIRON simulations Integrated dust load maps, free download from Athens University:

13 Surface dust concentration maps, free download from BSC: DREAM-BSC

14 NAAPS - NRL Surface dust, sulfate and smoke concentration maps, free download from NRL:

15 Results posted: HYSPLIT DUST storm forecast system

16 Procedure for the detection of natural contributions of PM 1. Reporting on the detection of episodes and measurement PM 1 levels in EMEP-type sites: 1.1. Modelling, meteo and satellite imagery tools 1.2. Daily evaluation of PM ambient concentrations recorded in a specific regional background monitoring network made of around 28 remote monitoring sites (Spain and Portugal) 1.3. Reporting on episodes detected and daily PM 1 levels for each station of the regional background network 1.4. Three months after the end of the year a reporting on scientifically support the occurrence of each episode included in the list

17 Zones and monitoring network Niembro Mundaka Pagoeta OSaviñao Los Tojos Izki Valderejo Lamas de Olo Campisábalos Torms Cabo de Creus Ervedeira Chamusca Azores (Horta) Alcoutim Peñausende Monagrega Fundão Terena Risco Llano Barcarrota Sierra Norte Víznar Montseny Morella Zarra Bellver Huelva Alcornocales Madeira (Quinta da Magnolia) Níjar NW N NE Tenerife (El Río, Arinaga) W Centro Baleares Other than EMEP SW SE Levante EMEP stations with real time measurements EMEP station with gravimetric measurements Madeira Canarias

18 List of episodes

19 Procedure for the quantification of natural contribution to ambient levels of PM 2. Determining the natural contribution net dust load for each day of the list of African episodes 2.1. Local-regional PM 1 contribution (LRC, without African origin) determined to be subtracted to the bulk PM 1 levels during the episode 2.2. LRC daily calculated from monthly mobile 3 percentile (centring the considered day in the middle of the month period) of the PM 1 levels excluding the African days 2.3. Then net dust load for a given day with African dust influence in one regional background station is determined: PM 1 -LRC 2.4. A list of net dust load values for each day and regional background station is produced to be used to subtract the natural dust contribution to PM 1 during days with exceedances of the DLV recorded at the AQ monitoring sites close to this specific regional background station. The list is produced by the Ministries of the Environment from Portugal and Spain

20 2/1/8 3/1/8 4/1/8 5/1/8 6/1/8 7/1/8 8/1/8 9/1/8 1/1/8 11/1/8 12/1/8 13/1/8 14/1/8 15/1/8 16/1/ daily values during the dust outbreak 41 µg/m 3 'net dust load' 31 µg/m 3 background before and after 1 µg/m 3, 1 9 Risco Llano EMEP /1/8 PM1 µg/m 3 1/1 3/1 5/1 7/1 9/1 11/1 1/2 3/2 5/2 7/2 9/2 11/2 1/3 3/3 5/3 7/3 9/3 µg/m 3 PM1 11/3 Atlantic advection Mobile mean for ATL Mobile 3 percentile African episodes

21 O Saviñao 1/1 3/1 5/1 7/1 9/1 11/1 1/2 3/2 5/2 7/2 9/2 11/2 1/3 3/3 5/3 7/3 9/3 11/ Monthly moving mean of ATL Monthly moving 3th Percentile Risco Llano 1 / 1 3 / 1 5 / 1 7 / 1 9 / 1 11 / 1 1 / 2 3 / 2 5 / 2 7 / 2 9 / 2 11 / 2 1 / 3 3 / 3 5 / 3 7 / 3 9 / 3 11 / Monthly moving mean of ATL Monthly moving 3th Percentile Zarra 1/ 1 3/ 1 5/ 1 7/ 1 9/ 1 11/ 1 1/ 2 3/ 2 5/ 2 7/ 2 9/ 2 11/ 2 1/ 3 3/ 3 5/ 3 7/ 3 9/ 3 11/ Monthly moving mean of ATL Monthly moving 3th Percentile Barcarrota 1 / 1 3 / 1 5 / 1 7 / 1 9 / 1 11 / 1 1 / 2 3 / 2 5 / 2 7 / 2 9 / 2 11 / 2 1 / 3 3 / 3 5 / 3 7 / 3 9 / 3 11 / 3 OSaviñao Risco Llano Barcarrota Zarra O Saviñao Riscollano Zarra Monthly moving mean of ATL Monthly moving 3th Percentile

22 Example of application Portugal and Spain Barcarrota Alcoutim Huelva Sierra Norte Viznar Nijar M1 levels in Regional background stations SW Spain, and S Portugal Net dust contributions to Net be subtracted dust contributions to be subtracted España FR España EMEP España FR Portugal FR España Sierra EMEP Norte España Barcarrota FR Sierra Doñana Norte Alcoutim España Doñana EMEP España Alcoutim FR S. Sierra Norte Norte Barcarrota Barcarrota Huelva Doñana Alcotium Alcoutim Viznar Nijar S. Norte Barcarrota Huelva Alcotium Viznar Nijar Viznar Níjar Viznar Níjar Viznar Níjar 1/3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ Net dust contribution may also be 5/3/ /3/ If dust outbreak 7is weak at 1 surface levels 7/3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ /3/ Net dust contribution for each area Days with African dust outbreaks

23 Determining the anthropogenic and natural contributions to PM in an urban site 3. The AQ monitoring networks compile a list of dates with exceedances of the DLV coinciding with the African dust outbreaks from the report by the Ministry of the Environment. 4. The net PM1 dust contribution for the closest regional background site is subtracted from the PM 1 levels of list produced in task 3 to discount the natural contribution 5. If after subtraction, the PM 1 levels are < DLV (5 µg/m 3 ) then the exceedance will be attributed to the natural contribution, otherwise will be attributed to anthropogenic causes 6. Mean annual PM1 for non African days: the average PM1 levels of the days when the exceedances were attributed to natural contributions are not included in the annual average. 7. The AQ monitoring networks reports on: 7.1. Mean average and total number of exceedances 7.2. List of exceedances attributed to natural contributions (exceedances are not deleted!!!) 7.3. Calculated dust contribution to the annual mean (from the difference of the annual mean-annual mean with the subtractions of the calculated daily net dust loads).

24 Determining the anthropogenic and natural contributions to PM in an urban site EXAMPLE 1 µg/m 3 PM 1 traffic µg/m 3 PM 1 urban PM1 µg/m /1/8 2/1/8 daily values during the dust outbreak 41 µg/m 3 background before and after 1 µg/m 3 Dust outbreak increases 1 the regional Background to 31 µg/m 3 PM 1 ( net dust load ) 3/1/8 4/1/8 5/1/8 6/1/8 7/1/8 8/1/8 9/1/8, Attributed to African dust inputs 6-31 µg/m 3 =29 µg/m 3 <5 µg/m 3 'net dust load' 31 µg/m 3 Not attributed to African dust inputs 1-31 µg/m 3 =69 µg/m 3 >5 µg/m 3 1/1/8 11/1/8 12/1/8 13/1/8 14/1/8 15/1/8 16/1/8

25 Validation of the procedure by chemical analysis of PM1 8 7 Monagrega Montseny Castillo de Bellver Lineal (Monagrega) Lineal (Montseny) Lineal (Castillo de Bellver) Net African dust load y = 1,3482x R 2 =,5988 y = 1,1419x R 2 =, y =,9912x R 2 =, Crustal load (chemical analyses)

26 Applications African dust contributions to number of annual exceedances of the EC PM1 daily limit value Number of days NAF >5µgPM1/m3 Number of days NAF >5µgPM1/m3 % of NAF for the exceedances Canarias El Rio Buzanada Sardina Arinaga El Rio Buzanada Sardina Arinaga El Rio Buzanada Sardina Arinaga SW BarcarrotaSierra Norte Alcoutim BarcarrotaSierra Nort Alcoutim Barcarrota Sierra Norte Alcoutim SE Viznar Níjar Viznar Níjar Viznar Níjar E Zarra Morella Zarra Morella Zarra Morella Central PeñausendampisábaloRisco LlanoMonfragüe El Atazar PeñausendampisábalRisco LlanoMonfragüe El Atazar Peñausende Campisábalos Risco Llano Monfragüe El Atazar NW O Saviñaoamas de Olo O Saviñaoamas de Olo O Saviñao Lamas de Olo N Niembro Izki Valderejo Mundaka Pagoeta Niembro Izki Valderejo Mundaka Pagoeta Niembro Izki Valderejo Mundaka Pagoeta NE Els Tormsabo de CreMonagregaMontseny Els Tormsabo de CreMonagregaMontseny Els Torms Cabo de Creus Monagrega Montseny Baleares Bellver Bellver Bellver

27 Applications Number of exceedances of the DLV 5 µgpm 1 /m 3 in urban areas 1 5 n<35 Barcelona tráfico Tarragona urbana Huelva urbana a Las Palmas urbana Alcobendas Llodio urbana urbana Bemantes rural African dust outbreak Other

28 Applications African dust contributions to the annual PM1 mean levels Mean annual PM1 Mean annual PM1 excluding NAF days Canarias El Rio Buzanada Sardina Arinaga El Rio Buzanada Sardina Arinaga SW BarcarrotaSierra Norte Alcoutim BarcarrotaSierra Nort Alcoutim SE Viznar Níjar Viznar Níjar E Zarra Morella Zarra Morella Central PeñausendampisábaloRisco LlanoMonfragüeEl Atazar PeñausendampisábaloRisco LlanoMonfragüe NW O Saviñaoamas de Olo O Saviñaoamas de Olo N Niembro Izki Valderejo Mundaka Pagoeta Niembro Izki Valderejo Mundaka NE Els Tormsabo de CreMonagregaMontseny Els Tormsabo de CreMonagregaMontseny Baleares Bellver Bellver Annual mean - annual mean for non African day El Rio Buzanada Sardina Arinaga BarcarrotaSierra NorteAlcoutim Viznar Níjar Zarra Morella PeñausendampisábaloRisco Llano Monfragüe O Saviñaoamas de Olo Niembro Izki Valderejo Mundaka Els Tormsabo de CreMonagrega Bellver Montseny Mean annual dust contribution El Rio Buzanada Sardina Arinaga BarcarrotaSierra Norte Alcoutim Viznar Níjar Zarra Morella PeñausendampisábaloRisco LlanoMonfragüe O Saviñaoamas de Olo Niembro Izki Valderejo Mundaka Els Tormsabo de CreMonagregaMontseny Bellver

29 Applications African dust contributions to the annual PM1 mean levels: 2 methodologies 97 PM1 annual data sets from 27 regional background sites from the Iberian Peninsula and, the Balearic and Canary Islands 1 NAF dust contribution to annual PM1 (µg/m 3, using the method proposed) y = 1.493x R 2 = NAF dust contribution to annual PM1 (µg/m 3, differences of annual means)

30 Applications African dust contributions to the annual PM1 mean levels: 2 methodologies OSaviñao Lamas Lamas de Olo de Olo Niembro Mundaka Pagoeta Izki Valderejo Torms Campisábalos Cabo de Creus Montseny Peñausende Monagrega Morella Zarra Monfragüe Risco Llano Barcarrota Alcoutim Víznar Sierra Norte Níjar Tenerife (El Río, Arinaga, Buzanada, Sardina) Bellver 7-6 µg/m 3 PM 1 on an annual basis 6-5 µg/m 3 PM 1 on an annual basis 5-4 µg/m 3 PM 1 on an annual basis 4-3 µg/m 3 PM 1 on an annual basis 3-2 µg/m 3 PM 1 on an annual basis 2-1 µg/m 3 PM 1 on an annual basis

31 * Zabalza et al., 26 < Low re-suspension Influence from Traffic * Influence from Traffic African contribution Mineral matter (µg/m 3 ) PM1 Seasonal trend J F M A M J J A S O N D

32 PM MILAN PM2.5 BARCELONA PM2.5 LONDON PM2.5 µg/m 3 1 Rodríguez S., Van Dingenen R., Putaud J.P., Dell Acqua A., Querol X., Alastuey A., Pey J. Chenery S., Harrison R.M., Ho Kin Fai 1, Institute of Earth Science Jaume Almera, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain. 2, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy. 3, Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC), Keyworth-Nottingham, UK. 4, University of Birmingham µg/m 3 µg/m 3 µg/m SO = 4 + NO - 3 +NH + 4 OM + BC Mineral dust African dust events SO 4= + NO 3- +NH 4 + OM + BC Mineral dust African dust events SO 4= + NO 3- +NH + 4 OM + BC Mineral dust (In preparation) µg/m Sea salt Sea salt Sea salt 1.6 Cr+Cu+Pb+V+Zn+Co+As+Cd Cr+Cu+Pb+V+Zn+Co+As+Cd Cr+Cu+Pb+V+Zn+Co+As+Cd µg/m D J F M A M J J A S O N D 24 D J F M A M J J A S O N D 24 A M J J A S O N D J F M 24 25

33 Conclusions: A methodology has been devised to deduce the crustal contribution for every day with African dust, without chemical analysis, based on for statistical data treatment of daily PM levels Thanks for your attention! Xavier.querol@ija.csic.es Acknowledgements: Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL C4-3/CLI, CGL /CLI, GRACCIE- CSD27-67), European Commission (6 th framework CIRCE IP, 36961).

34 Barcelona to n=22 PM 1 /PM 2.5 /PM /PM 1 crustal load unaccounted; 5,5; 13% OM+EC; 13,7; sea spray; 1,7; 34% 4% crustal; 11,; 26% PM 1 42 µg/m 3 crustal; 3,7; 12% NH4+; 1,5; 5% unaccounted; 3,8; 13% sea spray;,5; 2% OM+EC; 13,5; 45% PM µg/m 3 unaccounted; 3,2; 15% OM+EC; 11,2; 53% sea spray;,2; 1% crustal;,8; 4% NH4+; 1,1; 5% NO3-; 2,4; 11% PM 1 21 µg/m 3 NH4+; 1,2; 3% NO3-; 5,1; 12% SO42-; 3,5; 8% NO3-; 3,4; 12% SO42-; 3,2; 11% SO42-; 2,3; 11% OM+EC;,2; 1% unaccounted; 1,5; 12% sea spray; 1,2; 1% SO42-;,3; 2% NO3-; 1,7; 14% NH4+;,; % PM µg/m 3 sea spray;,3; 4% crustal; 2,9; 35% unaccounted;,6; 7% OM+EC; 2,3; 27% PM µg/m 3 SO42-;,9; 11% sea spray; 1,6; 8% PM µg/m 3 unaccounted; 2,3; 11% OM+EC; 2,5; 12% SO42-; 1,2; 6% NO3-; 2,7; 13% NH4+;,1; 1% crustal; 7,3; 61% NH4+;,4; 4% NO3-; 1,; 12% crustal; 1,2; 49%

35 Applications EMEP stations :Exceedances of the daily limit values (21-23) 8 OS African Non advective conditions European Local VA IZ 6 9 PE CA 7 MO ET 8 OS CC PE RL RL ZA CA ZA ET 18 CC BA VI PM1 BA 1 VI PM2.5 EPISODES PM1 > 5 µg m -3 PM2.5 > 35 µg m -3 ATLANTIC (LOCAL) AFRICAN EUROPEAN WITHOUT ADVECTION TOTAL

36 Applications Annual mean mineral contribution to PM 1 and PM 2.5 at traffic hot spots in Eastern Iberia Urban background 36% PM µg/m Regional 32% Soil re-suspension 2%. 1-4 Local road 32% Southern Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Canary Islands African dust increases to 4-7 µg/m 3 PM1 on an annual average Local road 41% Urban background 19% African dust 12% PM µg/m 3 Regional 4% Soil re-susp. 28% African dust 12%