Applied Superconductivity

Transcription

1 Applied Superconductivity Josephson Effects, Superconducting Electronics, and Quantum Circuits Lecturer: Frank Deppe Lecture Notes Summer Semester 2013 R. Gross and F. Deppe Walther-Meißner-Institut Intro - 1

2 General Remarks on the Courses to the Field Superconductivity and Low Temperature Physics Intro - 2 The following lectures are offered on a regular basis: 1. Superconductivity and Low Temperature Physics I (WS) Foundations of Superconductivity 2. Superconductivity and Low Temperature Physics II (Thursday 12:30h, HS 3) Foundations of Low Temperature Physics and Techniques 3. Applied Superconductivity (this lecture!) Josephson-Effects, Superconducting Electronics, Quantum Circuits 4. Several Seminars (see announcements) Advances in Solid-State Physics Tue. 10:15 11:30h Seminar room 143, WMI Superconducting Quantum Circuits Tue. 14:30 16:00h Library, WMI Documents and Hints (download): Teaching Lecture notes download available lecture notes and slides

3 Intro - 5 Contents of Lecture I Foundations of the Josephson Effect 1 Macroscopic Quantum Phenomena 1.1 The Macroscopic Quantum Model of Superconductivity 1.2 Fluxoid/Flux Quantization 1.3 Josephson Effect 2 JJs: The Zero Voltage State 2.1 Basic Properties of Lumped Josephson 2.2 Short Josephson Junctions 2.3 Long Josephson Junctions 3 JJs: The Voltage State 3.1 The Basic Equation of the Lumped Josephson Junction 3.2 The Resistively and Capacitively Shunted Junction Model 3.3 Response to Driving Sources 3.4 Additional Topic: Effect of Thermal Fluctuations 3.5 Secondary Quantum Macroscopic Effects 3.6 Voltage State of Extended Josephson Junctions

4 Contents of Lecture II Applications of the Josephson Effect 4 SQUIDs 4.1 The dc-squid 4.2 The rf-squid 4.3 Additional Topic: Other SQUID Configurations 4.4 Instruments Based on SQUIDs 4.5 Applications of SQUIDs 5 Digital Electronics 5.1 Superconductivity and Digital Electronics 5.2 Voltage State Josephson Logic 5.3 RSFQ Logic 5.4 Analog-to-Digital Converters 6 The Josephson Voltage Standard 6.1 Voltage Standards 6.2 The Josephson Voltage Standard 6.3 Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard Intro - 6

5 Intro - 7 Contents of Lecture 7 Superconducting Photon and Particle Detectors 7.1 Superconducting Microwave Detectors: Heterodyne 7.2 Superconducting Microwave Detectors: Direct Detectors 7.3 Thermal Detectors 7.4 Superconducting Particle and Single Photon Detectors 7.5 Other Detectors 8 Microwave Applications 8.1 High Frequency Properties of Superconductors 8.2 Superconducting Resonators and Filters 8.3 Superconducting Microwave Sources

6 Intro - 8 Contents of Lecture III Superconducting Quantum Circuits 10 Superconducting Quantum Circuits 10.0 Quantum treatment of Josephson junctions 10.1 Superconducting quantum circuits 10.2 Introduction to quantum information processing 10.3 Control of quantum two-level systems 10.4 Physics of superconducting quantum circuits 10.5 Circuit quantum electrodynamics

7 Bibliography Werner Buckel, Reinhold Kleiner, Supraleitung Grundlagen und Anwendungen VCH-Verlag, Weinheim (2012). R. Gross, A. Marx Festkörperphysik, Oldenbourg-Verlag (2012). M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity McGraw-Hill, New York (1975). K. K. Likharev, Dynamics of Josephson Junctions and Circuits Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York (1986). T. P. Orlando, K. A. Delin, Foundations of Applied Superconductivity Addison-Wesley, New York (1991). Lecture notes & slides: R. Gross, A. Marx, M. A. Nielsen, I. L. Chuang Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Cambridge University Press D. E. Walls, G. J. Milburn Quantum Optics 2 nd edition, Springer Intro - 9

8 Intro - 10 Introduction

9 nuclearmagnetism R. Gross, A. Marx and F. Deppe, Walther-Meißner-Institut ( ) electronic magnetism superconductivity low temperature research Temperature scale 10 9 center of hottest stars center of the sun, nuclear energies same amount of new physics on every decade of log T scale temperature (K) electronic energies, chemical bonding surface of sun, highest boiling temperatures organic life liquid air liquid 4 He universe 10-3 superfluid 3 He lowest temperatures of condensed matter 10-7 lowest temperature in nuclear spin system achieved by adiabatic demagnetization of Rhodium nuclei: 100 pk Intro - 11

10 Perfect conductor in magnetic field perfect conductor in magnetic field perfect conductor increase PC B ext PC PC C decrease T increase B ext switch off B ext path dependent final state of the perfect conductor conductor C PC PC decrease T Intro - 13

11 Discovery of the Meißner-Ochsenfeld Effect (1933) perfect diamagnetism Robert Ochsenfeld ( ) W. Meißner, R. Ochsenfeld, Ein neuer Effekt bei Eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit, Naturwissenschaften 21, 787 (1933). Walther Meißner ( ) Intro - 14

12 Low Temperature Technology in Germany 1868 offer of chair at the Polytechnische Schule München (now TUM) 1873 development of cooling machine allowing the temperature stabilization in beer brewing foundation of Gesellschaft für Linde s Eismaschinen AG together with two beer brewers and three other co-founders re-establishment of professorship patent application: Lindesches Gegenstromverfahren liquefaction of oxygen (-182 C = 90 K) Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde * 11. Juni 1842 in Berndorf, Oberfranken 16. November 1934 in Munich Intro - 15

13 Heike Kammerlingh Onnes ( ) Widerstand (W) Discovery of Superconductivity (1911) Universität Leiden (1911) Hg < T c = C Helium liquefaction: 1908 discovery of superconductivity: 1911 Temperatur (K) H. K. Onnes, Comm. Leiden 120b (1911) Nobel Price in Physics 1913 choice of name: infinite electrical conductivity "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium" superconductivity Intro - 16

14 Discovery of Superconductivity (1911) Kammerlingh Onnes and technician Flim Kammerlingh Onnes and van der Waals Intro - 18

15 Walther Meißner ( ) Discovery of the Meißner-Ochsenfeld Effect (1933) B B superconductor T > T C T < T C choice of name for perfect diamagnetism: Meißner-Ochsenfeld Effect superconductors perfectly expel magnetic field B in c B 0 1 ex ideal diamagnetism, c = 1 (c = magnetic susceptibility) Intro - 19

16 Superconductor in magnetic field superconductor in magnetic field superconductor increase SC B ext SC SC path independent final state of the superconductor C decrease T switch off B ext superconducting state is a thermodynamic phase increase B ext conductor C decrease T SC SC Meißner-Ochsenfeld- Effect or perfect diamagnetism Intro - 20

17 Walther Meißner ( ) building and heading of low temperature laboratory at the Physikalisch-Technischen- Reichsanstalt, liquefaction of H 2 (20K) first liquefaction of He in Germany (4.2 K, 200 ml), 3 rd system world-wide besides Leiden and Toronto 1933 discovery of perfect diamagnetism of superconductors together with Ochsenfeld Meißner-Ochsenfeld Effect 1934 offer of chair at the Technische Hochschule München (now TUM) president of the Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1946 foundation of the commission for Low Temperature Research Walther-Meißner-Institut Walther Meißner * 16. Dezember 1882 in Berlin 15. November 1974 in Munich Walther Meißner - der Mann, mit dem die Kälte kam W. Buck, D. Einzel, R. Gross, Physik Journal, Mai 2013 Intro - 21

18 Intro - 25 Theory of Superconductivity 1935 Fritz and Heinz London first quantum mechanical theory of superconductivity (phenomenological) macroscopic wave function London equations Fritz London ( )

19 Ginzburg-Landau Theory (1952) Lev Landau Nobel Prize 1962 Vitaly Ginzburg Alexei Abrikosov Nobel Prize 2003 Nobel Prize 2003 Lev Davidovich Landau Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 Vitaly Ginzburg, Alexei Abrikosov Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 (together with Anthony Leggett) "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium" for their pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids Intro - 27

20 Intro - 30 Microscopic (BCS) Theory (1957) J. Bardeen L. N. Cooper R. Schrieffer Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"

21 Flux Quantization (1961) Robert Doll Martin Näbauer (Wather-Meißner-Institut) M. Näbauer R. Doll Bascom S. Deaver William Martin Fairbanks (Stanford University) W.M. Fairbank B.S. Deaver Intro - 31

22 Flux Quantization (1961) resonance amplitude (mm/gauss) (a) R. Doll, M. Näbauer Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 51 (1961) B cool (Gauss) F 0 trapped magnetic flux (h/2e) (b) B.S. Deaver, W.M. Fairbank Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 43 (1961) B cool (Gauss) prediction by Fritz London: h/e first experimental evidence for the existence of Cooper pairs Paarweise im Fluss D. Einzel, R. Gross, Physik Journal 10, No. 6, (2011) Intro - 32

23 Intro - 34 Prediction of the Josephson Effect (1962) Brian David Josephson (geb ) Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects" (together with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever)

24 Discovery of the High T c Superconductivity (1986) Karl Alexander Müller * 20. April 1927 in Basel) Johannes Georg Bednorz * 16. Mai 1950 in Neuenkirchen im Kreis Steinfurt Intro - 35

25 Discovery of the High T c Superconductivity (1986) Intro - 36 J. Georg Bednorz (b. 1950) K. Alexander Müller (b. 1927) Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"

26 Intro - 37 Applications of Superconductivity Microwave Technology Filters, antennas, cavities mixers, sources, receivers Electronics Sensors (e.g. SQUIDs), RSFQ Logic, quantum Computing Medical Technology Magnetic resonance imaging, magneto-encephalography, magneto-cardiography Energy Technology Generators, motors, transformers, fault current limiters, magnetic energy storage, cables Traffic Ship motors, Superconducting levitation trains Processing Separation of ore, water treatment Quantum Technology? Quantum computing Quantum simulations

27 Intro - 39 Superconducting Wires, Tapes, and Cables Superconducting Wires: NbTi, Nb 3 Sn in Cu-matrix HTS tapes

28 Intro - 41 Applications of superconductivity power applications (transport and storage current limiter of energy) energy storage (2 MJ)

29 Intro - 42 Fault Current Limiters superconducting fault current limiter in the power station Boxberg of Vattenfall (Source: Physik Journal 6, 2011)

30 Generators superconducting rotor for hydroelectric power station (Source: Physik Journal 6, 2011) Intro - 43

31 (Source: Physik Journal 6, 2011) Intro - 44 Superconducting Magnets production of superconducting solenoids for MRI systems at Siemens, Erlangen

32 Intro - 45 Applications of superconductivity transportation systems and traffic MLX01 Jap. Yamanashi MAGLEV-System (42.8 km long test track between Sakaigawa and Akiyama, Japan) maximum velocity: 581 km/h ( )

33 Intro - 46 Applications of superconductivity superconducting magnets high energy physics MRI systems Atlas detector fusion

34 Intro - 48 Applications of superconductivity MRI Systems high-field MRI system (for whole-body tomography) MAGNETOM AERA 1.5T integrated MRI-PET system Siemens Biograph-mMR, 3 T

35 Intro - 49 Electronics Applications

36 Intro - 50 Applications of superconductivity sensors and detectors microwave receivers Quantum interference detectors

37 Biomagnetism environmental noise signals earth magnetic field urban noise 50m screw 2m transistor, IC 2m single 1m 2km B (Tesla) biomagnetic signals lung particle human heart muscles foetal heart human eye human brain (a) human brain (stimulated) foetal brain 1 mm Superconducting Quantum Interference Detector (SQUID) sensitivity: a few ft/ Hz PTB Berlin Intro - 52

38 Intro - 53 Biomagnetism

39 Intro - 54 Josephson Computer Source: K. K. Likharev, SUNY Stony Brook

40 Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) Logic PetaFLOPS Scale Computing: Speed and Power Scales (Year 2006) Semiconductors (CMOS) Superconductors (RSFQ) Performance: > GFLOPS each Performance: GFLOPS each Power: 150 W per chip total > 15 MW Power: 0.05 W per PE node total K ( K) Footprint: >30 x 30 m 2 latency > 3 ms Footprint: 1 x 1 m 2 latency 20 ns Source: K. K. Likharev, SUNY Stony Brook Intro - 55

41 Intro - 56 From mechanical to quantum mechanical IP superconducting Qubit 20 µm physics Intel dual-core 45 nm (2007) WMI technology Enigma (1940) vacuum tubes ENIAC (1946) first transistor (1947) Bardeen, Brattain, & Shockley

42 Intro - 57 Superconducting Quantum Circuits coplanar waveguide resonator 1.25 GHz Q > 10 5 Flux Qubit hybrid ring S 23 = - 3 db S 31 = - 50 db

43 Intro - 58 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 Serge Haroche David J. Wineland The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 was awarded jointly to Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland "for groundbreaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"

44 Intro - 59 Light-matter interaction study of light matter interaction on a fundamental quantum level Cavity QED consequences of quantum nature of light on light-matter interaction quantum mechanical control and manipulation of light and matter basis for quantum information technology

45 Intro - 60 Light-matter interaction Circuit QED why artificial atoms? - tunability of (by design & in experiment) transition frequency selection rules / symmetry F. Deppe et al., Nature Physics 4, 686 (2008) T. Niemczyk et al., arxiv: v1 - (ultra) strong coupling to resonator modes T. Niemczyk et al., Nature Physics 6, 772 (2010)

46 Intro - 61 Prospects of Circuit QED systems fundamental quantum experiments solid state quantum technology & quantum sensors quantum information & communication

47 Intro - 63 Nanosystems Cluster of Excellence Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) spokesman: J. Feldmann coordinator of RA I -Quantum Nanophysics: R. Gross

48 Intro - 64 Quantum computing- all done? No! Real Quantumness highly doubted!

49 Intro - 65 Quantum computing vs. quantum simulation Classical computer Current smiconductor-based implementation higly successful Nevertheless inefficient for certain problems, including Prime number factorization Simulating other quantum systems Quantum computer Universal machine to efficiently solve many types of problems Example: the simulation of quantum systems themselves Always digital Stringent hardware requirements Quantum simulator Encode one hard-to-access quantum system in an easier-to-access one Specialized, not universal Analog or digital variants Dramatically less stringent hardware requirements