ERT 460 CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT DESIGN II HEAT TRANSFER. En Mohd Khairul Rabani Bin Hashim
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1 ERT 460 CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT DESIGN II HEAT TRANSFER En Mohd Khairul Rabani Bin Hashim 1
2 Heat Transfer Steady and transient heat conduction, natural and forced convection, and radiation of controlled environment structures for plants, animals and aquaculture.
3 3 modes of heat transfer: Conduction Convection Radiation Occur: -Independently -Simultaneously Affect thermal exchanges between a building & it ambient surrounding
4 Heat Trasfer Steady state temperature & heat fluxes don t change with time use in agriculture buildings design Transient state not steady state use in large building design
5 1. Conduction heat transfer the transfer of energy thro a solid material or materials that are in direct physical contact. Eg: gain of heat from outdoor surface to indoor surface thro solid building wall The rate of heat conduction thru a material depends on physical properties (density & conductivity), thickness tempt. difference across the material Always from area of higher temp. to area of lower temp
6 Heat transfer by conduction can be minimized by using materials that are poor conductors. Styrofoam is a poor thermal conductor Double-layered glazing systems take advantage of the poor thermal conductivity of air to reduce heat loss by forming an insulating blanket of air.
7 The conduction heat loss can be defined in the standard heat conduction relationship: q cd = (UA) (Ti To) where, q cd = conduction heat loss (W) U = the heat transmission coeff (W C -1 m -2 ) A = area of cross section (m 2 ) T i = inside design tempt. ( C) T o = outside ambient tempt. ( C) 7
8 1.1 Conduction on Parallel Slabs Heat transfer a involve medium composed of several different parallel layers having different thermal conductivity (K)
9 Overall heat transfer coefficient:
10 1.2 Conduction on Parallel Slabs with Air cavity Consider a concrete wall/roof with air cavity of air-conductance C. The heat is transferred from the hot surface temperature T A to the cold surface temperature T B.
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14 2. Convection heat transfer physical movement of gases/liquids between regions at different tempt. is greater when velocity of liquid/gas is higher Another form of convection heat transfer is infiltration which is the exchange of outside for inside air. The rate of infiltration depends on the size & number of cracks other openings in the GH shell outside wind velocities.
15 The rate of energy exchange due to infiltration is simply a function of the difference in tempt.of the air coming into the GH compared to the air leaving convection heat transfer is based on ventilation stages in the GH. Heat by ventilation is based on sensible & latent heat. sensible heat: portion of total energy removed from the GH in the ventilation air by a tempt. increased in the air. latent heat: heat removed as vaporized water & comes primarily from plant/animals transpiration & soil water ET Eg: a dairy cow losses heat to the surrounding air
16 classified in 2 ways: Natural/free convection -> fluid motion induced by density differences within fluid (caused by temp. differences) forced convection -> fan or pump causes fluid motion, If the rate of heating of room temperature is higher than the rate of heat removal thro roof vents, then the heat removal is only possible thro forced convection (fan should be provided)
17 Q = (ha ) (Ti To ) where, Q = rate of heat flow (W) h = local heat transfer coeff (W C -1 m -2 ) A = area of the GH glazing (m 2 ) T i = inside design tempt. ( C) T o = outside ambient tempt. ( C)
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26 3. Radiation heat transfer occurs between objects without any physical contact or transporting medium. Occur when electromagnetic energy leaves one object & intercepted/absorbed by another. Object at higher temp. emit electromagnetic energy then absorb & converted to thermal energy by object at lower temp. All objects radiate energy in all directions (but vary in capacity to absorb & emit radiation). All energy delivered from the sun to the earth is a result of radiative energy transport.
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28 When radiative energy strikes an object it is either transmitted, reflected, or absorbed depending on wavelength of the radiation & spectral characteristics of the particular object When radiative Eg ; Visible light & ultraviolet radiation from the sun are electromagnetic radiation
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30 REFERENCESS Albright (1990). Environment control for animals and plants. ASAE Textbook. Tiwari, G. N. (2005). Greenhouse technology for controlled environment. Alpha Science International Ltd, Harrow, UK.
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