Submission. Central Statistics Office. Census 2021 Consultation on Questionnaire Content. 1 November 2017

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1 Representing the owners of apartments and houses in managed estates Submission to Central Statistics Office on Census 2021 Consultation on Questionnaire Content 1 November 2017

2 CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Submission 3.0 Conclusion 2

3 Abbreviations/Acronyms Used CSO Central Statistics Office DHPLG Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government MUD Multi-Unit Developments, as described in Section 1(1) of the MUD Act MUD Act Multi-Unit Developments Act 2011 OMC Owners Management Company as defined in Section 1(1) of the MUD Act PMA Property Management Agent PSRA Property Services Regulatory Authority 3

4 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Executive Summary This submission responds to the call for submissions of 5 October 2017 issued by the Central Statistics Office ( CSO ) in relation to the questionnaire content of Census 2021 ( the Census ) 1. Our submission is concerned with the Accommodation/Housing questions of the Census 2. According to recent Census data 3, the number of apartments and other homes in managed estates in Ireland is increasing. These are housing types that are relatively new to Ireland. We submit that through the Census the State should capture more data about them. In this way will more information about these housing types become available. Public policymakers and other interested parties will have better information for evidence-based decisions. Changing communities Ireland s population is growing. How and where we live is changing. Housing arrangements and community configurations are changing. It is clear from Census 2016 and estimates of future population that apartment living will form an increasingly larger component of the housing in Ireland in the future. 1.2 Apartment numbers nationally Census 2016 recorded that there are about 204,000 occupied apartments in Ireland 4. Approximately 500,000 people live in homes in multi-unit developments 5. There has in the last years been a rapid growth in the number of apartment/multiunit development homes as a component of the national housing stock. Apartments have increased in number by 85% since 2002, and accounted for 12% of all household types in According to Census , since 2011 there has been an increase of 15% in the number of apartment dwellings in the State. In the same period the total number of homes in the country grew by 3%. This means that the apartment sector represents by far the fastest growing component of the national housing stock Appendix I has the Household questions from Census Census of Population Profile 1 Housing in Ireland 4 Census of Population Profile 1 Housing in Ireland 5 Presentation to AON by P Mooney, Benchmark Property, 14 January 2016 (The term multi-unit development encompasses dwellings such as conventional houses, duplexes, townhouses, etc. where there is an OMC managing the estate. The term is not restricted to developments comprising of apartments only.) 6 Census 2016, Chapter 9 Housing - 4

5 1.3 About the Apartment Owners Network We are a volunteer-led, independent, non-party political group representing the interests and views of owners, both owner occupiers and investors, of dwellings in managed estates, and their OMCs, throughout Ireland. The AON is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Network participation is diverse and includes owners who are directors of OMCs, residents living in estates where the OMC remains controlled by the estate developer, and residents of houses in managed estates. The Network is an information resource for apartment owners, in particular those owners who have stepped forward to act as volunteer directors of their OMC. Where within the current MUD legal/regulatory framework solutions to a particular problem are not available, the Network leadership engages with the relevant authorities. We propose action and we promote legislative change. As of the date of this submission, 470 multi-unit stakeholders approximately are engaged with the AON. Many more multi-unit estates engage with the Network on an ad hoc or informal basis. Policy engagement The AON has working relationships with various national and local government agencies, including the Housing Agency, the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government, the ODCE, the Law Reform Commission, the Department of Justice and Equality, the PSRA, and Dublin City Council ( DCC ). We liaise with the Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (Residential Committee), as the representatives of the Property Management Agent sector. We have working links with the Owners Corporation Network in Australia. The Network played a central role in securing the formulation and enactment of the Multi- Unit Developments Act 2011 ( the MUD Act ). We contributed to the preparation of the Property Services (Regulation) Act 2011, and related secondary legislation. Monthly forum meetings The AON meets in open forum once a month at DCC Civic Offices, Wood Quay, Dublin 8. Meetings and activities are currently facilitated by funding from DCC, and by the involvement of the Network s volunteer members. The Network incorporated as a CLG (No ) on 10 November 2016, and is establishing formal structures as a full-time representative organisation. Further information about the Network s activities is available atwww.apartmentownersnetwork.org We are active on- facebook.com/apartmentowners 5

6 1.4 Context to submission Brief overview of apartment management An apartment/mud Owners Management Company comprises a board of volunteer directors, typically civic-minded residents or owners in the estate. The directors are elected by the membership of the company, i.e. the wider body of unit owners. The directors are usually unpaid. They are charged with the primary responsibility of managing the estate. This refers in particular to the upkeep of the common areas, and delivery of shared property services, and to ensuring adherence to the principles of good estate management. Effective stewardship of the OMC is vital to ensuring the maintenance of the estate, the built environment of the community. An effectively run OMC means the estate will be a good community in which to live. It is important to note that while taking the form of a body corporate, an OMC is in reality a voluntary community organisation. It is akin to a residents committee, but in corporate form. It facilitates the orderly running of a residential estate for the benefit of the wider neighbourhood and community. An OMC is a not-for-profit company. Its core function is the stewardship of the finances underpinning the successful management of the estate. A Property Management Agent ( PMA ) is typically appointed by the OMC to attend to the operational running of the estate- common area maintenance and upkeep, block insurance, domestic waste disposal, landscaping, etc. The OMC levies an annual service charge on each unit owner. This annual management charge pays for the aforementioned services. The charge is required by law to include a contribution to a long-term sinking fund for non-recurring/capital expenditure (e.g. lift replacement). Service charge collection problems Service charge debt recovery is widely accepted as the most significant financial challenge facing OMCs. Many OMCs are faced with current fee recovery rates of less than 70%. Aged debtors can run to five or more years, and cumulatively can represent in excess of 100% of the OMC annual budget. Sinking Fund provision is in many cases tied up in debtors, with the priority given by the OMC to meeting the day-to-day costs of maintaining core estate services. We have in our other submissions put forward proposals around OMC regulation, seeking to address issues including financial underprovision. We enclose at Appendix II our submissions to DHPLG on the recent review of Rebuilding Ireland and the National Planning Framework. This material will inform the CSO of the current and future challenges facing the apartment sector, and why the additional data sought by our changes is required. 6

7 2.0 Details of Submission 2.1 Questions to amend and include We set out below the questions we submit should be modified and included in the Census. 1. Amend current H1 to read- What type of accommodation does your household occupy? Mark one box only A flat that is self-contained: 4- In a purpose-built block 5- Part of a converted house or commercial building An apartment (including duplexes) that is self-contained: 6- In a purpose-built block 7- Part of a converted house or commercial building 2. Add to current H2 When did you first occupy your accommodation? Mark one box only (i) Before 1919 (ii) inclusive (iii) inclusive (iv) inclusive (v) inclusive (vi) inclusive (vii) inclusive (viii) inclusive (ix) inclusive (x) 2021 or later 3. Amend H3 If renting, what is your landlord-tenant arrangement? Mark one box only (i) Private landlord (individual) and private tenant (ii) Private landlord (individual) and social tenant (iii) Private landlord (other than an individual, e.g. company, REIT, etc.) and private tenant (iv) Private landlord (other than an individual, e.g. company, REIT, etc.) and social tenant (v) Local Authority (vi) Voluntary/Co-operative housing body 7

8 4. New question Is your accommodation in a managed estate, i.e. an estate having an Owners' Management Company? 5. New question subsidiary to/following on from #4 above If you own your accommodation in a managed estate what is your annual management fee: Mark one box only (i) None (ii) < 500 (iii) 501-1,000 (iv) 1,001-1,500 (v) 1,501-2,000 (vi) 2,001-2,500 (vii) 2,501-3,000 (viii) > 3, New question subsidiary to/following on from #4 above What services may you avail of in your managed estate? Choose all that apply: (i) Gym/leisure centre (ii) Community hall/centre (iii) Concierge/on-site security (iv) Underground car park 7. New Question If your accommodation is a flat or apartment, how many floors above ground are in your block? (i) 2 or less (ii) 3-5 (iii) 6-8 (iv) 9-12 (v) (vi) 16 or more 8. New Question Does your house, flat or apartment have a water meter? 9. New Question If your accommodation is a flat or apartment, is there dedicated secure bicycle storage external to the individual flat or apartment? 8

9 2.2 Justifications We note the requirement that all submissions should include a detailed justification for each proposal with reference to the following: The purpose of the user need and a description of the analysis that will be required The specific need for the data at a small area level The specific need for data for small population groups Any legal or EU requirements for the data The requirement for cross tabular analysis We have the following observations in relation to the foregoing: 1. Census bases We note that Census 2016 census was run as a no change census, i.e. it contained the same questions as Census We note also that this is the first public consultation on the content of the census questionnaire since In effect 2008 is the base year; it appears that data and conditions prevailing in 2008 are the bases against which suggestions for new questions should be compared. It is submitted that by the time of Census 2021 the housing stock in Ireland will have undergone considerable changes in terms of overall size, complexity and configuration, when compared to the position in For this reason it is submitted that the Household questions should be updated in the manner put forward It is submitted that modifications on nature of landlords will provide more precise data on the categories of landlord in the maturing housing market. 2. Apartment numbers As articulated earlier in this submission, apartments are the fastest growing component of the national housing stock. Shared spaces and services managed by an OMC are unique to multi-unit/apartment living. It is submitted that there is insufficient data available on the sector. Provision of the data put forward in this submission will support informed, evidence-based policy formulation and decision making in Housing. It is submitted that there is a need to differentiate between a flat and an apartment. To our understanding, a flat is a residential unit within a building that was not purpose built for self-contained units, e.g. three or four storey house modified into individual units. 9

10 Whereas, an apartment is a self-contained residential unit, having clearly delineated and dedicated rooms, within a larger building constructed specifically for the provision of self-contained units. 3. Data levels It is submitted that Local Authorities in particular need the data suggested in this submission at the levels of small areas and small population groups. This will support the following functions of Local Authorities- Fire safety compliance Building regulation Local Property Tax setting Taking-in-charge Water and waste management Planning and development at local levels 4. Public Policy The data collection suggested will identify residential densities and assist public policy formulation and decision making in a broad range of areas including the following- Transport Planning Education Health Non-transport infrastructure development 2.3 Question to remove We set out below the question we submit should not be included in the Census. 1. H10- Does your household have a personal computer (PC)? Rationale It is submitted that with the development and prevalence of tablets, smartphones and other such devices, this question is rendered redundant. 10

11 3.0 Conclusion We wish to thank the CSO for the opportunity to contribute to this Public Consultation. We would welcome the opportunity to contribute further by way of meeting, involvement in the Census Advisory Group, or other communication. Conscious of the difficulties encountered by the CSO in the enumeration of apartment communities, we would be glad to provide suggestions in this regard for the Pilot survey planned for September We note reference to the potential for establishing sub-groups; perhaps such a group could be established to examine in more detail questions and enumeration procedures for apartments. We trust that the views expressed will be given due consideration in the CSO s deliberations. 11

12 Appendix I Census Accommodation/Household Questions 12

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14 Appendix II - Submissions on Rebuilding Ireland Review & NPF

15

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19 Î Š Ž Œ Š š Œ Ž Š Š Ž Ž Ž œ œ Š Ž š Œ Š Ÿ Š 8 9 : 9 ; < = : > A : B C = 9 D š Œ Ž Ž Ž Ž œ Ž Š Ž Ž œ Š Š Ž Š Š Ž Ž Ž Ž Š Š Œ E Ž œ Ž š Ž Š Ž Ð Š Ï œ Š œ Ž š Š Ž œ Ž F Ž Ž Ž ž Ž Ž œ Œ Š ž G Ÿ Š Š Ž Ž ž Ž Ž Ž Œ E Ž Ž Ð Š œ ž Ì š Ž š Ž Š Œ œ Ž Š Ž Š ž Š Î œ Š H I J K L J M N O P Q R S T U V W X K P Y Z [ Š Ž Ÿ Ž š Œ Š Ž œ œ š š Œ Ž Ž Ž Ž Ò Ð Ó Ë Ÿ Š Ž œ œ ž Š Ž F Ž Ž Î Š œ Ž š œ œ œ Ž Ž Š ž \ ] ^ Š š œ Š ] _ ` a ] b Ÿ Š œ Ž c œ Š ž Ò š Š Ž Š Ž œ Ž œ œ Ž Ž š Š ž œ Ž Ð Š Ó Š Š ž Š Ž Ò Š Ž Ò Ð Ó Ë d Ñ Š Ž Ž Ž Š ž ž Ž Ž Ò Ð Ó Ë Œ š Œ Š Š Ž Ð œ Ò œ Ž F Ž ž Ž Ž Š Ð Š Š Š ž e œ œ f Ñ Š ž ž Ž Ž š Š ž ž Š Š Š Ž Ž Ž œ Š Ž Š Š Ž š Œ Š g Ñ Ž Š œ œ Š Š Š Ž š Š ž Ž Š Ž š œ Ò š Œ Š Ó š Ž œ Ž h C 9 i ; < A = C 9 : ; < A > C 9 j : 8 È A k l A C = A A ; < A m B C A n j o o m B p B C A 9 n ; < A =?? j A? œ Ÿ Š Š Ž Œ œ ž œ Š Ž Ž š œ Š Î Š Ž š Š Ž œ Ž ž Ž œ Š š ž Š Ž Ž œ Š Ž Š Ž œ œ Š Š Ž š Œ œ Ñ Ž œ š Ž Ž Ž š œ Œ œ Ž Š Œ œ Š Ž Š Ž œ š Ž œ Ž Ž Ž Œ Š q r s t u v s w xy u u z { y z } ~y y ~u t u w ƒ v u v s ˆ z x ~ Š u t y z xv w v ~u t u t u z y ~ t Œ u t u } ~ y Ž s y s w { ˆ { u Œ { w } } s t ~v w v ~u t u { Ž s y s w { u ~ z Œ Œ s y v ~u t y v v u z y ~ t Œ Œ u ~s u z y ~ t Œ u x ~ ƒ u z y ~ t Œ s u t u } ~ y { s y s w { { u Œ { w } } s ~ t ~v w v ~u t { s y s w { v u ~ y z Œ Œ s y v ~u t y z { y z } ~y y ~u t ~y u t u z { s y ~v s v v y w w { v } s t v u t s { y t s v u { š u { Œ œ w u t y z } ~y y ~u t v u xœ s y { ~ u z y ~ t Œ { s y s w { { u Œ { w } } s ž v v y w w { v } s t v u t s { y t s v u { š u { Œ Ÿ t w v ~u t w x xw t t ~ t Œ { w } s u { š w u t y z } ~y y ~u t ª «± ² ª ³ µ ¹ º» ¼ ½ º ¾ À ½ Á  ± à ± µ Ä Å Æ Ç º ¼ ¹ È É Ê Ë ¼ Ì Í Æ Ç ½ Á Î º Í Ï Ð Â ² ± Ñ Ò ª Ò Ó Ô Õ ± Ó Ö Ø Ù ± Ú ª ³ Ú Û ± Ú ± Ò Ü Š u t s { s t s ~y w u { š ~ t { u Œ { s y y s u z y ~ t Œ Ý Œ s t ƒ w t Š x Þ ~ u z y ~ t Œ w s u } } ~y y ~u t s w y v z ƒ u t v s Š y s v u { ß y s s s v w ~ xy u t u z { s y ~v s v v y w w { v } s t v u t s { y t s v u { š u { Œ { s y s w { { s u { v u t u } y x z ~ u z y ~ t Œ w Œ s t ƒ 7

20 á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê é ë ì í î ï é ð ï ñ ò í ë ó î ï é é ô õ í ö é ë ø ù ú û ü ý þ û ÿ ý ý ø ü ý þ û ù ý ü ü þ ù ú ý ù ù û ù ø ù ú û ü ý þ û þ ú ý ú ý ù û ý ü ù þ ù ý ü ý þ û û ý ý ü ü þ ù ú ý ù ý ú þ þ ý ú! " # $ % & ù ú ý þ ý ý þ ý ø ý ú ù û ý ' ý ÿ ü ü û û ý ý ü ù ÿ ý ø ù ø ù ú û ü ý þ û þ ý ú & ü ü û û ý ý ü ý ü ý ú ù ú ý þ ý ú þ û ý ý ú û û ý ø ú ù ú ÿ û û ù ( ý þ û ý ú ý ø þ û û ý û ý ù ú ÿ ø û ý ý û ù û ý ü ü þ ù ú ý ù û ú û ý % & ) ý þ û ý ý ú û ú û ú ý û ý * ú ù ø ù ú û ü ý þ û ü ù þ ù ý ü ý þ û ü ÿ ý ü ý ù þ û ù û û ý ù û ù ø ù ú û ü ý þ û û ( ú û þ ý ú ÿ ý ø ý þ ÿ þ û ý ú ( þ û ý ý ú ÿ ú ý û ú ù ú û ù û ý ÿ ý ý ý ú ý þ û ù þ ÿ ú û ý ú ü þ ' ý + û þ ú ý ù û ú ý ù ( þ ý ý ù þ ÿ ÿ ý ý þ ý þ ÿ ý ú ü þ ý û ý û ù þ ù û û ý ù ø ù ú û ü ý þ û ü ù þ ù ý ü ý þ û ü ÿ ý * þ ú ÿ ý ú û ø ø ú û û ù þ ù ý ù û ù ø ù ú û ü ý þ û þ ' þ ø ù ý û ú ù ú ÿ þ û ý ú ú ý þ û ý ú þ û ý, ù þ þ ý ý ÿ û ý ø ø ý ü ý þ û ý ÿ ý ú ù þ ÿ ù ý & ü ø ù þ - ù ù þ ÿ û ý %. / û ' û ý ÿ ý ú ý ù û ý ú ù ü ý ú ( ù ú þ ÿ ü û þ û ÿ ý ý ø ü ý þ û ú ý ú ý ú ý þ û ú ý ú ü ) ü þ ø û ú ù ú ÿ û ý, ù þ ÿ ý ù ü ý þ û ý ÿ û ø ý û ø ø ú û ù û û ù þ ù ý ù ø ù ú û ü ý þ û þ * û ú ý ý ú û ù þ ÿ ÿ ý ý ø ø û þ þ û ý ü ù û ý ú ù ø ú ý ü û û ý ÿ û û ý /, - & 0 ' ù þ û ý ÿ ù ý à

21 á â 2 ä å æ ç ë é ê é ë 3 í î ï é ð ï : 7 ; < 6 : = A B? D E? C F G E H A F I J K L M N O P Q R S N T U V U R W K X P U V Y T K P R Z U L P Q U W W Y [ \ U W W U N L K L Z W Y S S N X P U L ] \ K P R X U K T K X R K T X R K Z M V N \ \ N L S X K V P U V R U L P Q R \ K P Y X R K S K X P \ R L P W R V P N X W N O N P Q R X V N Y L P X U R W ^ _ X R T K L Z Q K W K Y L U ` Y R N S S N X P Y L U P M P N W R T R V P P Q R [ R W P N O P Q R W R S N T U V U R W K L Z K Z K S P P Q R \ P N W Y U P P Q R _ X U W Q R L a U X N L \ R L P ^ b R \ K M K T W N T R K X L c Q K P Z N R W L N P c N X d ^ e Y X U W Z U V P U N L W c U P Q T R ] K T W M W P R \ W N O V N \ \ N L T K c N X U ] U L f U L V T Y Z U L ] P Q R g h f i Y W P X K T U K f j K L K Z K f K L Z P Q R g k f N O O R X R l K \ S T R W N O S N T U V U R W K L Z T R ] U W T K P U a R O X K \ R c N X d W W Y S S N X P U L ] W Y W P K U L K [ T R K L Z Q U ] Q ` Y K T U P M K S K X P \ R L P T U a U L ] ^ _ L P Q U W X R ] K X Z c R K X R U L N L m ] N U L ] V N \ \ Y L U V K P U N L c U P Q N Y X V N Y L P R X S K X P W U L i Y W P X K T U K n ^ o Y X X R W R K X V Q U L Z U V K P R W P Q K P P Q R p q r s t u v w u x y r s t u s u z { } ~ v w r v r ~ r s w x r w { w v u t w s s s ~ t w r \ N Z R T ^ b R c U T T c R T V N \ R K L N S S N X P Y L U P M P N R l S K L Z N L T R K X L U L ] W O X N \ i Y W P X K T U K ^ ƒ C G F D D? ˆ Š E G C B E B I _ L Œ Ž f \ N X R P Q K L N Y P N O R a R X M Œ S R X W N L W U L P Q R g m T U a R Z U L K S K X P \ R L P W O T K P W ^ Q R S X N S N X P U N L N O S R N S T R T U a U L ] U L K S K X P \ R L P W c K W Q U ] Q R W P U L k S K U L Ž f K P a U K Ž K L Z W P N L U K ^ _ L W P K X d V N L P X K W P f _ X R T K L Z š c K W [ M O K X K L Z K c K M P Q R V N Y L P X M c U P Q P Q R T N c R W P S X N S N X P U N L N O K S K X P \ R L P Z c R T T R X W œ ^ _ X R T K L Z Q K Z T R W W P Q K L Q K T O P Q R S X N S N X P UN L N O P Q R g h Ž f P Q R V N Y L P X M c U P Q P Q R W R V N L Z T N c R W P S X N S N X P U N L ^ b R W Y [ \ U P P Q K P P Q R L K X X K P U a R [ R Q U L Z P Q R _ X U W Q W P K P U W P U V U W N L R N O V Y X X R L P S N T U V U R W K L Z T R ] U W T K P U a R W Y S S N X P W P Q K P O K U T P N R L V N Y X K ] R K S K X P \ R L P T U a U L ] ^ b R S Y P O N X c K X Z c Q K P c R V N L P R L Z K X R V N L W P X Y V P U a R K L Z R O O R V P U a R S N T U V M W N T Y P U N L W P N X R \ R Z M P Q R S N W U P U N L ^ Q R W R c U T T W Y S S N X P P Q R N [ R V P U a R W N O P Q R ž T K L ^ Ÿ ª «ª ª ª ± ± ² ³ ² ² µ ± ª ª ± ± ³ ² µ ² µ ± µ ª ª ± ª ª «ª «³ «¹ ± «¹ ² ± º µ ª ª «ª «³ ¼ ½ ¾»» ¹ «À Á  ¹ ª «¹ ª à ª ª ± ± ³ ² µ ² µ ± µ ª ª ± ª ª «ª «³ «¹ ± «¹ ² ± Ä «Å «ª «Ã µ ª » µ ª à ¾» ¹ ª ¾ Æ» Ç È É Ê» Ë Ì Ç Ê»» µ ª «Í» Î Ï É Ð ² ¼ «1

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23 L M N O P Q R S T P U V W X Q P Y Q Q W Z [ \ ] S Z Z S W X L M N M L ^ _ R ` Q ] P X Q X [ ] \ P ` Z X R Q S W X R T T a b c d e f e g h i j k c l m k n c n o p q o o p c k c q k c q r m f o g h s t h h h m l l f u v c n q u q k o w c d o e v d x k c y q d n z z { u u k m } v w q o c y ~ h h t h h h u c m u y c y v c v d p m w c e v d w f y o v f d v o n c c y m u w c d o e z { ƒ p c k c p q e v d o p c y q e o i h i ~ c q k e r c c d q k q u v n k m o p v d o p c d f w r c k m q u q k o w c d o w f y o v f d v o n c c y m u w c d o p m w c e q e q l m w u m d c d o m o p c d q o v m d q y p m f e v d e o m l ˆ { u q k o w c d o e t p v l p p q c v d l k c q e c n v d d f w r c k r ~ Š e v d l c g h h g t q l l m f d o c n m k i g Š m q y y p m f e c p m y n o ~ u c e v d g h i j t l m w u q k c n v o p i i Š v d g h i i { l l m k n v d o m b c d e f e g h i j z t e v d l c g h i i o p c k c p q e r c c d q d v d l k c q e c m i Š v d o p c d f w r c k m q u q k o w c d o n c y y v d e v d o p c Œ o q o c { x d o p c e q w c u c k v m n o p c o m o q y d f w r c k m p m w c e v d o p c l m f d o k ~ k c r ~ Š { ƒ p v e w c q d e o p q o o p c q u q k o w c d o e c l o m k k c u k c e c d o e r ~ q k o p c q e o c e o k m v d l m w u m d c d o m o p c d q o v m d q y p m f e v d e o m l ˆ { u q k o w c d o e q k c o p c w q v d p m f e c p m y n o ~ u c v d o p c Ž f r y v d b v o ~ y m l q y q f o p m k v o ~ q k c q { ƒ p c ~ q l l m f d o m k Š m q y y m l l f u v c n p m w c e v d o p c l q u vo q y { v c d o p c e c k q u v n l p q d c e t u f r y v l u m y v l ~ e p m f y n e f u u m k o o p c e f e o q v d q r v y v o ~ m q u q k o w c d o e q d n w f y o v f d v o n c c y m u w c d o e q e q ˆ c ~ l m w u m d c d o m o p c d q o v m d q y p m f e v d e o m l ˆ { c d m o c o p q o o p c k c y q o v c y ~ e p m k o o v w c k q w c m k o p c u k c u q k q o v m d m k c e u m d e c e o m o p c f r y v l b m d e f y o q o v m d t q d n o p c m y f d o c c k d q o f k c m o p c c o m k ˆ y c q n c k e t w c q d o p q o o p v e e f r w v e e v m d v e d m o v d o c d n c n o m k c u k c e c d o q l m w u k c p c d e v c q d q y ~ e v e m o p c v e e f c e q l v d o p c w f y o v f d v o q u q k o w c d o e c l o m k { c y m m ˆ m k q k n o m p q v d o p c m u u m k o f d v o ~ o m c } u q d n m d m f k u m y v l ~ u k m u m e q y e { š œ ž Ÿ š ž ª «Ÿ Ÿ œ ž ž ª œ ± ž Ÿ œ œ œ «œ «ª ² Ÿ ž Ÿ Ÿ ³ µ ± ¹ «º ž» œ Ÿ ¼ ½ ž ž ¾ «Ÿ º À º Ÿ Á  ÃÄ Å Æ Ç Æ ÈÉ Ê Ë Æ Â Ä Ì º œ ž ª «ž Í Ÿ ž «ª œ Î Ÿ «Ÿ «Ÿ «ž º ž ž Ÿ «Ÿ ž Ÿ «Ÿ º Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ ª Ÿ ª Í œ º Ÿ º œ š ž œ ž Ÿ º Ÿ Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Ê Ä Æ Õ Ö À É Á Ø Ã Â Ù Ì º ª ž ž œ ± ž Ÿ ª º Ÿ œ œ ž Ÿ Ú «ž œ Ÿ Û Ü Û œ ª š K

24 ç L M N M ß à ` S P á W â P ` â S P ã W á R _ R ` Q ] P X Q ] R X R ä P ] P X Q x d m k n c k o m v d m k w o p c k c q n c k t q d n o m u k m v n c l m d o c } o m k o p c u k m u m e q y e v d o p v e e f r w v e e v m d t c u k c e c d o q r k v c c } u y q d q o v m d m p m q u q k o w c d o q d n w f y o v f d v o n c c y m u w c d o e q k c e o k f l o f k c n q d n w q d q c n { å æ d è é b v e c e o q r y v e p c n o m w q d q c o p c l m w w m d q k c q e m q w f y o v f d v o n c c y m u w c d o { ƒ p c w c w r c k e m o p c è é b q k c o p c m d c k e m o p c p m f e v d f d v o e m o p c n c c y m u w c d o { o c d c k q y w c c o v d e m o p c è é b c q l p w c w r c k p q e m d c m o c m k c q l p p m f e v d f d v o m d c n { ƒ p c w c w r c k e c y c l o n v k c l o m k e o m w q d q c o p c q q v k e m o p c è é b { x d o p c q e o w q ê m k v o ~ m l q e c e o p c n v k c l o m k e q k c d m o u q v n { ë m c c k t o p c ~ q k c l p q k c n v o p o p c u k v w q k ~ k c e u m d e v r v y v o ~ m w q d q v d o p c c e o q o c l m w w m d q k c q e q d n e p q k c n e c k v l c e t q d n m c d e f k v d q n p c k c d l c o m o p c u k v d l v u y c e m m m n c e o q o c w q d q c w c d o { ì c l o v c í î ï ð ñ ò ó í ô õ ö ø î ô ï ù ú û õ í ü õ î ñ ý î ï þ í ÿ ò õ þ î ô ï ÿ ö ï ï ö ø î ô ï ï í î ñ î ï î õ í ï í í ï þ î õ ñ ý î ï þ í ÿ ò õ þ î ô ñ î î ô ï ï í î ñ î ï õ í ñ ó ÿ þ õ î õ þ ð ô õ ô î ý õ ü ï ô ï ú ù ú û ó ï ý ø ñ ö ñ ò î ï þ î ñ þ ñ ï ï þ î õ þ ò ï ý ñ þ ó ï ñ þ í î ô ñ î ö ò ö ï ò î ñ í í ï î í ð ò î ô ô ÿ þ ó ò ï ó í ø õ ý ý õ þ í ø ï ÿ ò ñ ò ï ÿ þ ó ï ò î ô ï í î ï ð ñ ò ó í ô õ ö ø ü ý ÿ þ î ï ï ò ó õ ò ï î ò í ù î ô ï ò î ô ñ þ î ô ï ÿ í ÿ ñ ý û ù ñ þ ó ù û ø õ ý õ þ ò ï ÿ õ ò ï ï þ î í ñ þ ó ï þ ø ò ï ï þ î ï ñ í ÿ ò ï í ñ þ ó î ô ï ï þ ï ò ñ ý õ î ø û ö ñ þ ñ ð î ô ï ò ï õ í þ ï ø ø ï î õ ü ï ö ò ñ î õ ñ ý ò ï ÿ ý ñ î õ þ ø ù ú û í ô ï ù ú û ñ ò ï ï í ñ þ ñ þ þ ÿ ñ ý ÿ ó ï î ø ò î ô ï ï ñ ò î î ô ï þ õ í í ÿ ï í ñ þ ñ þ þ ÿ ñ ý í ï ò ü õ ï ô ñ ò ï î ï ñ ô ÿ þ õ î ð þ ï ò ô õ í ñ þ ñ ï ï þ î ø ï ï ö ñ í ø ò î ô ï ñ ø ò ï ï þ î õ þ ï ó í ï ò ü õ ï í ô ï ñ þ ñ ï ï þ î ø ï ï ÿ í î ý ñ ð õ þ ý ÿ ó ï ñ þ î ò õ ÿ î õ þ î ñ ý þ î ï ò ÿ õ ý ó õ þ í õ þ õ þ ø ÿ þ ó ø ò þ þ ò ï ÿ ò ò õ þ ñ ö õ î ñ ý ï ö ï þ ó õ î ÿ ò ï ï ý õ ø î ò ï ö ý ñ ï ï þ î! ô ï ñ ÿ þ î ø î ô ï í õ þ õ þ ø ÿ þ ó þ î ò õ ÿ î õ þ õ í í ï î î ô ï ï ï ò í " õ î õ í ö ï þ î î ô ï î ñ ò ï ï î ô ï ò ï í ô ñ ý ý ï þ þ î ò õ ÿ î õ þ # î õ í í ÿ õ î î ï ó î ô ñ î î ô õ í õ í ñ ø ý ñ ð õ þ î ô ï ý ï õ í ý ñ î õ þ ö õ ñ ý ý ñ $ ò ö ï ò î ú ñ þ ñ ï ï þ î % ï þ î & ' ( õ í ñ ö ö õ þ î ï ó î ô ï ù ú û î ñ î î ï þ ó î î ô ï ó ñ î ó ñ ö ï ò ñ î õ þ ñ ý ò ÿ þ þ õ þ ø î ô ï ï í î ñ î ï ) ô õ í õ þ ý ÿ ó ï í þ ñ ò ï ñ ñ õ þ î ï þ ñ þ ï ñ þ ó ÿ ö ï ï ö ý õ þ í ÿ ò ñ þ ï ó ï í î õ ð ñ í î ï ó õ í ö í ñ ý ý ñ þ ó í ñ ö õ þ ï î * +, + -. /, /, 0 6, % þ ù ú û õ í 9 : ; < = : ñ ö ñ þ ñ ó ò ö ò ñ î ï þ ò ï ñ ý õ î 9 : A B õ î õ í ñ ö ï ò ñ î õ ü ï ø ð þ ï ò í ð ô ï ý ï î ü ý ÿ þ î ï ï ò ó õ ò ï î ò í ÿ í ÿ ñ ý ý ò ï í õ ó ï þ î í! î ñ þ ñ ï î ô ï ñ ø ø ñ õ ò í ø î ô ï ù ú û î õ í ñ ÿ î ÿ ñ ý ò ñ þ õ í ñ î õ þ % þ ù ú û õ í ø î ï þ ò ï ø ï ò ò ï ó î C D E F G H I F J K G L M N O O H K K F F P Q E F R S F M K H J T K D F U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ [ _ ` a b c V Z ` d W d c V ] ` e [ ] ` a b U [ V Z ^ f g h i j k l mn o p q r s t n u l v j w x yl mz { o ml j } j yn ~ j o l k l ƒ p p n y m j l v j n o j n u j ˆ k v x o ml m o ˆ x yl mz x o ml j } j yn ~ j o l l n ˆ Š j ˆ ~ ˆ j o l l n l v j m o Š m o u x o n u l v j ˆ n x o l n u k n o l m x l mn o u mœ j m o j ~ j k l n u l v j x o ml k n o k j o j m o ˆ k k n ˆ o k j ml v l v j j k l mn o g Ž i j k l mn o p q r t ~ n } m j l v ˆ l l v j ˆ n x o l n u l v j k n o l m x l mn o l n j ~ ˆ m ˆ j ~ j k l ˆ x o ml j ˆ k v x o ml n o j l n l v j m o Š m o š œ œ ž Ÿ ª ««ª Ÿ ± ² g ³ i n j j l ˆ l j ˆ j j yu z ˆ o j m j l v j m j k l n µ j j j u u j k l m} j y x o j l ˆ Š j l v j w n yj v n j } j x k v ˆ ˆ o j j o l ˆ j j yˆ l m} j y ˆ j Ý Þ

25 ] ¹ º» d e b e ` V U ¼ d e a b ^ d ] ¼ V ½ \ e \ V ¼ ¼ ¾ V e W [ c V ] ¾ ¼ d d ` b ^ U ¾ Y \ V Z V ] ` b b f À ¾ ^ b _ d ] d ` d [ ] d ` a V e ] [ e a V Z b a [ ¼ ^ b Z e Á [ ] ¼¾ Y \ V Z V ] ` [ Z e Á \ e \ V ¼ ¼ ¾ _ [ Z V ] V [ \ ] `  à K N C J N O H J C S G  O Q Ä Å Æ Ç È a b ¹ º» d e ] [ ` É _ [ Z É c Z [ _ d ` Á V ] ^ ^ [ b e ] [ ` c V ¾ V ^ d Ê d ^ b ] ^ f ] ¾ b Ë W b e e [ _ d ] W [ b [ Ê b Z b Ë c b ] ^ d ` \ Z b d e b d ` a b Z V ¼ ¼ [ W V ` b ^ ` [ ` a b U \ d ¼ ^ d ] Y d ] Ê b e ` b ] ` Ì e d ] X d ] Y _ \ ] ^ Á [ Z b ¼ e b d ` d e W V Z Z d b ^ _ [ Z ½ V Z ^ ` [ ½ V Z ^ e ` a b W [ e ` [ _ c Z [ Ê d e d [ ] [ _ b e ` V ` b e b Z Ê d W b e _ [ Z ` a b _ [ ¼ ¼ [ ½ d ] Y ¾ b V Z f

26 Ï Ð Ñ Ð Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ô Ø Ù Ú Õ Û Ô Õ Ô Ø Ü Ö Ô Õ Ý Ø Ù Ú Þ Þ Ô ß Û Ô à á â ã ä å æ â æ ç è ã é â ê â ë ì ã â æ í ä â ã î è ï ê ð ñ ò å ó ó å ô õ å ê å ì î è ã â ö å ê â ó î è æ æ â ì â ê è ø ì ç â ù í ø ì ø å é ï åú å æ è ï ì è ï ê å ù ù â ê å è ì â ú å ï è ï æ å è ó æ ç è ó ó â ï é â ø æ í ï ú ã í ï ì å ï é ð ñ ò ø è ï ê ì ç â å ã ä í ó õ ï ì â â ã ê å ã â æ ì í ã ø û ü ý ñ è ï î ð ñ ò ø è ã â ú è æ â ê ö å ì ç æ õ ã ã â ï ì ú â â ã â æ í ä â ã î ã è ì â ø í ú ó â ø ø ì ç è ï þ ÿ ý é â ê ê â ë ì í ã ø æ è ï ã õ ï ì í ø å í ã ù í ã â î â è ã ø ý ï ì ç å ø ö è î ê â ë ì ã â æ í ä â ã î ã å ø ø ë â æ í ù å ï é ø ì è ì õ ì â ë è ã ã â ê ý æ æ õ ù õ ó è ì â ê ê â ë ì í ã ø æ è ï ã â ã â ø â ï ì å ï â æ â ø ø í ú ÿ ÿ í ú ì ç â ð ñ ò è ï ï õ è ó ë õ ê é â ì ý á å ï å ï é ú õ ï ê ã í ä å ø å í ï å ø å ï ù è ï î æ è ø â ø ì å â ê õ å ï ê â ë ì í ã ø ý ø è æ í ï ø â ô õ â ï æ â ù è ï î ð ñ ò ø è ã â ú í ã æ â ê ì í é å ä â ã å í ã å ì î ì í ì ç â æ í ø ì ø í ú ë è ø å æ â ø ì è ì â ø â ã ä å æ â ø í ï ó î å ï ø õ ã è ï æ â ã â ú õ ø â æ í ó ó â æ ì å í ï è ï ê æ í ù ù í ï è ã â è ó å é ç ì å ï é ý ã í â ã ó î ú õ ï ê â ê ð ñ ò ø ì ç è ì æ è ï ù â â ì ì ç â å ã è ï ï õ è ó â â ï ø â ø è ã ì å æ õ ó è ã ó î ï í ï ê å ø æ ã â ì å í ï è ã î æ í ø ì ø ø õ æ ç è ø å ï ø õ ã è ï æ â è ï ê ö è ø ì â æ í ó ó â æ ì å í ï è ï ê è ã í ã å è ì â ó î â ï ç è ï æ â ì ç â â ø ì è ì â í ä â ã ì å ù â â ï ø õ ã â ì ç â ù è å ï ì â ï è ï æ â è ï ê å ù ã í ä â ù â ï ì í ú è è ã ì ù â ï ì ø è ø è é ã í ö å ï é æ í ù í ï â ï ì í ú ì ç â ï è ì å í ï è ó ç í õ ø å ï é ø ì í æ ý á í õ ï ê ú å ï è ï æ å è ó ù è ï è é â ù â ï ì ã â ê õ æ â ø ì ç â ã å ø í ú ê â ä â ó í ù â ï ì ø ó í í å ï é ì í ì ç â á ì è ì â í ã ó í æ è ó é í ä â ã ï ù â ï ì ú í ã ø õ í ã ì å ï ì ç â ú õ ì õ ã â ú í ã ú õ ï ê å ï é ì ç å ø å ø å ï æ í ï ì ã è ø ì ì í ã â é ã â ì ì è ë ó â ê å ú ú åæ õ ó ì å â ø â â ã å â ï æ â ê å ï ã â æ â ï ì ç åé ç ã í ú å ó â æ è ø â ø ý ø ï í ì â ê ì ç â ã í ë ó â ù í ú ø â ã ä å æ â æ ç è ã é â è ã ã â è ã ø å ø ö å ê â ø ã â è ê å ï ì ç â ð ñ ò ø â æ ì í ã ý í í ã ã â æ í ä â ã î ã â ø ì ã å æ ì ø ì ç â ã í ä å ø å í ï í ú ä å ì è ó ø â ã ä å æ â ø ï â é è ì å ä â ó î å ù è æ ì å ï é ì ç â í ä â ã è ó ó ô õ è ó å ì î è ï ê ø õ ó î í ú í ö ï â ã í æ æ õ å â ã è ï ê ã â ï ì è ó è è ã ì ù â ï ì ø ì í ì ç â ù è ã â ì ý! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + ' %, - (. ' % / 0 0 ' + 1 * / 2 3 4! " : ; < 8 = 8 > A 8? B : 5!5 7! C! 5 6 < 5! 8 Í Î

27 E Ð F G Ô H Ú Þ à Ü I J Ü Þ Ø Ý Ó K L M à à Ü ß à E Ð Ï N Ø H Ü ß J Þ Ú ß I Ü Õ O Ü K à ß Û Ú ß P O Ü M Ô Þ Ô à à ß Ô à à Q Ø Ü ß H Ô ß H Ü ß Ú R Ú Õ H M Ô ß H à Ô Ø H Ü Õ S â ç è ä â ã â ä å â ö â ê ì ç â ó è ï å ì æ í ï ì è å ï ø ì â ï â ó å æ å ì ã â ú â ã â ï æ â ø ì í è è ã ì ù â ï ì ø ý T U V V W X Y W Z Y [ \ Y ] ^ _ W ` _ a ^ _ W Yb a _ c d _ a W V W d W V W [ ] W ` d ^ e e U [ \ W V W Y_ a W V f Y e e ^ V g h i U Y e \ j c V W k l m n o p l q r s t t u q v w x m y q l z n { n } n ~ { u t n { l q p ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ˆ Œ Ž Ž ˆ ƒ ˆ Œ Ž Š Š Ž ˆ Š Ž ˆ Š Š ˆ Œ Š Žš ˆ Š ˆ Œ Œ Š ˆ Œ ˆ ˆ Ž ˆ š š Ž Œ Ž ˆ Š œ ƒ ˆ Š ˆ Œ Ž Œ ž Ž ƒ ƒ Š Š ˆ Š Ÿ ž ƒ Ÿ Ž Œ ˆ Œ š Ž ˆ ƒ Š Ž Š ˆ ˆ Š Ž ˆ Š Š ˆ ˆ Ž ˆ š ˆ Œ n o s ~ n q n s o l ~ n q n n q n ~ n { l w ª «««± ² ³ ª ± ± ««ª µ ¹ º» ¼ ½ ¾ ¼ À Á ½»  À À º» Ã Ä Å» Á ½ Æ ½ Å ¾ Ç p È ƒ ƒ ž ˆ Š š Ž ˆ Ž Œ ˆ É Ê Ë š Ì Í Î ƒ Ï Ð Ñ ˆ Ò Œ Ÿ Ž Ž Ó ˆ Œ É Ñ Ò Ó Ë Ô Ñ š Ž ˆ Š Ì Õ Ê Ö Ø Ù y u n Ú Ú Û r s t t u q Ü w Ý { s t s o n Þ ß s o { s ~ k l à o s ~ p u ~ n { { s ~ z u u ~ { u y u q { m n ~ { á u â s ~ { l Š ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë æ ä ì æ í î è ï ä ê ƒ Ó ˆ Ž ˆ ð ˆ Ž Š Š Œ ƒ Ÿ Ž Ô ˆ Š Ž ˆ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ Š ˆ Š ñ ò ž ƒ Š Œ ž Ž ƒ ƒ Š Š Ž Œ ˆ Š Ž ˆ Š Š ó Œ Š Ž š ˆ ƒ { s q q n n q o { l w { ƒ ˆ Œ Ž Ž Š Š Ž ˆ Ÿ ˆ ó Ÿ Ž Œ ˆ Œ ˆ Š Ž ˆ Ž ˆ Ž ~ o p ô õ é ä ö è ë ë æ ä ø ƒ Ž Š Ž ž Ž Ÿ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Š Š Ž ˆ š Ž Ž ˆ ƒ ˆ ˆ Œ ƒ Ó ˆ Ž ˆ ð ˆ Š š Œ Š ƒ ˆ Š Ž Š Š Š Ž ˆ ƒ Ž ˆ Ž Ž Œ Š Ž š ˆ ˆ ˆ Ž ˆ š ˆ Œ ˆ Š Ž ˆ Š Š Š Ž Ž Š Œ Œ Š Š ƒ Ž Ž Ž Š ˆ Ž Ž ˆ š ˆ ˆ Š ƒ Ÿ ˆ ˆ Š Œ ƒ Ž Š ˆ Ÿ Š ˆ Ž Œ ž Ž ƒ š Ž ˆ ƒ Š Ž ˆ Ž ƒ ˆ Œ Ž ˆ š Œ Ž Ž Ž Š Ž ˆ š ù ú Ô Š û Š Ÿ Ž ƒ Ž ˆ Œ Ž ˆ š ˆ Œ Ž ˆ š ˆ ƒ Ž Ž Š ž Ž ž Ž ƒ Ž š ƒ ü Ž ˆ Ž Ž ˆ š Ž ˆ Ó ˆ Œ Ó ž Ž ˆ š ƒ Œ ˆ ˆ Œ Š Š Ž ˆ Ÿ ˆ Œ ý þ ÿ ý ÿ! " #! ÿ $ % % &! ' ( ) Í D

28 T o \ o \, -,. / : ; < A : C D B E ; A F < D G = : ; < H H D : > : : G A H F D? J? : A I? D D K L M N O P Q R L Q K S < H H A : ; < B? E B =? V F A : B H B > : X Y Z > F G : D A : ; < J J : ; ; F W I A? J A G T : H : E G ; F E [ F D < : : U G? U : F U ; D D F > : D V U : J F [ : U V F W ; : U [? J : J A B U ] : G : \ G G U : ; A : ^ _ ` a _ ` b c d ` e f g _ h i j k h j l m ` e i E J F < U B ] : ; B = D : ;? E n? E ] W < E G H U F [? ;? F E \ Y B E G : G : [ : D F H : U F : E ] B ] :? A : H U : H B U F E F W ;? E n? E ] W < E G W U B > : I F U n E [ F D [ : D F E ] : U : E B ; K B E G D B E G D F U G ; K? A : ; < B? E B =? V F A :? U B H B > : : o A U F < ] A X Y Z U < < U : ; ; ;? I? G : U W < E G? E ] > : J A B E? ; > ; W F U X Y Z ; \ p A? ; G F J < > : B E G A : U > : U? B D B D U : B G V? A : H < = D? J H F D? J V U : B D > H W F U I B U A : E : J : ; ; B U V H F D? J? : ; q r s t. 2 u v w x 2 y 6 8 u z 2 {. w 4 } w 4 z ~ / 4 7 u v w { w 4? E n? E ] W < E G ; B U : U : <? U : G = V X Y Z ; W F I F G? E H < U H F ; : ; ƒ q p F B B ; B ; B [? E ] W < E G W F U D F E ] : U > H D B E E : G > B? : E B E J : H U F : ; ; < J A B ; U : W < U =? ; A > : U : H D B J : > : K U F F W U : H B? U ; K > B? : E B E J : F W : U E B D ; < U W B J : ; K? : U E B D U : G : J F U F E K J q q ; B f ˆ m _ ` e m c d ` e F J F [ : U < E : H : : G : [ : A > B V E = : J F [ : U : G = V? E ; < U B E J : K < E H D B E E : G D : ] B D : H : E ; : ; K F U < E W F U : ; : : E J B ; A W D F I ; A F B ] : ; ; < J A B ; B U? ; :? E B ; : [ : U : U : J : ; ;?F E ; : ; ; : B A Š F [ : U E > : B E G H D B E E? E ] B A F : ; U : J F ] E? ; A H U < G : ;? E n? E ] W o < E G H U F [? ;? F E = V X Y Z ;? ; : ; ; : B A : DF E ] : U > ; < B? E B =? V F W A? ] A S < B V B H B > : D? [? E ]? E U : D B E G K B ; : E [? ; B ] : G? A : C D B E q X Y Z A J B E E U : H B? U U F F W D : B n ; K J B E E U : H D B J : G? D B H? G : G : D : [ F U ; K F U J B E E U : G : J F U : = <? D G? E ] ; G? U : D V B G [ : U ; : D V? > H A : [ B D < : F W B H B > : ; K B E G < E G : U >? E A : G : ;? U B =? V B E G ; < B? E B =? V F W B H B > : D? [? E ] q X < U : H : U? : E J :? E G? J : A ;? E n? E ] W < E G H U F [? ;? F E? ;? E ; < W W? J? : E > F G : [ : D F H > : ;? E U : D B E G q Œ Ž Ž Œ Ž Œ B F U ; B E G = : A B [? F < U ; ]? [? E ] U? ; F ;? E n? E ] W < E G G : W? J? : E J? : ;? E J D < G : ƒ q : B U ƒ ; : U [? J : J A B U ] : ; K I A? J A > B V F U > B V E E J D < G : B ;? E n? E ] W < E G H U F [? ;? F E K B U : ; = A : G : [ : D F H : U q E : J G B D : [? G : E J : B E G G? ; J < ; ;? F E ; A? E G < U V H U F W : ; ;? F E B D ; D : B G < F = : D? : [ A : ; : U [? J : J A B U ] :? ; G? : G = A F ; : š œ š ž Ÿ ž œ š ª Ÿ «ž š š œ Ÿ ± š ² ž œ š ³ Ÿ Ÿ œ ² œ œ Ÿ Ÿ µ š «ž œ œ š Ÿ «š «Ÿ š ¹ Ÿ š ³ º» ¼ ½» ¾ ¼ œ ¹ Ÿ «š œ Ÿ Ÿ š ² ž œ š ³ Ÿ Ÿ * +

29 Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ç Ë Æ Ì Æ Í Æ Î Ï Ð Â Æ É Ç Ä Ã Ç Ë Æ Ä Ç Ë Ã É Ã É Ñ Ò Ó È Æ É Ç È Ô È Ó Ó Ï Ò Ç È É Ê Õ Ñ Ç Ë Æ Æ É Ê È É Æ Æ Ä Ò Ö Ø Ã Ò Ò Ï Ó È Ã Ç Æ Ì Ù È Ç Ë Ç Ë Æ Ï Ä È Ê È É Ã Î Õ Ú È Î Ì Û Ü Ò Ã Ä Æ Ò Ú Î Ç Ý Ç Ë Æ Ò Æ Ä Í È Ó Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ È Ò Ò Æ Ç Ã Ç Ã Î Æ Í Æ Î Ç Ë Ã Ç Ù È Î Î É Ï Ç Ð Ä Ï Í Æ Ã É È Â Ð Æ Ì È Â Æ É Ç Ç Ï Ç Ë Æ Ò Ã Î Æ Ï Ô Ç Ë Æ Ë Ï Ú Ò È É Ê Ú É È Ç Ò Û Þ Ç È Ò Ç Ë Æ É Ú Ð Ç Ï Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò È É Ò Ú Õ Ò Æ ß Ú Æ É Ç Ñ Æ Ã Ä Ò Ç Ï Ã Ç Ç Æ Â Ð Ç Ç Ï Ä Ã È Ò Æ Ç Ë Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Ç Ï Ã Â Ï Ä Æ Ä Æ Ã Î È Ò Ç È Ó Î Æ Í Æ Î Û à Û Þ Ç È Ò á Ð Ï Î È Ç È Ó Ã Î Î Ñ â ã ä å æ ç å è é æ æ ê Ì È Ô Ô È Ó Ú ÎÇ È É Þ Ä Æ Î Ã É Ì Ç Ï È É Ó Ä Æ Ã Ò Æ Ò Æ Ä Í È Ó Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Ò Û ë Ë Æ Ä Æ È Ò Ã Ó Ú Î Ç Ú Ä Ã Î Ä Æ Î Ú Ó Ç Ã É Ó Æ È É Þ Ä Æ Î Ã É Ì Ç Ï Ç Ë Æ Ð Ã Ñ Â Æ É Ç Ï Ô Ò Æ Ä Í È Ó Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Ò Û ì Ï Ò Ç Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ã Ä Æ Ú É Ù È Î Î È É Ê Ç Ï Õ Æ Ó Ï Â Æ È É Í Ï Î Í Æ Ì È É Ç Ë Æ Â Ã É Ã Ê Æ Â Æ É Ç Ï Ô Ç Ë Æ È Ä í ì î ï Í È Ã Í Ï Î Ú É Ç Ã Ä Ñ Ì È Ä Æ Ó Ç Ï Ä Ò Ë È Ð Ò ð Û ì Ã É Ñ Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ò È Â Ð Î Ñ Ù Ã É Ç Ç Ë Æ Î Ï Ù Æ Ò Ç Ð Ï Ò Ò È Õ Î Æ Ò Æ Ä Í È Ó Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Û ë Ë Æ Ñ Ã Ä Æ Ò Î Ï Ù Ç Ï Ô Ã Â È Î È Ã Ä È Ò Æ Ç Ë Æ Â Ò Æ Î Í Æ Ò Ù È Ç Ë Ç Ë Æ Ì Æ Ç Ã È Î Ï Ô í ì î Â Ã É Ã Ê Æ Â Æ É Ç Û ñ Û ë Ë Æ Ä Æ È Ò Î È Ç Ç Î Æ Ð Ú Õ Î È Ó Æ Ì Ú Ó Ã Ç È Ï É Ï É Ç Ë Æ Ä Ï Î Æ Ï Ô í ì î Ò È É Ã Ð Ã Ä Ç Â Æ É Ç Â Ã É Ã Ê Æ Â Æ É Ç Û ì Ã É Ñ Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ã Ä Æ Ò Ú Ä Ð Ä È Ò Æ Ì Ç Ï Î Æ Ã Ä É Ç Ë Ã Ç Ç Ë Æ Ñ Â Ú Ò Ç Ð Ã Ñ Ã Ò Æ Ä Í È Ó Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Ù Ë Æ É Ç Ë Æ Ñ Ð Ú Ä Ó Ë Ã Ò Æ Ã É Ã Ð Ã Ä Ç Â Æ É Ç Û ì Ã É Ñ Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ì Ï É Ï Ç Å É Ï Ù Ç Ë Æ Ì È Ô Ô Æ Ä Æ É Ó Æ Õ Æ Ç Ù Æ Æ É Ç Ë Æ ò Ä Ï Ð Æ Ä Ç Ñ ì Ã É Ã Ê È É Ê Ü Ê Æ É Ç Ã É Ì Ç Ë Æ í ì î Û ë Ë Æ Ä Ï Î Æ Ò Ã Ä Æ Ó Ï É Ô Î Ã Ç Æ Ì Ã É Ì Ç Ë Æ Â Ã ó Ï Ä È Ç Ñ Ï Ô Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ó Ï É Ò È Ì Æ Ä Ç Ë Ã Ç Ç Ë Æ ò ì Ü È Ò Ç Ë Æ í ì î Û Þ Ô Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ë Æ Ã Ä Ã É Æ Ê Ã Ç È Í Æ Ò Ç Ï Ä Ñ Ã Õ Ï Ú Ç Ã ò ì Ü È É Ã Ì Æ Í Æ Î Ï Ð Â Æ É Ç Ò Æ Ð Ã Ä Ã Ç Æ Ô Ä Ï Â Ç Ë Æ È Ä Ï Ù É Ç Ë Æ Ñ È Â Â Æ Ì È Ã Ç Æ Î Ñ Ã Ò Ò Ï Ó È Ã Ç Æ Ç Ë È Ò Ò Ç Ï Ä Ñ Ù È Ç Ë Ç Ë Æ Â Ã É Ã Ê Æ Â Æ É Ç Ï Ô Ç Ë Æ È Ä Ï Ù É Æ Ò Ç Ã Ç Æ ô Â Ã É Ñ í ì î Ò Ò Ë Ã Ä Æ Ç Ë Æ Ò Ã Â Æ ò ì Ü Û î Ï É Ò Æ ß Ú Æ É Ç Î Ñ Ý Ã Î Ã Ó Å Ï Ô Ó Ï É Ô È Ì Æ É Ó Æ È É Ç Ë Æ Ò Æ Ó Ç Ï Ä Ã Ä È Ò Æ Ò Ý Ã Ò Ì Ï Æ Ò Ã Ä Æ Î Ú Ó Ç Ã É Ó Æ Ç Ï Ð Ã Ñ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Ò Ý Ï Ä Ç Ï Ã Ê Ä Æ Æ Ç Ï É Æ Ó Æ Ò Ò Ã Ä Ñ È É Ó Ä Æ Ã Ò Æ Ò Û õ Û ì Ã É Ñ Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ì Ï É Ï Ç Ï Ä Ì È Ì É Ï Ç È É Ç Æ É Ì Ç Ï Ï Ù É Ç Ë Æ È Ä Ã Ð Ã Ä Ç Â Æ É Ç Ô Ï Ä Î Ï É Ê Æ Ä Ç Ë Ã É Ã É È É È Ç È Ã Î Ò Ë Ï Ä Ç Ð Æ Ä È Ï Ì Ï Ô Ç È Â Æ Û Ü Ð Ã Ä Ç Â Æ É Ç Ò Ù Æ Ä Æ Í È Æ Ù Æ Ì Ã Ò Ò Ç Ã Ä Ç Æ Ä Ë Ï Â Æ Ò Û í Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ù È Ç Ë Ò Ë Ï Ä Ç ö Ç Æ Ä Â Ë Ï Ä È Ï É Ò Ì Ï É Ï Ç Ò Æ Æ Ç Ë Æ Í Ã Î Ú Æ È É Ó Ï É Ç Ä È Õ Ú Ç È É Ê Ç Ï Ù Ã Ä Ì Ò Ã Ò È É Å È É Ê Ô Ú É Ì Ô Ä Ï Â Ù Ë È Ó Ë Ç Ë Æ Ñ Õ Æ Î È Æ Í Æ Ç Ë Æ Ñ Ù È Î Î É Æ Í Æ Ä Õ Æ É Æ Ô È Ç Û Ø Ú Ó Ë Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ù È Î Î Ç Ñ Ð È Ó Ã Î Î Ñ Í Ï Ç Æ Ç Ï Â È É È Â È Ò Æ Ç Ë Æ Ò Æ Ä Í È Ó Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Ù Ë Æ Ä Æ Ç Ë Æ Ä Æ Ã Ä Æ É Ï Î Ã Ä Ê Æ Ä Æ Ô Ú Ä Õ È Ò Ë Â Æ É Ç Ó Ï Ò Ç Ò Ï É Ç Ë Æ È Â Â Æ Ì È Ã Ç Æ Ë Ï Ä È Ï É Û ø ù ú û ú ü ù û ý þ ÿ ù Ü Ò Ã Ó Ï É Ò Æ ß Ú Æ É Ó Æ Ï Ô Ç Ë Æ Ð Ï Ï Ä Î Æ Í Æ Î Ï Ô Ò È É Å È É Ê Ô Ú É Ì Ð Ä Ï Í È Ò È Ï É Ý Ã Í Æ Ä Ò È Ï É Ï Ô Ð Ã Ò Ò Ç Ë Æ Ð Ã Ä Ó Æ Î È Ò Ï Ó Ó Ú Ä Ä È É Ê È É Ã Ð Ã Ä Ç Â Æ É Ç Ï Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ë È Ð È É Þ Ä Æ Î Ã É Ì Û ë Ë Ï Ò Æ Î Æ Ô Ç Ë Ï Î Ì È É Ê Ç Ë Æ Ð Ã Ä Ó Æ Î Ù È Î Î È É é ä ç é ç è é é ç ä é ä é æ á ç â ë Ë Æ Ç È Â Æ Õ Ï Â Õ Æ Ð Î Ï Ì Æ Ò Ù Ë Æ É Ò Ú Õ Ò Ç Ã É Ç È Ã Î Ô Ú É Ì Ò Ô Ï Ä Õ Ú È Î Ì È É Ê Ä Æ Ô Ú Ä Õ È Ò Ë Â Æ É Ç Ã Ä Æ Ä Æ ß Ú È Ä Æ Ì Û í Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ù È Î Î Ô Ã Ó Æ Ò Æ Í Æ Ä Æ È É Ó Ä Æ Ã Ò Æ Ò È É Ò Æ Ä Í È Ó Æ Ó Ë Ã Ä Ê Æ Ò Ý Ï Ä È Â Â Æ Ì È Ã Ç Æ Ó Ã Ò Ë Ó Ã Î Î Ò Û í Ù É Æ Ä Ò Ã Ä Æ Ú É Î È Å Æ Î Ñ Ç Ï Õ Æ È É Ç Ë Æ Ð Ï Ò È Ç È Ï É Ç Ï Ã Ô Ô Ï Ä Ì Ç Ë Æ Ò Æ Ì Æ Â Ã É Ì Ò Û Þ Ç È Ò Ó Î Æ Ã Ä Ç Ë Ã Ç È É Ç Ë Æ Ã Õ Ò Æ É Ó Æ Ï Ô Ú Ä Ê Æ É Ç Ã Ó Ç È Ï É ï Ç Ë Ä Ï Ú Ê Ë Ð Ú Õ Î È Ó Ð Ï Î È Ó Ñ Ã É Ì Î Æ Ê È Ò Î Ã Ç È Í Æ Ó Ë Ã É Ê Æ ð Ç Ë È Ò Ð Ä Ï Õ Î Æ Â Ù È Î Î Ó Ä Ñ Ò Ç Ã Î Î È Ò Æ Ô Ï Ä Ç Ë Æ Â Ã ó Ï Ä È Ç Ñ Ï Ô Ò Ï ö ä é æ æ á î Æ Î Ç È Ó ë È Ê Æ Ä â Ì Æ Í Æ Î Ï Ð Â Æ É Ç Ò Ï Í Æ Ä Ç Ë Æ É Æ Ç Ñ Æ Ã Ä Ò Û À Á

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31 Û Ü Ý Þ ß à Ü à á â ã Ü ä å æ ç è Ü Ý é ã à ã Ü é è ê Ý á ã à Ü á à ê è ä ã æ ê Ý á ã à Ü à Ü æ è é ë ã ç è ç â Ý é ä è ß è ì á E 7 < C L 7 E N > A J? B A V B A T M Q A J D E C L B? B C A U = 6 7 < C? =? S B R R B A 7 L B = R N M > R R C A = 6 7 f g < 6 7 i Q 7 E O í N E B = 7 E 7? C R Q = B C A K 7 < 6 > A B? K? U > A J = 6 7 í E B C E N î > R R > A J h C A C > = ï Q > N < >? 7 > E C Q = = 6 7 R B V 7 R B 6 C C J = 6 > = = 6 7 ð = > = 7 S B R R 7 A J Q D M C C = B A T = 6 B R R M C E Q A J 7 E M Q A J 7 J c 8 d? O ñ Ü à ë è é â Ý ò ê à ó á â è ô õ ö ñ ç á ã æ á â è ê è ä ã æ ê Ý á ã ë è é à ò á è á à ß è ó ò æ ã Ü ä á â è ó ã Ü Ý Ü ç ãý ê Þ á ã è ì à ì å R > = 7 A = B A = 6 7 > D > E = K 7 A =? 7 < = C E O ø 7 A C = 7 = 6 > = = 6 7 Q A B i Q 7 < 6 > E > < = 7 E > A J B K D C E = > A < 7 C M? 7 E L B < 7 < 6 > E T 7 J = B? > R E 7 > J N E 7 < C T A B? 7 J B A C A 7 B A? = > A < N P E B? 6 R > S O ð 7 E L B < 7 < 6 > E T 7 J = ã æ Ý Ü Þ è ù ç ê ò ß Ý ì ê è ß è ì á å M E C K > í 7 E? C A > R P A? C R L 7 A < N ; T E 7 7 K 7 A = Q A J 7 E = 6 7 í P ; W ú O P = B?? K B = = 7 J = 6 > = = 6 7? C R Q = B C A? D Q = M C E S > E N = 6 7 Y 7 = S C E V > E 7 B A V 7 7 D B A T S B = 6 = 6 B? D C? B = B L 7 U > 7 B = R B K B = 7 J U R 7 T B? R > = B L 7 E 7 D E 7? 7 A = > = B C A C M D R B < D C R B < N C A c 8 d? O ;? A C = 7 J U = 6 7 E 7 B? > A C D D C E = Q A B = N M C E = 6 7 ð = > = 7 = C T 7 = > 6 7 > J C M = 6 7 D E R 7 K? M > < B A T c 8 d? U > A J B A = 6 B? S > N = C T B L 7 7 M M 7 < = = C = 6 7 û 7 < = B L 7? C M = 6 7 í R > A M C E 6 B T 6 i Q > R B = N? Q? = > B A R 7 > D > E = K 7 A = R B L B A T B A P E 7 R > A J O ü ý þ ÿ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` U = ; ` a Q : M b 9 H c c d c U W A D \ A D b B e f g h i j k k l m m l j n o j n m l p h q m r g s r h t t h o r l u h s n p o j v j q p l n s r h p w m h j t h x l m r l n y z j { h q m } r g h u s q l j w m q h y w ~ s r j q } j p l h m s ~ q h s p } l n u j ~ u h p l n r g h m h o r j q k h s n m r g s r r g h q h h x l m r m o w q q h n r ~ } s { h s ~ r g j t h x z h q r l m h s u s l ~ s ~ h r j q h y w ~ s r h k w ~ r l v w n l r p h u h ~ j z k h n r m n r g l m ~ l y g r r g h i j k k l m m l j n r g h q h t j q h q h o j k k h n p m r g s r l r { j w ~ p n j r h s z z q j z q l s r h j q n h o h m m s q } r j q h o j k k h n p s n h n r l q h ~ } n h { q h y w ~ s r j q t j q k w ~ r l v w n l r p h u h ~ j z k h n r m ƒ ˆ Š Œ Ž e š š ˆ e œ ž Ÿ œ ž Ÿ œ ž Ÿ Ÿ ª «ª Ÿ ª ± ² ³ µ ¹ º» ¼ ½ ¾ ³ ³ ¼ À» ¹ Á  ¼» ³ à ¾ µ Á Ä Å µ Ã Æ ¹ º à ¾ Ç È Á ¾ Ã É ½ º µ Ê Ë Á û Ì ³ Ã Í Î Ä Ä µ ¼ ³ µ Á à ¼ ¾ Ï ¹ à ¾ µ Á»  ¹ ¹ Á  ¼» ³ à ¾ µ Á Ä Ð µ Ã Ã Ì ³ Ã Ñ Ù Ú

32 Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Û Ü Ù Ý Þ ß Ù à á â Ü ã Þ Û ä å Ü â à æ å ä à ß æ Þ ã ç Þ è è Þ ß Ú Û Ü Ú Ù à ß Û Ü Ù à é Ü ß ä à Ú â é Ü ê Ü â Þ Ý è Ü ß ä Ù Õ Ö Ø Ù Ù å Þ ë â é á Ü Ú ç ä à ê Ü â ì Ü ß ç Þ ë Û Ú æ Ü é Ú ß é ã Ú ç à â à ä Ú ä Ü é ä Þ ë Ý æ Û Ú é Ü â àæ å ä à ß æ ä Þ å à æ å Ü ß Ü Û æ ì Ü ã ã à ç à Ü ß ä Ù ä Ú ß é Ú Û é Ù Õ í å Ü Û Ü à Ù Ú ç Þ ß Ù Ü ß Ù ë Ù Ú è Þ ß æ Þ ë Û è Ü è á Ü Û Ù ä å Ú ä ä å Ü Û Ü à Ù ç ë Û Û Ü ß ä â ì â à ä ä â Ü Þ Û ß Þ Ú ç ä à ê Ü Ü ß æ Ú æ Ü è Ü ß ä ã Û Þ è ä å Ü î ï ð ñ ò à ä å Ö Ø Ù Þ ß ä å à Ù è Ú ä ä Ü Û Õ ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ú ø ü ø ý ý þ ü ÿ ú ü ø û Þ Û Þ ë Û ã ë Û ä å Ü Û é Ü ä Ú à â Ü é Ý Þ â à ç ì Ý Û Þ Ý Þ Ù Ú â Ù Þ ß ä å Ü Ù ë Ù ä Ú à ß Ú á â Ü ã ë ß é à ß æ Þ ã Ö Ø Ù Ý â Ü Ú Ù Ü Û Ü ã Ü Û ä Þ ä å Ü ã Þ â â Þ ò à ß æ Ù ë á è à Ù Ù à Þ ß Ù Ú ê Ú à â Ú á â Ü Þ ß Þ ë Û ò Ü á Ù à ä Ü Õ ë é æ Ü ä Ù ë á è à Ù Ù à Þ ß ä Þ Ü Ý Ú Û ä è Ü ß ä Þ ã à ß Ú ß ç Ü ë â ì Õ Ø Þ ß Ù ë â ä Ú ä à Þ ß Þ ß Þ ä Ü ß ä à Ú â Ø å Ú ß æ Ü Ù ä Þ ä å Ü ñ ß ê Ü Ù ä è Ü ß ä Û Ú è Ü ò Þ Û ã Þ Û Ø Û Ü é à ä ß à Þ ß Ù Ù ë á è à Ù Ù à Þ ß ä Þ Ü æ à Ù ä Û ì Þ ã Ø Û Ü é àä ß à Þ ß Ù ë ß Ü Ô Õ í Ú Ú ß é à Ù ç Ú â í Û Ü Ú ä è Ü ß ä Þ ã Ú ß é â Þ Û é Ù Ø Þ ß Ù ë â ä Ú ä à Þ ß Ù ë á è à Ù Ù à Þ ß ä Þ í Ú Þ â à ç ì à ê à Ù à Þ ß Ü Ý Ú Û ä è Ü ß ä Þ ã à ß Ú ß ç Ü ð Ý Û à â í å Ü ä å Û ë Ù ä Þ ã ä å Ü Ù Ü Ù ë á è à Ù Ù à Þ ß Ù à Ù ä å Ú ä Ý ë á â à ç Ý Þ â à ç ì ç å Ú ß æ Ü Ù ç Ú ß à è Ý Û Þ ê Ü ä å Ü ã à ß Ú ß ç Ü Ù Þ ã Ö Ø Ù Õ í å Ü Ù ë á è à Ù Ù à Þ ß Ù Ú Û ä à ç ë â Ú ä Ü ä å Ü Ý Û Ú ç ä à ç Ú â ò Ú ì Ù Þ ã æ à ê à ß æ Ü ã ã Ü ç ä ä Þ ä å Ü Ý Þ â à ç à Ü Ù Õ ó ô ü ù ø ù ú ü ü ü û ü ÿ ü ÿ ø ÿ û ú ü! ü! ü! ü ð ç ç Þ Û é à ß æ ä Þ Ø Ü ß Ù ë Ù " ß Ü Ú Û â ì # Þ ã Ú Ý Ú Û ä è Ü ß ä Ù Ú ç Û Þ Ù Ù ä å Ü ç Þ ë ß ä Û ì Ú Û Ü Û Ü ß ä Ü é $ Ú Ý Ý Û Þ à è Ú ä Ü â ì # Ú Û Ü Ù Þ ç à Ú â Û Ü ß ä Ü é % å Þ ë Ù à ß æ Ú Ù Ù Þ ç à Ú ä à Þ ß Þ Û â Þ ç Ú â Ú ë ä å Þ Û à ä ì & Ú ß é ß Ü Ú Û â ì # Ú Û Ü Û Ü ß ä Ü é Ý Û à ê Ú ä Ü â ì Õ í å Ü Û Ü è Ú à ß à ß æ # Þ ã Ú Ý Ú Û ä è Ü ß ä Ù Ú Û Ü Þ ò ß Ü Û Þ ç ç ë Ý à Ü é Õ ' à ê Ü ß ä å à Ù Ý Û Þ ã à â Ü Þ ã Ú Ý Ú Û ä è Ü ß ä Þ ç ç ë Ý à Ü Û Ù à ä à Ù Ù ë á è à ä ä Ü é ä å Ú ä ä å Ü à ß ç â ë Ù àþ ß Þ ã â Þ ß æ ä Ü Û è Û Ü ß ä Ü Û Ù ( ä Ü ß Ú ß ä Ù ) * à ß ä å Ü Û ë ß ß à ß æ Þ ã Ú é Ü ê Ü â Þ Ý è Ü ß ä à Ù ß Ü ç Ü Ù Ù Ú Û ì à ã ä å Ü Ü Ù ä Ú ä Ü à Ù ä Þ á Ü Ú Ù ë ç ç Ü Ù Ù à ß ä Ü Û è Ù Þ ã Ù ë Ù ä Ú à ß Ú á â Ü Ú ß é å à æ å + ë Ú â à ä ì Ú ç ç Þ è è Þ é Ú ä à Þ ß Õ ð Ù à ä Ù ä Ú ß é Ù Ý Û Þ ê à é Ü é Ú ß Ö Ø Ø Þ ß Ù ä à ä ë ä à Þ ß % Ü è Þ Û Ú ß é ë è Ú ß é ð Û ä à ç â Ü Ù Þ ã ð Ù Ù Þ ç à Ú ä à Þ ß & é Þ Ü Ù ß Þ ä Ý Û Ü ê Ü ß ä ß Þ ß Þ ò ß Ü Û Ù ã Û Þ è á Ü à ß æ é à Û Ü ç ä Þ Û Ù ä å Ü Þ Û Ü ä à ç Ú â â ì Ú â Þ ß æ ä Ü Û è ä Ü ß Ú ß ä è Ú ì á Ü ç Þ è Ü Ú é à Û Ü ç ä Þ Û Õ, Ü Ù ë á è à ä ä å Ú ä ä å à Ù è Ú ä ä Ü Û Û Ü + ë à Û Ü Ù ã ë Û ä å Ü Û Ü Ý â Þ Û Ú ä à Þ ß Õ í å Ü Û Ú ä à Þ ß Ú â Ü à Ù ä Þ Ü ß Ù ë Û Ü ä å Ú ä Ú â â Ý Ú Û ä à Ü Ù à ß ê Þ â ê Ü é à ß Ú ß Ü Ù ä Ú ä Ü Ù å Ú Û Ü ä å Ü Û Ü Ù Ý Þ ß Ù à á à â à ä ì Þ ã Ù ë Ù ä Ú à ß Ú á â Ü è Ú ß Ú æ Ü è Ü ß ä Õ í å à Ù Ý Þ â à ç ì à Ù Ý ë ä ã Þ Û ò Ú Û é à ß ä å Ü ç Þ ß ä Ü ä Þ ã ä å Ü ñ Û à Ù å Ú Ý Ú Û ä è Ü ß ä Ù Ü ç ä Þ Û è Þ ê à ß æ ä Þ ò Ú Û é Ù ä å Ü à ß ä Ü Û ß Ú ä à Þ ß Ú â è Þ é Ü â Õ ñ ä à Ù Ý Û Ü é à ç Ú ä Ü é Þ ß ä å Ü à ß ä Û Þ é ë ç ä à Þ ß Þ ã Û Ü Ù à é Ü ß ä à Ú â ä Ü ß Ú ß ç à Ü Ù Þ ã Ú é ë Û Ú ä à Þ ß â Þ ß æ Ü Û ä å Ú ß à Ù ä ì Ý à ç Ú â â ì ä å Ü ç Ú Ù Ü ß Þ ò Õ, Ü ë ß é Ü Û Ù ä Ú ß é ä å Ú ä ä å àù à Ù à ß Ü Ü Ý à ß æ ò à ä å ä å Ü Þ á - Ü ç ä à ê Ü Ù Þ ã ä å Ü â Ú ß ã Þ Û Ú è Þ Û Ü ê à á Û Ú ß ä Ú ß é Û Ü Ù Ý Þ ß Ù à ê Ü Û Ü ß ä Ú â Ù Ü ç ä Þ Û Õ ñ ä à Ù Ú ç ß Þ ò â Ü é æ Ü é ä å Ú ä ä å Ü è Ü ç å Ú ß à ç Ù Ú ß é Ý Û Ú ç ä à ç Ú â à ä à Ü Ù Þ ã ä å à Ù Û Ü + ë à Û Ü ã ë Û ä å Ü Û Ü Ý â Þ Û Ú ä à Þ ß Ú Ù ä å Ü ñ Û à Ù å Ú Ý Ú Û ä è Ü ß ä Û Ü ß ä Ú â Ù Ü ç ä Þ Û è Ú ä ë Û Ü Ù Õ. / : 1 ; < : : 9 1 < ; 7 = > ; 7? A B C 5 A C 5 B B 5 6 ; : D 3 E F 8 G3 3 G; : D H D ; I D I G : 6 : J 9 D F E H? 9 1 A B K 5. L : 1 ; < : : 9 1 < ; 7 = > ; 7? A B C 5 A M N 5 6 ; : D 3 E F 8 G3 3 G; : D 7 9? G3 1 7 O D ; I D J 7 9 H G1 D E : G; : 3 5. P : 1 ; < : : 9 1 < ; 7 = > ; 7? A B C 5 A Q 5 B K R D 6 : H D I G3 J 6 SD : 1 D ; I D S6 : H S; 7 H 3 D 6 ; : D 3 E F 8 G3 3 G; : 5. T U : 6 SO 3 G3 ; I V 9 : 3 E A B M J ; : 1 6 G : 9 H G : W 9 X E I ; 7 Y 9 : H I ; Z 7 ; [ G3 G; : ; I J ; 7 1 ; : \ < : ] ^ 6 : 6? : 1 V ; : G9 3 I ; 7 V S _ GH ` ; E 3 G :? G : J ; S S6 F ; G; : < G1 0 Y 0 9 ` ; E 3 G :? U? 9 : J O a B B b E A B C c 6 [ 6 G S6 F S9 ; : : 1 ; < : : 9 1 < ; 7 = > ; 7? A B C 5 A C M J 0 D ; 7 1 D ; : D ; 8 J 3 D J S E GH D 0 ; E 3 G :? D 6? 9 : J O 5 d e f g h i j i k l mn o k i p g q r g n s r m q k mt g u n r g v u r h n u h g w m j mk mi j i w x yi j v D k g r z Ñ { o i l g t g r u 1 9 : 6 : J O ; I 6 8 G : G 8 E 8 ; I I G[ 9 O } ~ ƒ ˆ ƒ ~ } Š Š ƒ Œ Ò Ó

33 š œ ž Ÿ Ÿ œ ž œ Ÿ ž ª œ «œ ž ž Ÿ œ œ ª œ œ Ÿ Ÿ ± ² «Ÿ Ÿ ž ² ³ µ ¹ º º ž «œ ž ž» œ ž Ÿ ž ² ² ž ² ¼ ¹ ² ª œ ± ª œ ² ½ œ Ÿ Ÿ ² ž «ž œ ª œ œ ž œ Ÿ œ «Ÿ ± ² ¼ ¹ ² ª œ ± ª œ º ¹ Ÿ ² œ œ œ Ÿ ž œ Ÿ ª ª ± ž œ º ¹ ª œ œ Ÿ Ÿ ³ µ Ÿ ž «œ º ¹ ² ª œ Ÿ ª œ ž ¾» œ œ œ Ÿ ² º ¹ œ Ÿ ž œ Ÿ ª «Ÿ œ œ ² º ª œ À Á  š Ã Ä Å Æ š Ç œ ª œ «º ª Ÿ È œ ± É Ÿ «œ œ ± œ» ž ² Ÿ ª œ Ÿ œ ± Ê Ë Ì ª ² œ œ Í Î Ÿ º ª œ Ÿ Ÿ º ¹ «œ Ÿ ž ³ µ º Ÿ Ž

34 Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Ù Ø Ú Û Ö Ü Ý Ø Þ ß Ü Ù Þ à á Û â ã Ø ä Þ ß Ü Û ã Ý å Ý Ø Þ ß æ ž ª ª œ º «¹ º ² ¹ œ «² ž ² ž ¼ œ Ÿ œ Ç œ ² ª œ Î ž ª œ ² ç º ž µ œ œ ¼ œ ž œ Ÿ Ÿ «è é ê ë ì í î ì ï é ð ñ ò è ì ê é ó ì ô õ ó é è ö ø é ì õ í è ù ú õ é ï ò û é ² ž Ÿ œ «œ ª œ ² œ ž ¹ ¹ º ² ¹ œ Ÿ ± œ Ÿ ž Ÿ Ÿ º œ ž ² º ª œ ü ý þ ÿ  Á š Á Á Á Á Á š š š à  š š Á Á ž œ ± º ž ² ç œ œ ž œ ± ¹ ª œ º ² œ Ÿ Ë Ë Ë ª ¹ º ¹ Ë Ë Ç ª Ÿ œ Ÿ Ÿ œ Ë Ë Ë ž œ ± œ º ¹ Ë Ê õ ë ì ï ë ó ò ó í û é è ò é ì í î º œ Ç œ Ÿ Ÿ œ ç œ ž ± œ ² «œ ± ž º ž Ÿ Ÿ œ ± œ ž ž º ² Ÿ œ Ÿ ² ª œ ª ± œ ž ¹ ž ž ª ª Ÿ œ ª Ÿ œ ± œ œ Ÿ ž ž œ ² œ Ÿ Ÿ œ ± ² ² Ÿ º ¹ ± ² ž ž ª œ ± œ ž œ º œ ± œ ± ª Ÿ ¹ œ Ÿ œ º ž œ º œ ž œ ª ¹ œ Ÿ œ œ ± œ ± Ÿ ¹ ª Ÿ «ž ª ž œ œ Ÿ «ž œ º œ ± œ º º œ œ Ÿ Ÿ ª œ œ Ÿ Ÿ º œ œ º ª œ œ Ÿ ž Ÿ œ ª º ª Ÿ È œ ± º ž ž ¹ ª È œ ± ¹ ± ª œ ž ¼ ² ª ² ± œ Ÿ ± ¹ ² ª «² ³ µ œ º ¹ ² ª œ ž º ª œ ª ª ¼ ² ª ² «œ œ ž ž ± ž ¹ œ Ÿ œ œ ± ² œ Ÿ œ ü ý   Á  š š à   Á à š š š Á š  š š à š  š š Á à à š š ± Ÿ œ ž ± œ ± ¹ ² ± ¼ ¹ œ º ª œ ž ž ª ª Ÿ œ œ œ ž «ž Ÿ œ ž œ Ÿ º Ÿ œ º ª œ ž ¹ ž œ ± œ Ÿ ¼ Ÿ ² ³ µ ² ž ª œ æ º ª ž œ œ œ Ÿ º œ Ÿ œ œ œ Ÿ œ ª œ ² œ Ÿ Ÿ œ Ÿ œ œ œ ª œ ³ µ Ï Ð

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36 Representing the owners of apartments and houses in managed estates Ireland 2040 Our Plan National Planning Framework Pre-Draft Stage Submission to Forward Planning Section Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government

37 CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Submission 3.0 Conclusion 2

38 Abbreviations Used DHPCLG Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government MUD Multi-Unit Developments, as described in Section 1(1) of the MUD Act MUD Act Multi-Unit Developments Act 2011 NPF National Planning Framework OMC Owners Management Company as defined in Section 1(1) of the MUD Act PMA Property Management Agent PSRA Property Services Regulatory Authority 3

39 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Executive Summary This submission responds to the public consultation request of 2 February 2017 issued by the Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government in relation to the National Planning Framework ( NPF ). Our submission is concerned with the Housing aspects of this pre-draft stage of the consultation process. Our initial observations are based on a high level review of the DHPCLG Position Paper Ireland 2040 Our Plan Issues and Choices ( the Position Paper ) of February It is clear that with a focus on urban living, increased housing densities, and affordability, apartments will form an increasingly larger component of the housing that will be needed in Ireland in the future. The Network submits that as a country we must re-imagine how apartment living in Ireland should work. There is a cultural change required. This should be prompted and sustained by hard-headed practicalities. We submit that there is a pressing requirement for reform of the law and the regulation applicable to OMCs of apartment developments. More sophisticated financing structures are required. The Network is working for these changes. We submit that the NPF should support our objectives in the national interest. 1.2 Apartment numbers It has been estimated that in Ireland 500,000 people approximately live in homes in multiunit developments 2. There has in the last years been a rapid growth in the number of apartment/multiunit development homes as a component of the national housing stock. According to Census 2011 there were 177,587 occupied apartments in 2011, an increase of 27% on Apartments comprised 10.9% of all occupied households in 2011 and accounted for almost one third of all household types in Dublin City 3. From 2011 to early 2015 an estimated 6,000 further apartments have been constructed in Ireland 4. The CSO advises that figures from Census 2016 remain to be released, and are expected to be made available in April Presentation to AON by Paul Mooney, Benchmark Property, 14 January Census 2011 Profile 4 The Roof over our Heads - Housing in Ireland mended.pdf 4 An Analysis of the Impact of the Multi-Unit Developments Act 2011 on New Multi-Unit Developments, speech Paul Mooney, Director Benchmark Property delivered to the SCSI on 03/07/

40 1.3 About the Submitter The AON is a Company Limited by Guarantee. We are a volunteer-led, independent, nonparty political group representing the interests and views of owners, both owner occupiers and investors, of dwellings in managed estates, and their OMCs, throughout Ireland. Membership of the Network is diverse and includes owners who are directors of OMC, residents living in estates where the OMC remains controlled by the estate developer, and residents of houses in managed estates. As of the date of this submission, residents of 300 estates approximately are recorded as being engaged with the AON- see details on Many more estates engage with the Network on an ad hoc or informal basis. The AON has working relationships with various national and local government agencies, including the ODCE, the Law Reform Commission, the Department of Justice and Equality, Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (Residential Committee), the PSRA, and Dublin City Council ( DCC ). The Network played a central role in securing the formulation and enactment of the Multi-Unit Developments Act 2011 ( the MUD Act ). The AON meets in open forum once a month at DCC Civic Offices, Wood Quay, Dublin 8. Meetings and activities are currently facilitated by funding from DCC, and by the involvement of volunteer members. The Network incorporated as a CLG (No ) on 10 November 2016, and is establishing formal structures as a representative organisation. Further information about the Network s activities is available atwww.apartmentownersnetwork.org. 1.4 Context to submission Brief overview of apartment management An OMC comprises a board of volunteer directors, typically civic-minded residents or owners in the estate. The directors are elected by the membership of the company, i.e. the wider body of unit owners. These unpaid directors are charged with the primary responsibility of managing the estate. This refers in particular to the upkeep of the common areas, and delivery of shared property services, and of ensuring adherence to the principles of good estate management. Effective stewardship of the OMC is vital to ensuring the maintenance of the estate. A good OMC means the estate is a good community in which to live. It is important to note that while taking the form of a body corporate, an OMC is in reality a community/mutual organisation. It facilitates the orderly running of a residential estate. An OMC is a not-for-profit company. Its core function is the stewardship of the finances underpinning the successful management of the estate. 5

41 A property management agent ( PMA ) is appointed by the OMC to attend to the operational running of the estate- common area maintenance and upkeep, block insurance, domestic waste disposal, landscaping, etc. The OMC levies an annual service charge on each unit owner. This annual management charge pays for the aforementioned services. The charge is required by law to include a contribution to a long-term sinking fund for non-recurring/capital expenditure (e.g. lift replacement). Service charge recovery Service charge debt recovery is widely accepted as the most significant financial challenge facing OMCs. Many OMCs are faced with current fee recovery rates of less than 70%. Aged debtors can run to five or more years, and cumulatively can represent in excess of 100% of the OMC annual budget. Sinking Fund provision is in many cases tied up in debtors, with the priority given by the OMC to meeting the day-to-day costs of maintaining core estate services. Our proposals around OMC regulation seek to address issues including financial under provision. 6

42 2.0 Details of Submission We comment on the detail of our proposals. Our comments are borne out of our practical experience of issues arising in the management of multi-unit/apartment developments. We have the following high-level observations at this pre-draft stage: 1. As noted, there is a pressing requirement for a re-imagination of how apartment living in Ireland should work. This should include statutory provision for the design, planning and implementation of enhanced common areas in apartment developments, to include- a. Individual and communal storage facilities b. Communal services, e.g. laundries c. Community recreation areas, amenities and leisure facilities It was interesting to observe that the sole reference in the Position Paper to apartments as a housing type was by exclusion. Figure Planning Permission Grants Houses (page 32) of the Position Paper (reproduced in Appendix I to this submission) excludes apartments and flats as a housing type. We submit that the absence of references to apartments is a good example of why there is a requirement for a cultural change in the perception of apartments as a sustainable home. 2. As noted, it is clear that apartments form a growing and increasingly significant component of the future national housing stock. There is a pressing requirement for reform of the law, the regulation, and the financing structures applicable and available to OMCs of apartment estates. As Ireland prepares to plan for hundreds of thousands of new housing units in the period to 2040, a lessons learned review is required of the delivery of MUD housing in the State to date. a. This might involve an assessment of the success of physical planning (bricks & mortar), e.g. local authorities plan for a certain amount of car spaces, typically insufficient to satisfy natural demand, however do not as a condition of planning allow for restrictions on disruptive parking practices. b. The success of procedural planning requires analysis. There is little or no reference in any planning documentation as to how an OMC lease agreement should be drafted. The lease splits out how service charges must be allocated. Where commercial and residential units co-exist in one OMC, the question arises- have these leases distributed the voting power fairly? Purchasers are expected to sign up to the lease agreement as an afterthought. c. A review of the MUD Act to include all relevant parties and stakeholders. d. A regulator for OMCs. Currently we have regulation without enforcement. e. A census of OMCs to include: 7

43 i. Compliance with the MUD Act ii. Assessment of building defects and fire safety iii. Effective planning for future upgrades/maintenance f. An assessment is required of the delivery of infrastructure in conjunction with residential development how can we ensure concurrent delivery? 3. Future financing arrangement for OMCs: a. Products to incentivise/encourage prudent saving by OMCs. b. Lending facilities for those OMCs who meet certain compliance criteria. c. Possibility of combining the above into a single fund. This might perhaps be State sponsored. If OMCs were to borrow from such a fund there would need to be a State guarantee for depositors (akin to the mutuality of Credit Unions). 4. As regards Taking in Charge of residential housing estates, there should be a transparent process that involves all stakeholders, including estate OMCs. This should ensure the timely and appropriate process of taking in charge of estates (roads, lighting, etc.) by local authorities. The current laissez faire approach, until such time as the developer is ready to hand over the estate, is not sustainable in the context of volunteer-led OMCs. 3.0 Conclusion The Network wishes to thank the Department for the opportunity to make what is a very high level submission. We trust that the views expressed will be given due consideration in the Department s predraft stage deliberations. We would be pleased to engage in further stages of the consultation, or other events, as these apply to the Housing sector. 8

44 Appendix I Figure

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 REDCLIFF MUNICIPAL PLANNING COMMISSION FOR COMMENT/DISCUSSION DATE: TOPIC: April 27 th, 2018 Bylaw 1860/2018, proposed amendments to the Land Use Bylaw regarding cannabis

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