Solliance. Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program. TKI Urban Energy Days l e d b y i m e c, E C N a n d T N O

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1 Solliance Perovskite based PV (PSC) Program TKI Urban Energy Days l e d b y i m e c, E C N a n d T N O

2 2 Bringing together research and industry Providing insight and know-how to all partners in the value chain Accelerating thin film PV developments with our industrial partners Materials Equipment PV Manufacturers End users

3 3 Bringing together research and industry Providing insight and know-how to all partners in the value chain Accelerating thin film PV developments with our industrial partners Materials Equipment PV Manufacturers End users

4 Hero Solar Cell efficiency evolution: Multi-junction Efficiency: Thin film PV PSC, CdTe & CIGS between mc-si and c-si Maturity: PSC << CIGS < CdTe Cost targets ( /W p ): PSC < CIGS CdTe < csi PSC < 0,25 /W p )

5 5 Thin Film PV allows customized integration Current solutions: Add-on Nothing on façades Nothing on windows No proper fit Severely affected appearance

6 Solliance Ambition 6 Develop low-cost production processes for flexible PV modules with any shape and size Demonstrate these unique features in integrated PV products for infrastructure, buildings and vehicles

7 7 Solliance Organization

8 8 Solliance: production of PV: from Lab to Fab Specific process development for CIGS and Perovskite based PV Process preferences/requirements: Low temperature processes: throughput, energy consumption low-cost Non-vacuum processes: low cost Short tact times (S2S) or fast R2R processes Large area well-controlled thin layer deposition of multi layers Defect free Layer thickness homogeneity Performance homogeneity

9 9 Solliance: Key infrastructure S2S and R2R production tools Slot die coating Ink jet printing Rotary screen printing Spatial ALD PECVD Electro-chemical deposition New production tools developed by Solliance and its partners Shared tools between Holst Centre (flexible electronics) and Solliance (thin film PV)

10 10 Preferred industrial deposition technologies Wet layer deposition Slot die coating Dry layer deposition Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (sald) S2S 15x15cm 2 & 30x30cm 2 R2R 30 cm width

11 15 High potential for Perovskite based PV (PSC) Potential: High efficiency (> 22%) Low cost: very thin, low cost materials & processes Compare csi wafer: 150 µm, CIGS layer 2,5 µm, Perovskite layer 0,5 µm Main challenges: Scale-ability: demonstrate low-cost and large scale industrial production Materials Processes Sheet-to-Sheet (S2S) Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Reliability: improving stability whilst maintaining high performance Toxicity: assessment of potential toxicity (Pb) and alternative materials CH 3 NH 3 (+) perovskite: CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 [PbI 6 ] 4 octahedron

12 16 Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm 2 ) Lab baseline V1.0: 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature R2R compatible Dual Perovskite precursor Pb(Ac) 2 /PbCl 2 : 2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing MAPbI 3 Glass: 14,5% PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5%

13 Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm 2 ) 17 Lab baseline V1.0: Lab scale process: spin coating 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature R2R compatible Dual Perovskite precursor Pb(Ac) 2 /PbCl 2 : 2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing MAPbI 3 Glass: 14,5% PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5% Advantages: Short research cycles: ideal for efficient stack optimization Not critical Disadvantage: Not scalable > 15x15cm 2 Low layer thickness uniformity > 90% material waste Batch wise

14 18 Stable lab scale PSC baseline development: small cells (0,15 cm 2 ) Lab baseline V1.0: 5 layers (i.s.o. 6) and low temperature R2R compatible Dual Perovskite precursor Pb(Ac) 2 /PbCl 2 : 2 hrs annealing 10 min annealing MAPbI 3 Glass: 14,5% PET or PEN/barrier: 12,5% Introduce scale-able industrial processes

15 Introducing up-scaling processes: S2S Keeping lab scale 95% 19 Vacuum e-beam TiO 2 Ambient S2S sald TiO 2 Small area spin coating Large area S2S slot die coating TiO 2 deposition Efficiency e-beam TiO 2 (reference) 15% ALD TiO 2 (setting 1) 2% ALD TiO 2 (setting 2) 14.1% sald TiO 2 (setting 3) 9.5% sald TiO 2 (setting 4) 14.9%

16 Laser scribe process development 20 All processes developed and optimized type of laser, pulse frequency, pulse power density, P1 P2 P3

17 Up-scaled 6x6 inch 2 PSC module on glass 21 World record (March 2016) Combining up-scaling processes S2S Slot Die coated layers E-beam TiO 2 S2S Laser scribed interconnections S2S Packaged with laminated flexible barrier Glass based PSC with 2 TCO s Tandem applications (cfr. Sjoerd) Aperture Area Sub cells V oc I sc FF Aperture Efficiency 168 cm 2 GFF 95% V 848 mv/cell 116 ma 17.3 ma/cm % 10.0 %

18 Development of tandem application 22 Tandem = csi cell AND semi-transparent Perovskite cell Potential: csi efficiency (20 25%) > 31% Solliance works on semi-transparent perovskite stack optimization and integration into 4T tandem modules Example: First-ever fully integrated 64 cm 2 4T tandem module: light PSC csi 4 cm 4 4x4 cm 2 MWT csi cells integrated on back sheet at the bottom Semitransparent 16 cm 2 PSC module (10%)

19 23 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Humidity stability Intrinsic 1 H 2 O 2 H 2 O Irreversible water up-take

20 24 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Humidity stability Intrinsic Baseline V1.0 RH Fast device deterioration by increased exposure to humidity

21 25 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Humidity stability Intrinsic Baseline V1.0, no Al 2 O 3 Additional ALD Al 2 O 3 on PER RH RH Almost no device deterioration by increased exposure to humidity

22 PCE after 5min (%) 26 Not only stability Humidity stability Intrinsic ALD Al 2 O 3 (PCE ) spatial ALD Al 2 O 3 (PCE ) No (s)ald sald1 sald2 sald3

23 27 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Humidity stability Intrinsic Baseline V1.0, no Al 2 O 3 Additional ALD Al 2 O 3 on PER RH RH Extrinsic: Flexible R2R produced water barrier foil WVTR tune-able: g/day.m 2

24 28 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Temperature stability Introducing improvements: Hinder escape of small Methyl Ammonium cation: Dense (sald) inorganic (inter)layers

25 29 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Temperature stability 85⁰C Introducing improvements: Hinder escape of small MA cation: Dense (sald) inorganic (inter)layers

26 30 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Temperature stability 85⁰C Introducing improvements: Hinder escape of small MA cation: Dense (sald) inorganic (inter)layers

27 31 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Temperature stability 85⁰C Introducing improvements: Hinder escape of small MA cation: Dense (sald) inorganic (inter)layers

28 32 Stability of Perovskite based PV: target > 20 years Temperature stability Lab baseline V2.0: Planar and low temperature R2R compatible Introducing Formamidinium & Bromide Two step process FA 1-x MA x PbI 3-x Br x More stable and Introducing improvements: Hinder escape of small MA cation: Dense (sald) inorganic (inter)layers Larger cation/smaller anion: Formamidinium/Bromide Glass: 19% PET: 16,5% World record (August 2016) Up - sc ale Next step towards R2R on dedicated infrastructure & know-how

29 33 Towards R2R processed PSC Substrate: PET + ITO Step 1: sald TiO 2 S2S R2R or Step 2: Slot Die PER S2S R2R Slot Die SnO x

30 34 Towards R2R processed PSC: results Substrate: PET + ITO R2R slot die of SnO x & R2R slot die of PER Dense crystalline layer Device performance: PCE: 12,6% MPPT, 13,7% JV scan Devices by: S2S OMeTAD + Au Withstand 100x bending with r=10 mm

31 Performance Targets PSC Program for 2017 and beyond 35 Main Platform module targets Mod. Size x5 cm² on glass (lab scale) 15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm 2 Rigid Semi-tr. Mod. Eff. 10% 12% 14% 16% / 12 % Stability n.a. 85⁰C/85%RH/1kh 85⁰C/85%RH/1kh 85⁰C/85%RH/1kh Rigid Non-tr. Mod. Size 15x15 cm² (up-scaled) 15x15 cm² 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm 2 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm 2 Mod. Eff. 10% 15% 17% / 12% 18% / 15% Stability Failure mechanisms analysis report % losses 70⁰C/85%RH/1kh 85⁰C/85%RH/1kh 85⁰C/85%RH/1kh 85⁰C/85%RH/2kh Flexible Non-tr. Mod. Size 5x5 cm² on glass with metal BE (lab scale)* 15x15 cm² on foil (up-scaled) all-r2r 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm 2 all-r2r 15x15 cm² / 30x30 cm 2 Mod. Eff. 10% 10% 12% / 10% 14% / 12% * + Metal-based lab scale baseline stack on foil: 12% on 0,13cm² cell Stability Stress assessment on Start stress assessment stability + start failure Failure mechanisms on stability mechanisms analysis report % losses assessment 70⁰C/85%RH/1kh on cell % losses 85⁰C/85%RH/1kh Solliance PSC Program - TKI 65⁰C/85%RH/1kh Urban Energy Days - 85⁰C/85%RH/1kh

32 Thank you for your attention! Ronn Andriessen Program director ronn.andriessen@solliance.eu l e d b y i m e c, E C N a n d T N O