Basic Structures of Matter Hypothesis Based on an Alternative Concept of the Physical Vacuum

Transcription

1 Basi Strutures of Matter Hypothesis Based on an Alternative Conept of the Physial Vauum Stoyan Sarg York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Abstrat: Many enigmati phenomena in partile physis, Quantum mehanis (QM), Relativity and Cosmology an be explained in a lassial 3+1 spae if applying an alternative onept of the physial vauum. This approah is adopted in the treatise titled Basi Strutures of Matter (BSM), based on a spae onept, loser to the Ether one but never investigated so far. The analysis of experiments and observations from a new point of view reveals that the dark matter is not only in distant galaxies. A model is suggested, aording to whih, the spae may ontain an underlying struture, alled a Cosmi Lattie (CL), formed by two basi sub-elementary partiles of two super-dens material substanes, whih are involved in the struture of elementary partiles, as well. In a lassial void spae, the basi partiles interat by fores inverse proportional to the ube of the distane. CL struture defines the spae-time, the Quantum properties and EM fields. The omplex of CL spae and elementary partiles defines the Newtonian gravitation, the inertia, the elementary harge and the Relativisti effets. Among the major CL properties are the Stati, Partial and Dynami pressure. The first and seond one may define respetively the Newtonian mass and inertia of elementary partiles. The third one is related to Zero Point Energy, whih appears as two types: stati and dynami. While the seond one, envisioned by Quantum mehanis, is related to EM interations, the first one is ompletely hidden. It is somehow related to the nulear energy via Newtonian mass. All known physial onstants and interations are expressible by the properties of CL spae and the struture of elementary partiles. CL spae may propagate not only neutral Quantum waves (photons), but harge waves, as well, whih are virtual partiles orresponding to a Dira see idea. Other major results of BSM are the unveiled atomi nulear strutures of the elements. They define the angular positions and restritions of the hemial bonds, a feature not explainable by QM models. *The artile was presented as a poster report in the Physis of the Third Millennium onferene, organized by NASA, Huntsville, Al, USA, 5-7 Apr

2 Some problems in Physis and their hallenge Problems of Big Bang model: Predominating dark matter ; aelerating Universe; supermassive blak holes in balane with the galati mass; Gamma Ray Bursts; Lyman alpha forest; redshift periodiity; small sale CMB ununiformity; experiments deteting motion of the Earth through spae is the spae of Universe void and homogenious? Could string theories be helpful in solving the problems? BASIC STRUCTURES OF MATTER AS A HYPOTHESIS ALTERNATIVE TO STRING THEORIES Initial goal: Find a physial model relying on a minimum number of indestrutible fundamental partiles (FP) and postulates, defined in a real Eulidian spae. They must build: - an uniformly distributed spatial struture supporting all known properties of the physial vauum; - a hypothetial struture of the elementary partiles, allowing QM and relativisti interations between them and the physial vauum. Extensive analysis of phenomena from different fields of physis and natural siene led to the following adopted model: Two indestrutible fundamental partiles (FPs) of two substanes of intrinsi matter with a spherial shape, a radius ratio of :3 and different super-high density. They have a Bell shape urve dependene of the their density on the radius, whih permits a spherial type of vibrations in 3D formations. They also have extremely small but different time onstants, the average value of whih is assoiated with the Plank s time: ( Gh π ) = (s) (1) A fundamental law of Intrinsi Gravitation (IG), governing the interations between FPs in a lassial void spae, aording to whih FPs from a same substane are attrated by fores inverse proportional to a ube of the distane: m01m0 F = GOS 3 () r where: G OS - intrinsi gravitational onstant (between same substanes), m 01, m 0 intrinsi matter mass, r distane Vibrational energy: FPs preserve a limited freedom of vibrations in formations from the same type of substane In a omplex 3D struture, FPs may vibrate within a saturation limit an energy well of the struture. IG law ould be assoiated with the neessary energy for filling the energy well. IG attration between FP formations from different substanes may not be strong or ould beome even a negative at different mutual distanes due to a different time onstants of both FPs. Formations of FPs at lower level of matter organization Tetrahedron (TH) Quasi Pentagon (QP) (from FPs) (from 5 TH) Fig. 1. Tetrahedron and Quasi Pentagon. The rotational internal IG modes are strongest at TH and make IG fields stronger at the edges. This keeps the formations and the onstant number of FPs in the formations of higher order. 1 QP = 5 PT IG modes in QP exhibit an axial anisotropy due to its shape.

3 Quasi Ball (QB) from 1 QPs Fig.. Quasi Ball. The gaps between PTs in QP are ombined in a ommon gap of whih is preserved in QB. This allows left or right hand twisting of the QB - a lowest level memory arrying the irality. The setional view of QB shows existene of internal empty spae. 1 QB = 1 QP = 60 PT equation of onstant intrinsi matter quantity (preserved in upper order formations of same type) The formational order may repeat the trend [first order QB -> seond order TH > seond order QP -> seond order QB ] In Chapter 1 of BSM a senario is presented for formation proesses that may take plae in a hidden phase of the evolution of every galaxy. In the enter of suh galaxy a large bulk intrinsi matter may exist, giving a signature of supermassive blak hole. In some partiular phase of galati evolutional yle, a matter of higher order QBs is thrown, taking a shape of onentri loud, whih ollapses under IG fores. Due to the internal empty spae of QBs, the highest order QBs may ollapse to QPs of lower order. As a result hexagonal prisms are formed, eah one ontaining an exat matter quantity of the highest order QB. All undestruted lower order QPs preserve the orientation of their axis due to the interations between their anisotropi IG fields. As a result, the prism exhibits an axial anisotropi IG field with a rotational omponent defined by the twisting of all embedded QBs of lower order. Fig. 3 Mold hexagonal prisms a. external shape, b. internal struture from oriented QPs of same order. IGSPM a vetor defining the axial anisotropy and handedness Two types of prisms from a different intrinsi matter, with a linear dimension ratio :3 and an opposite internal twisting. Two prisms - right and left handed, distinguishable by matter substane, size and handedness an be onsidered as basi sub-elementary partiles, able to build both: the underline struture of the physial vauum and the strutures of the elementary partiles. Cosmi Lattie (CL) struture of both types prisms, stable in empty spae and uniformly distributed in the Visible Universe. CL node a stable formation of 4 prisms of same type hold by IG fores and possessing a flexible geometry CL spae 3D struture of alternatively arranged CL nodes of both types prisms, like in a diamond lattie. Fig. 4. CL node (4 prisms of same type) The free ends of the prisms define a regular tetrahedron with two sets of axes of symmetry (abd and xyz). xyz axes are orthogonal and oinide with the xyz axes of the neighboring four CL nodes, whih are of opposite handedness. 3

4 Fig 5. CL node dynamis under IG law, defined by Eq. () Two minima in xyz axes and one minimum in abd axes define a omplex mode of osillations with two distintive periods. Their energy an be expressed by a preession momentum vetor with origin at point 0. Smaller osillation period: The node trae is almost a flat urve, however, the initial and final points do not oinide (desribed by a Node Resonane Momentum (NRM) vetor). Larger osillation period: The initial and final points oinide after many NRM yles (deribed by a Spatial Preession Momentum (SPM) Vetor). SPM forms a losed surfae alled SPM Quasisphere with 6 bumps (along xyz) and 4 dimples (along abd) Two types of SPM Quasispheres MQ (Magneti Quasisphere) has entral point symmetry. EQ (Eletrial Quasisphere) has an axial symmetry along one of xyz axes. MQ is a normal state of CL spae defining the permeability of free spae. EQ is invoked by an external harge or CL spae disturbane. EQ possesses a larger energy than MQ. Fig. 6. MQ and EQ external shape EQ SPMs of left and right-handed CL node define the positive and the negative harge, respetively (adopted assignment). EQ an form a stationary E-filed around a partile or ould be involved in a Quantum wave a wavetrain with well defined strutural arrangement and moving with a veloity of light. Photon: A Quantum wave, ontaining spatially arranged positive and negative EQs. Their radial extensions are terminated by MQs, assuring boundary onditions of the photon - neessary for preservation of its energy (see Fig. 10). 4

5 Virtual partile: (from a Dira see) a Quantum wave with only positive or negative EQs generated at speifi spae reation. Light veloity: the momentum arried by EQs is propagated between neighboring CL nodes (along xyz) for one NRM yle. In free spae, (lak of EM field), MQ SPMs of the neighboring CL nodes are spontaneously synhronized up to a length equal to the propagation of SPM phase with a light veloity for one SPM yle. This is a magneti protodomain with a size of Compton s wavelength. This effet is behind the permeability of free spae and assures the onstany of the veloity of light. Magneti line: magneti protodomains with a size of Compton wavelength onneted in loops. Consequently, the magneti loop length is quantized - a feature apparent only in short magneti lines, but very important for the eletron s Quantum orbits in atoms and moleules. Prisms assignment to a harge sign (valid in CL spae only) Lefthanded prism or CL node -> related to the positive harge Righthanded prism or CL node -> related to the negative harge Struture of elementary partiles built of both types prisms. Formations, alled helial strutures are result of unique rystallization proess, taking plae in a hidden phase of galati evolution. The eletron has only one turn of First Order Helial Struture (FOHS), while pions have many. Eletron: - the simplest stable formation of helial strutures, Fig. 7. Eletron: ontains 1 turn of 3 helial strutures one inside the other (internal lattie strutures are not shown) 1 external helix of negative prisms internal helix of positive prisms 3 internal ore of negative prisms 13 = (m) Compton radius R C r e = (3/ ) rp = ; = (m) s e Axial and radial setions of internal Retangular Lattie (RL) enlosed in the urved ylindrial spae of the internal struture. Every RL node is formed of 6 positive prisms of same type. At every half distane from outer layer radius a new RL layer is formed. Prisms in radial stripes touh eah other, while the tangential gap varies with layer radius. 5

6 Fig. 8. The twisting of the internal RL struture stabilizes the open helial struture in CL spae. The eletron s outmost RL of negative prisms with a larger whole (where the internal positive helial struture is plaed) is twisted. Fig. 9 The radial stripes of outmost external layer of RL struture provides a strong modulation of CL node dynamis, onverting MQs to EQs. These EQs form the E-field of the helial struture an eletrial harge. In the near field E-lines are urved. This defines the rotational diretion of the eletron when moving in CL spae. At the same time the rotating E-field auses synhronization of MQs beyond some extend, whih are stabilized when onneted in losed loops magneti lines. Elementary harge: sine E-field energy (energy of all EQs) is part of IG field energy of the twisted radial stripes, a self-supported balane of the total IG energy of the partile in CL spae auses harge onstany. This makes the eletrial harge independent from the size of the helial struture or the Newtonian mass of the partile (features - disussed in BSM). Dynamis of the eletron - a three body system with two proper frequenies: - first proper frequeny equal to the Compton frequeny (whih is the SPM frequeny in the Earth loal field) - seond proper frequeny 3 times the Compton frequeny - the internal positive helial struture with a entral negative ore is an internal positron. Its RL(T) (of opposite handedness) annot modulate the external CL nodes and invoke a harge, but its osillations and phase are behind the QM spin of the eletron. - at motion, the proper frequenies ould be in phase or antiphase. The internal positron and its negative ore osillate inside the negative internal RL(T) of the eletron s helial struture in onditions of ideal bearing (a symmetrially ompensated IG field). The proximity E-field of the eletron auses it s srewlike motion. When its axial veloity is α, (produt of light veloity and fine struture onstant) the eletron energy is 13.6 ev and its tangential veloity is equal to. In this ase, the phase of the first proper frequeny mathes the phase of propagated with a light veloity SPM, so this is alled an optimal onfine motion (or veloity). The rotating eletron modulates the CL spae up to a radius mathing the known QM radius of eletron. Eletron Confined motion (optimal and sub-optimal phase math) 13.6 ev 1 turn (first harmonis optimal onfined motion) 3.4 ev ½ turn ( nd sub-harmoni onfined motion) 1.51 ev 1/3 (3 rd sub-harmoni onfined motion) 0.85 ev 1/4 (4 th sub-harmoni onfined motion Consequently: the subharmoni number mathes the prinipal Quantum number of the Bohr atomi model of hydrogen. IG field of the rotating eletron invokes modulation of CL node dynamis up to a radius until the modulation veloity reahes the speed of light, where synhronized MQs are reated. This is the magneti radius. The known QM radius and Quantum magneti field Φ 0 = h e are at first harmonis motion. The helial step s e auses a small advane of the eletron - a signature of the enigmati anomalous magneti moment. 6

7 Quantum loops and orbits: Quantum loop: a losed loop for whih the phases of both proper frequenies mah the phase of propagated SPM vetor. The magneti radius and magneti line quantization (a whole number of Compton wavelengths, λ C ) also play a role. The Quantum orbits in the atoms are formed by one or more Quantum loops, onneted in series. Consequently: The Quantum orbits are defined only by their trae length in units of λ C. Table 1. Quantum motion parameters of the eletron in a Quantum loop n E (ev) V ax V t r mb l ql L q ( A) α π a R α R π a α R π a α 4 4 4R π a α R π a n subharmoni number, E - eletron energy, V ax - axial veloity, V t - tangential veloity of rotating eletron struture, α - fine struture onstant, rmb - equivalent magneti radius, - light veloity, R - Compton radius, a o - Bohr radius, l ql - trae length of a Quantum loop, L q - length size of a Hippoped urve with a parameter a = 3 (lose to the shape of digit 8) as an approximate shape of a real 3D Quantum orbit. Superoptimal motion of the eletron: for eletron with energy larger than 13.6 ev, the resultant veloity (axial and tangential) ould not exeed the light veloity, so the speed of rotation is dereased. At relativisti veloities the Quantum effiieny, η, is dereased aording to Eq. (3) (derived in Chapter 3), so η in fat appears as an inverse relativisti gamma fator,. This effet is behind the relativisti mass inrease. η = ( 1 u 1 ) - Quantum effiieny η = 1 γ (3) Photons generated by positronium (some of the ases): If the eletron meets a free positron, both undergoes damped osillations with Compton frequeny. They pump the surrounding CL spae by onverting MQs to EQs. The pumped energy is released by emission of photons of 511 KeV eah. An undetetable neutral system of eletron external shell and two inserted positrons is left. This proess an be wrongly interpreted as annihilation. Osillations with high-energy virtual positron are also possible with emission of lower energy X rays. The eletron ontains an embedded fine struture onstant: αλ s e = ( 1 α ) 1 where: s e helial step, λ - Compton wavelength (4) Consequently, the suggested physial model of eletron possesses: embedded fine struture onstant; Compton radius, wavelength and frequeny; features for QM spin; anomalous magneti moment; relativisti fator; features of onfined motion with preferable Quantum veloities aording to equation E=13.6/n (ev); ability for reation of magneti field; ability to form stable Quantum loops with a Quantum mehanial lifetime [1,5]; ability to form positronium and emit X rays up to 511 KeV. o γ 7

8 Wavetrain struture of the photon. Fig. 10. Segment of photon wavetrain struture showing the arrangement of running with a light veloity EQs and MQs. EQ with a greater elongation arries a greater energy momentum. The elongation dereases with a radius, so EQs onvert to MQs. This feature assures the boundary onditions of the photon that keep its energy from dissipation. Stati pressure of CL spae, P S. Sine the strength of internal RL struture is about 1000 times greater than the strength of CL spae, CL nodes are not able to penetrate inside of RL. Then, any helial struture with internal RL will exhibit a stati CL pressure. This CL parameter is derived using the dimensions and dynami features of the eletron (BSM, Chapter 3). P S m = V e e = 4 g ehv (1 α ) = πα 6 (N/m ) (4) where: m e eletron mass, V e volume of eletron s FOHS, h Plank onstant, g e - eletron s gyromagneti ratio, v Compton frequeny, light veloity, α - fine struture onstant The similarity between the FOHS of the eletron and other partiles (shown below), allowed the derived Newtonian mass equation for eletron to be valid for any elementary partile in a stable phase of existene (a orretion fator is used for (+) FOHSs) m = ( P ) (kg) - mass equation (Newtonian mass) (5) S V H where: P S CL stati pressure, V H volume of partile FOHSs, light veloity Partial pressure of CL spae, P P : Moving helial strutures ause CL nodes to disonnet, partly fold, deviate, return and reonnet to their positions. In this proess, they interat with the helial struture by preserving its energy momentum through CL spae, defining in suh way the partile inertia. P = P αυ (N/m ) where: υ - is veloity (6) P S / Dynami pressure of CL spae, P D :- related to Zero Point Waves self synhronized MQs with a length of λ C, responsible for the uniformity of Zero Point Energy of Dynami type. hv = S 3 g ehv (1 α ) = πα 3 P = N D ( e m Hz ) (7) The signature of P D is the observed Cosmi Mirowave Bakground (CMB). Consequently, the estimated temperature of.7k (by fitting of CMB to a blakbody urve) in fat is a CL spae bakground parameter. The theoretial expression for this temperature is derived using a onept of ZPE waves bouning on the proton s (neutron s) envelope (BSM Chapter 5). 3 N hv ( RC + rp ) L A PC µ e T = =.6758K (8) S R r R µ W C e ig n 8

9 where: S W referene wall area in SI (1 m ), N A Avogadro number, R ig ideal gas onstant, L PC length of the proton (neutron) external envelope (see Fig. 10 ),, µ - magneti moment of eletron µ n µ e n and neutron, respetively. ( is used beause most emitting atoms and moleules in deep spae are neutral). The small deviation of the theoretially obtained value from experimental one ould be from the physial onstants, whih are estimated in Earth (and solar) gravitational field, where GR effet takes plae, while the CMB omes from the deep spae. Struture and shape of proton and neutron L PC Fig. 10. Protoneutron, proton, neutron Fig. 11. Setion of proton (neutron) = 1.677A& = 0.667A& 1 A& = ( m) showing internal pions and kaon L p The proton (neutron) dimensions are ross validated by: (a) approximate method from L PC involvement in Eq. (8); (b) more aurately - using mass equation (5) in a mass budget balane involving aurately known energies from partile physis experiments; () analysis of H moleule and D binding energy (BSM Chapters 6,7,9) Protons and neutrons in atomi nulei of elements: The proton s and neutron s proximity fields define the onfiguration of atomi nulei, whih exhibit features mathing the raw and olumn pattern of the Periodi table with a signature of Hunds rules and Pauli exlusion priniple (in latter, the eletron dynami features also play a role). The positions of the Quantum orbits are defined by the nulear onfiguration, while the energy levels are the same as the QM models. The proximity IG field and distributed E-field define a limit on the size of Quantum orbits (a problem not solved in the Bohr atomi model). In Chapter 7 of BSM, a Balmer series model is presented, giving the same energy levels. In atoms, the valene protons have a limited angular range of freedom an important feature behind the VSEPR model in hemistry. Fig. 1. Symbols used in the Atlas of Atomi Nulear Strutures (ANS): p proton, n neutron, D deuteron, T - Tritii, He - Helium Quantum orbits are shown by dashed line. Their size is defined by the eletron onfined motion subharmoni number, n. (see Table 1). All dimensions in sale. 9

10 Fig. 13. Shape of simple atoms Fig. 14. a. Axial symmetry of simple atomi nuleus; b. Chain arrangement of atomi nuleus of heavier elements. Nulear bound protons are held by a strong IG field. Fig. 15. Seleted atomi nulei from the ATLAS OF ATOMIC NUCLEAR STRUCTURES one of major output results of BSM. Atoms in moleules 10

11 Fig. 16. H ortho-i moleule Lp proton length, Lq(1) length of first harmoni quantum orbit, r n internulear distane, r position of the lous point of a Hippoped urve with parameter 3 q E = = πε 0[ L q (1) L p )] (ev) (BSM, Chapter 9) The total energy balane involves the energy of IG and EM fields of the system inluding the CL spae domain. The emission or absorption of photon is a result of a omparatively small disturbane of the total energy balane. Eq.(9) provides example of vibrational energies of H : E V = C E q IG q 4 q[[[( Lq(1)(1 α π )] Lp] E q K (ev) vibrational levels (9) where: r = 4 L q ( 1) α π - vibrational range; Eq harge reation energy (511 kev), E K eletron kineti energy at optimal onfine veloity, q eletron harge C IG = G 0 m 0 - IG fator (produt), G0 IG onstant, m 0 - IG mass of proton (neutron) aording to IG law. The derived expression for C IG is: 33 C = (hv + hv α )( Lq(1) Lp) = IG Fig. 17. Energy levels of H (step line) alulated by Eq. (9) (ignoring fine struture line splitting) towards the vibrational quantum number. E 0 and E 1 data are taken from experimentally measured optial spetrum. r Important feature: is extremely small, beause of the strong IG field. H (and the similar D ) system is embedded in the hemial bonds between atoms, allowing vibrationalrotational spetra). Similar equations are derived for a simple diatomi moleule. For internulear distane of suh moleule: r ( A p) αc IG n = internulear distane (hanges insignifiantly at vibrations) (10) peb ( n) where: A - atomi mass in Daltons (per one atom), p number of protons involved in the bonding system, (per one atom), n subharmoni Quantum number of the orbit, E B bonding energy (BSM, Chapter 9). 11

12 BSM atomi models for simple moleules (by analysis of photoeletron and optial spetra and alulating the internulear distane using Eq. (10). Example of BSM atomi models for omplex moleules: The alulated dimensions of atomi nulei and the possible quantum orbits of BSM models math the experimentally determined internulear distanes and bond angular positions. 1

13 Atoms in metal lattie Single atom of Images of two rystal planes of gold layer. Courtesy of T. Kawa-saki et al., Applied Physis Letters, v. 76, No 10, p (000) Syntheti images of a single layer of gold in two different metalli lattie planes. The internulear distane is obtained from the BSM atomi models. Inertia beyond Newton s first and seond law (BSM, Chapter 10) E Multiplying Eq. (6) by eletron struture volume we get = P V = hv αυ [J] for a moving eletron (11) IFM P e / The parameter E IFM with dimensions of energy is alled Inertial Fore Moment. It permits estimation of the deviation energy of folded CL nodes, displaed from its struture at veloity. The same parameter an be saled for moving proton (neutron) using the volume ratio between FOHSs of eletron and proton (equal to their mass ratio). E ( m α)υ E ( m α)υ = IFM p - for a moving proton IFM = n - for a moving neutron (1) The inertial fore moment for atom with atomi mass A is: E IFM = ( α Au)υ where: A atomi mass, u atomi mass unit (13) Note: E IFM should not be onfused with the kineti energy. Eq. (13) permits to transfer the onept of folded node energy to a massive solid objet. The analysis of the fore moment of a real body with mass m in the initial moment of a free fall under aeleration g leads to the expression: E IFM = αmg Its gravitational potential is: U = GMm R.Dividing E IFM on U we get the useful expression: G G E IFM = R ( α) U [s] (14) Let estimate Eq. (14) for a Compton time unit when its left side is equal to one. We obtain: R = α / ν = ( 14 m This is twie the small radius of eletron (see Fig. 7): r e = ( m) ) υ G / Conlusion: CL nodes folds and deviate around the small eletron radius (whih is the same for all negative FOHSs) inertial interation (15) 13

14 Fig. 18 shows a plot of Eq. (14) using planet and moon data from NASA fat data sheets. All points lie on the predited theoretial line. Planets and moons in inreasing order of their radius are shown as numbers. Number 15 (Merury), however, appears in a reversed position. This anomaly is studied by plotting the mass of the planets and moons toward their volume as shown in Fig.19. It leads to formulation of hypothesis that protons and neutrons may rush under enormous gravitational pressure forming a denser bunh of straight FOHSs. Suh formation may ause a strong magneti field. The analysis of the solar planets and moons and also the pulsar formations from ollapsing stars and their features agree with this hypothesis (BSM, Chapters 10&1). Expanded view of the broken trend The tangential veloity of a planet with mass M M in a irular orbit around a star with mass M S is υ = ( GM S / r) planet is E E K 1 IFM. The square of the ratio between the inertial fore moment and kineti energy of the 4α = GM S r = C E r M S = ( 30 kg ) Using the solar mass, the predited value for CE is: C. Plotting the left side of Eq. (16) towards mean orbital radius r (using planets and moons data), one obtains a well-defined linear plot. The slop of this line gives a value of CE, with differs from the predited one only by 0.06%. 14 E (16) =

15 Conlusions: All expressions from (11) to (16) and orresponding plots indiate that the fine struture onstant ( α ) plays an important role in the inertial interations. The ratio between the Partial and Stati CL pressure is a funtion only of the fine struture onstant: = α 1 α P P P S (17) For any objets or system P P is related to its mass and P S to its dynamis. Then Eq. (17) indiates that CL spae defines a preferable ratio between the mass of a system and its kineti energy. In Chapter 1 a theoretial model of the fine struture onstant as a ratio between two rotational periods of IG modes (similar to SPM and NRM periods for CL node) in the primary tetrahedron of FPs is presented. It leads to the expression: 1 3 α = [( n + π ) + n] = for n = 137 (18) α = Interpretation of the Einstein s equation 3 E = m (CODATA 98) : Aording to BSM, mass is not equivalent to matter, so the interpretation of this equation as annihilation or reation of matter is inorret. While the equation is always true, the orret interpretation is: - destrution of mass (in partile ollider experiments) or hiding of the positron s mass (in m E the above example of positronium) E m - reation of a virtual partile, not possessing matter) E m - valid for the binding energy in atomi nulei, as a result of small hange of the CL spae internode distane in presene of matter. BSM onept leads to a new vision about the spae, miroosmos and Universe: The analysis of experiments and observations provided in BSM Chapter 1 leads to the onlusion that the galati red shift is not of Doppler type, but from inhomogeniety of the different galati spaes, so the Universe is stationary. Many enigmati osmologial phenomena get reasonable explanations. Every galaxy has own Big Bang yle with a detetable signature GRB. Major onlusions: The speed of light appears independent from veloity sine the Doppler shift and lok rate hange anel eah other (effet desribed by Ronald R. Hath). The Mihelson- Morley experiment is inonlusive due to this effet. Laboratory and field experiments for detetion of Earth and solar system motion through spae exist. The spae in whih we live and observe ontains underlying superfine material struture, whih define the Quantum Mehanial and Relativisti properties of the physial vauum. The spae ontains hidden energy, whih is not of EM type. Gravitation and inertia are not intrinsi features. They ould be manageable a promising opportunity for distant spae flights. 15

16 Author s publiations, related to Basi Strutures of Matter hypothesis: I. In peer reviewed journals [1]. S. Sarg, A Physial Model of the Eletron aording to the Basi Strutures of Matter Hypothesis, Physis Essays, International Journal Dediated to Fundamental Questions in Physis, vol. 16 No., , (003); []. S. Sarg, Brief introdution to Basi Strutures of Matter theory and derived atomi models, Journal of Theoretis (Extensive papers), January, 003; [3]. S. Sarg, Atlas of Atomi Nulear Strutures aording to the Basi Strutures of Matter Theory, Journal of Theoretis (Extensive papers, Marh, 003); [4]. S Sarg, Appliation of BSM atomi models for theoretial analysis of biomoleules (with three formulated hypotheses), Journal of Theoretis, May 003; II. In eletroni arhives [5] S. Sarg 001, Basi Strutures of Matter, monograph thesis. also in: (First edition, 00; Seond edition, 005), (AMICUS No ), Canadiana: ; LC Class no.: QC794.6*; Dewey: / 1 [6] S. Sarg 001, Atlas of Atomi Nulear Strutures, monograph also in: (April, 00), (AMICUS No ); Canadiana: X; ISBN: , LC Class: QC794.6*; Dewey: / 1 [7] S. Sarg, New vision about a ontrollable fusion reation, monograph. (April, 00); (AMICUS No ); Canadiana: ; [8] S. Sarg, New approah for building of unified theory, (May 00) III. International onferenes [9] S. Sarg, How an alternative onept of the physial vauum leads to a different vision about the Universe, Universe, Nature and Humankind, 8 30 Nov 003, Sofia, Bulgaria [10] S. Sarg, Basi Struture of Matter Hypothesis Based on an Alternative Conept of the Physial Vauum (poster report), Physis for the Third Millenium Conferene, organized by NASA, Huntsville Al, USA, 5-7 Apr 005. IV. Books [10] S. Sarg, Beyond the Visible Universe, Helial Strutures Press, 004 Aknowledgements: International sponsorship inluding The Planetary Assoiation for Clean Energy, In. Ottawa, 16