A No-Shape-Substance is the propagating medium of light

Transcription

1 A No-Shape-Substane is the propagating medium of light The First Part of New Physis Ji Qi, Yinling Jiang Department of physis, Shool of letroni ngineering, Northeast Petroleum University, No. 199, Fazhan Road, Daqing, Heilongjiang, , P. R. China. -mail: Abstrat:Through analyzing a variety of physial phenomena, the author proposes that there exists a speial kind of substane No-Shape-Substane. The author believes that this matter is the medium through whih light propagates and the foundation on whih all laws of motion an be built. On the same foundation we an explain a great many physial experiments as well. The No-Shape-Substane is an atual substane with mass in another state. The No-Shape-Substane is a more profound element in the nature, whih an make people know the nature more thoroughly, as well as make the physis more objetive, more natural and more logial. Keywords: the No-Shape-Substane, the Shape-Substane, the No-Shape-Substane Spae, the Mathematis Spae, Vauum 1. A Brief Introdution for a No-Shape-Substane 1.1 No-Shape-Substane In the natural world, apart from all kinds of known substanes, there exists largely a speial kind of substane a No-Shape-Substane. For the purpose of distintion, we all the matter that we have already known a Shape-Substane. A Shape-Substane is visible while a No-Shape-Substane is invisible. A Shape-Substane has its struture and is tangible, but the No-Shape-Substane is ontrary. For example, an atom or an eletron is a Shape-Substane. If an eletron is analogous to a big tree, a No-Shape-Substane is analogous to the air that flows at will among the branhes of the tree. Different from the ommonly known matter, a [1, ] 1

2 No-Shape-Substane exists in another speial state and is muh tinier than the ommon matter. The universe is a huge oean full of No-Shape-Substane and all the Shape-Substane exist in the same oean. Sine the No-Shape-Substane exists on a dispersed state, it logially has density, whih is usually denoted by S. (The SI unit for density is kg/m 3.) Giving an example that is familiar to us. hen pulling a small ball in the glyerin, the glyerin on the surfae of the ball an be arried, while the glyerin attahed losely to the surfae of the ball an be arried ompletely. If the small ball is displaed by a basketball or the earth, the influene on it will be different. The bigger the body is, the greater the influene is. Sine there is an attrating fore between the Shape-Substane and the No-Shape-Substane, the movement of the Shape-Substane an also arry the No- Shape-Substane. The bigger the Shape-Substane is, the greater its influene on the No-Shape-Substane existing in the spae is. The nearer to the body the No-Shape-Substane is, the greater the influene from the body on the No-Shape-Substane existing in the spae is. 1. The No-Shape-Substane on the arth ell, let s onsider the arth at a marosopi angle. The arth is in an oean of No-Shape-Substane. The movement of the arth an arry the No-Shape-Substane near it. Moreover, the No-Shape-Substane is arried by the arth on the arth s surfae while in the far distane from the arth, the No-Shape-Substane an not be arried by the arth at all. As shown in figure 1.1. The veloity of the No-Shape-Substane relative to the earth inreases from zero to 30 kilometers per seond gradually as the inrease in the distane from the earth. The arth is not likely to bring ompletely the No-Shape-Substane on the earth s surfae, when the earth is translational movement. But when rotates, it is not easier to

3 bring ompletely No-Shape-Substane on the earth s surfae. Beause the speeds of all the points on the surfae are ompletely different, even though that of a point is different at the different time, when the arth rotates. Are the densities of the No-Shape-Substane in the whole universe uniform? No. Beause there is some attrating fore between the Shape-Substane and the Fig. 1.1 the veloity distribution of the No-Shape-Substane relative to the earth No-Shape-Substane, the density of the No-Shape-Substane is greater to some extent in the plae where the Shape-Substane has more aumulation. That is, the density of the No-Shape-Substane on the earth s surfae is greater than that of far away from the earth. The No-Shape-Substane an be superimposed. The total density of the No-Shape-Substane in spae equals the algebrai sum of that of all objets. The total density of the No-Shape-Substane in spae is Let s researh the problem step by step. S = S1 + S + S3 + (1.1) e say that the No-Shape-Substane is arried ompletely by the earth. ell then, when a train passes by us, is the No-Shape-Substane driven obviously in the plae where we are? e know that the train is muh smaller than the earth. hether the train exists or not, it puts little influene on the state of the spae where we are. The influene that the train exerts on the No-Shape-Substane in the spae where we are an be negleted ompletely. It is the same in the arriage. But it is a problem of another level to the inside of the matter, suh as in water or in glass, sine it s muh nearer to the moleule or the atom. The density of the 3

4 No-Shape-Substane inside a body annot be negleted. Inside water, the total density of the No-Shape-Substane is the superposition of that of the vauum in the earth s surfae and that orresponding to the water. That is S = S + S. e know that it needs to establish a spatial referene system to disuss a physial question. The Shape-Substane has a veloity relative to a spatial referene system, and it is the same with respet to the No-Shape-Substane, too. The veloity of the total No-Shape-Substane equals the full-weighted superposition of the veloity and the density of every objet in spae. That is r r r r S1υ 1 + Sυ + S3υ 3 + υ = S + S + S (1.) of Still we take the flow of water for example. Assumed that the water has a veloity r υ relative to the spatial referene system on the earth s surfae, we probe into the veloity of the No-Shape-Substane inside the water relative to the spatial referene system on the earth s surfae. The veloity of the No-Shape-Substane orresponding to the earth is zero relative to the earth s surfae. The No-Shape-Substane orresponding to the flow of water moves together with the water, and its veloity relative to the earth s surfae is r υ.so the veloity of the total No-Shape-Substane relative to the earth s surfae an be expressed as follows r r S υ + S 0 S υ = = S + S S + S r υ 1.3 Vauum Now let s look at the ase in a vauum again. It has been thought for a long time that there was nothing in an ideal vauum, but it is not the atual ase. hat the vauum laks is only the atmospheri moleules. In fat, there exists a large amount of No-Shape-Substane in the vauum spae. And the wall of a vauum ontainer will not blok the move of the No-Shape-Substane. 4

5 If the vauum is on the earth s surfae, what permeates in it is the same No-Shape-Substane on the earth s surfae; wherefore the density of the No-Shape-Substane in the vauum is the same as that on the earth s surfae. However, if the vauum is in the osmi spae, what is dispersing in it is the No-Shape-Substane of its orresponding osmi spae; therefore the density of the No-Shape-Substane in the vauum is the same as that in the relevant osmi spae. 1.4 Physial Laws The No-Shape-Substane has very important physial properties. The No-Shape-Substane is the medium through whih light propagates. It is just beause the No-Shape-Substane is the propagating medium of the light that the No-Shape-Substane is invisible. The spae in whih the No-Shape-Substane exists is alled the No-Shape-Substane Spae or the Substane Spae for short. Opposite to the No-Shape-Substane Spae, we all the virtual and flat spae the Mathematial Spae. All the motion laws of all bodies depend on the total No-Shape-Substane spae where it exists instead of the absolutely mathematial spae. Here we onsider the following ase that a fish swims in a river and the water flows in relation to the bank. ell, to what is the fore ating on the fish and its law of motion related? The fore ating on the fish and its law of motion are losely related to the flow of water, but not to the mathematial referene system based on the bank. A body is analogous to the fish while the No-Shape-Substane is analogous to the water. The motion laws of all bodies depend on the No-Shape-Substane Spae where it exists but not diretly on the Mathematial Spae.. The Propagation Medium of light Having learned what the No-Shape-Substane is, we are now in a better position to understand what light is, and some other basi physial laws about light. There is no essential distintion between the light wave and other waves. The light wave has all the 5

6 properties as the other waves do. And the No-Shape-Substane is the propagation medium of light..1 The Propagation of Light Before analyzing any physial laws, let s make our basi onepts lear first. Newton has said, The absolute spae is essentially independent of any outside body and remains equivalent and motionless forever. The absolute, real or mathematial time, itself and to the extent of its nature, always lapses uniformly, having nothing to do with any outside body. [3] Time and spae are the standards and sales for people to learn the world, and meanwhile they are also the unshakable ornerstones of physis. My view of spae-time is ompatible with that of Newton s lassial physis. Time exists objetively and it always lapses uniformly having nothing to do with any outside body. The mathematial spae is essentially independent of any outside body and remains equivalent and motionless forever. The speed follows the superposition priniple of Galileo. Both mass (gravitational mass) and energy are onservative and an not be onverted into eah other. But the unique viewpoint on whih I don t agree with Newton s lassial physis is what the laws of motion of a body depend on is not the absolute spae but the total No-Shape-Substane Spae in whih the body exists. As mentioned above, I have given an example about the fish swimming in water and the water flowing with referene to the bank. A No-Shape-Substane is the propagation medium of light and the propagating veloity of light relative to the No-Shape-Substane is onstant. From the wave theory we an get the propagating veloity of a wave u is G u = or ρ u = or ρ u = K ρ here G and are the shear modulus and the elasti modulus of a solid respetively, K is the volume modulus of a liquid or a gas while ρ is the density of 6

7 the medium. In a word, no matter in a solid or in a liquid, the propagating veloity of a wave is always in diret proportion to the square root of the modulus of the medium and is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the medium. Beause the No-Shape-Substane is the propagation medium of light, we an get the following relation between the speed of light and the density of the No-Shape-Substane S : = (.1) S herein and S are the modulus and density of the No-Shape-Substane respetively. The SI unit of modulus is Pa (viz. N / m ). As we all know, the speed of light in other medium suh as glass and water is lower than that in a vauum. Then how should we explain these physial fats? If we look at it from the viewpoint of the No-Shape-Substane, it will beome quite easy for us to understand. In the vauum near the earth s surfae, the density of the No-Shape-Substane is that of the earth s surfae S. Then the veloity of light in the vauum near the earth s surfae is: = (.) S In the water, the total density of No-Shape-Substane is the sum of the density of the No-Shape-Substane in the vauum near the earth s surfae and the density of the No-Shape-Substane relating to the water. That is: S = S + S Then the speed of the light in the water is: = S + S (.3) In suh medium as the glass or the water, beause the density of the No-Shape-Substane is larger than that in the vauum, the speed of light is naturally 7

8 lower than that in the vauum.. xplanation to Some Famous Physial xperiments Based on the New Physis Sine the lassial physis was very natural and harmoni, why did the theory of relativity ome into being? It s mainly beause lassial physis enountered some diffiulties and ontraditions, and even beame irreonilable to some experiments and phenomena. These experiments and phenomena mainly inlude the binary star phenomenon, the aberration phenomenon, Fizeau s experiment, Ariy s experiment and Mihelson-Morley xperiment. [3, 4, 5, 6] In the following we will explain these experiments and phenomena from a ompletely new point of view...1 Fizeau s xperiment In 1851, Fizeau onduted a very ater_out sensitive experiment. It shows that water ould slow down the motion of light. Light in water would move at a lower veloity. As shown in figure.1. The light emitted by the lamphouse S is divided into two beams of ater_in Fig..1 Fizeau s xperiment light when passing through M. One is refleted subsequently by M 3, M, M 1, and then is refleted again by M into T. Meanwhile, the other beam permeates M and then is 8

9 refleted subsequently by M 1, M and M 3, and at last arrives at T permeating M. hen traveling through the flowing water in the level tube, the former travels in the diretion opposite to the diretion of the flowing water, while the latter travels in the same diretion as that of the flowing water. At last, the two beams of light interfere in T. At the beginning of the experiment, we designate the speed of the flowing water in the level tube as zero. Beause the two beams of light have the same traveling distane, the interferene fringes are bright. Then when we inrease the speed v of the flowing water in the level tube gradually, we will observe that the interferene fringes hange alternatively between bright fringes and dark ones, whih shows that the speed of light in the flowing water hanges when the light propagates in different diretion from that of the flowing water. Furthermore, we an establish the veloity of the light propagating in the water relative to the earth. Note that the veloity of the light propagating in the water relative to the earth in Fizeau s experiment is: = ± fυ (.4) n here, n is the refrative index of water, the plus sign + applies the ondition that light travels in the same diretion as that of the flowing water in the tube, the subtration sign - applies the ondition that light travels in the opposite diretion to that of the flowing water in the tube. The dragging oeffiient of water obtained from Fizeau s experiment is f = ± 0. 00, with its value smaller than 1. It shows that water an arry light but not ompletely. How to understand Fizeau s experiments? How an water slow down the motion of light? It is the water that arries the No-Shape-Substane. So water an also arry light. In the vauum near the earth s surfae, the total No-Shape-Substane has no motion relative to the earth referene system and its density, denoted by S, is uniform. Beause the distane between moleules inside water is quite small, the density of 9

10 the No-Shape-Substane in the flowing water an not be ignored. Thus the density of the total No-Shape-Substane equals the sum of the density of the No-Shape-Substane on the earth and that in the flowing water. That is S = S + S The veloity of the No-Shape-Substane on earth with referene to the earth s surfae is zero, while the veloity of the No-Shape-Substane in the flowing water is υw relative to the earth s surfae. Then we an get the veloity of the total No-Shape-Substane moving relative to the earth s surfae from equation 1. as follows: S υ = υ + S 0 S + S If f S = S + S υ = fυ (.5) hen light propagates in water, its veloity relative to the total No-Shape-Substane spae is / n, and its veloity relative to the earth is: = n ± υ = ± fυ (.6) n It is water that arries the No-Shape-Substane.So water an also arry light. This perfetly reflets on Fizeau s experiment that showed, light was dragged by water. Below we will quantitatively alulate the dragging oeffiient of the water. As was said before, when the light travels in a ertain vauum near the earth s surfae, its veloity in the vauum an be expressed as hen light travels in water, its speed is = (.7) S = S + S (.8) e an easily get the following equation from equation (.8) and equation (.7), S = S + S 10

11 Sine f S = S + S Again replaing / n for, it follows that f 1 = 1 n (.9) Sine the refrative index of water is 1.33, we alulate the dragging oeffiient theoretially as follows f = 1 n 1 = = The dragging oeffiient of water obtained from Fizeau s experiment is f = ± Apparently, the theoretial value perfetly agrees with the experimental value... The Mihelson-Morley xperiment During the time between 1876 and 1887, Mihelson and Morley onduted experiment in an effort to find the speed of the ether wind using the Mihelson Interferometer. But the result showed that there was no so-alled ether-wind on the earth s surfae at all. How should we understand this experiment? For the Mihelson-Morley experiment, it would like to reveal the impat of global translation. The relationship of both the hanges of the stripes number N and speed of "ther" (No-Shape-Substane) relative to the surfae υ is desribed as, l υ N = λ For the υ = m s, the moving stripes number N = 0.37 an observe. 11

12 Note: The hange of number of stripes is proportional toυ. hen the speed is one sixth of that above, the hange of stripes number is one thirty-sixth of that above. If the υ = 5000 m s, the moving stripes number N = 0.01 an observe. Mihelson and Morley draw the onlusion as follows: ven if the relative veloity exists between the earth and ther, the veloity would not exeed one-fourth of orbital veloity of the earth. The value of one-fourth of orbital veloity of the earth is about 7500m/s...3 Millar experiment From the year of 190 to1904, Millar and Morley repeated the Mihelson-Morley experiment with better instruments. The result of their experiment was loser to zero than what was got by Mihelson and Morley in Later on, Millar obtained different result when onduted the experiment rather than the spae of the earth surfae. In 191, Millar repeated this experiment on Mount ilson by using the same methods as before. As a result, a positive effet of 10km/s was found, whih means light speed deviated by an amount of 10km/s. e an say that Millar s experiment has undermined the theory of relativity. ell, how should we explain the experimental positive result? [7, 8, 9] Shown in Fig. 1.1, we have analyzed previously The arth is not likely to bring ompletely the No-Shape-Substane on the earth s surfae, when the earth is translational movement. The arth is also not likely to bring ompletely the No-Shape-Substane on the high mountain, when the earth is translational movement. That means on the high mountain the No-Shape-Substane has higher speed relative to the earth. Therefore when we onduted the Mihelson-Morley experiment there, the interferene fringes would produe the speed deviation. 1

13 ..4 Light Aberration Phenomenon hen we observe a far-away star, we need hange the diretion of our telesope when seasons hange, that is, we hange the telesope's angle when earth hanges its position on its orbital ourse round the sun. The maximum angle α is about 4 10 radian in the pratial observation. Physiists used to explain the light aberration phenomenon with the theory of ether. They said that the earth moves relative to ether at a speed of 30km/s. That is to say that there is a ether wind moving at that speed on the earth s surfae. But suh an explanation is ompletely ontraditory to the zero result of Mihelson-Morley experiment onduted at the earth s surfae. Now we an explain the light aberration phenomenon naturally. As shown in figure., we suppose that the light from a star is vertially inident upon the orbit-plane of the earth at the speed of and the earth has a veloity of υ relative to the osmi spae. hen light propagates in the osmi spae far from the earth, the influene on the total No-Shape-Substane in the far distane aused by the motion of the earth is so little that it an be ignored. The light from the star will still be vertially inident upon the orbit plane of the earth at the speed of in the osmi. Beause the earth moves at a υ Substane spae of the osmi speed of υ with referene to the osmi spae, if observed from the earth, the light is α inident onto the orbit-plane of the earth at an angle of α (to the original propagation). υ The earth e an learn from the above figure that the tangent value of angle α whih is the arth Substane spae observed diretion and the original propagation diretion is Fig.. light aberration phenomenon 13

14 In this equation, if we replae υ υ tanα = and respetively with the value of the earth s orbit-speed and the value of light speed, we will follow the maximum of angle α is about 10-4 radian. The above explanation of mine perfetly aords with the result of observation...5 Airy s xperiment e know that the water an arry light in the Fizeau s experiment. People dedued that if the telesope were filled with water, there would be an aberration phenomenon different from the one when there is no water. In 1871, Sir George Airytried just that, but he still observed the same aberration phenomenon as the ase that the telesope was not filled with water. It s ontraditory with the result of light aberration phenomenon and Fizeau s experiment in the frame of ether. Now we an understand Airy s experiment naturally. As shown in figure., in this experiment we filled the telesope with water. Note that the water in the telesope has no relative motion to the earth, omparable to the absene of water, and that the water in the telesope just inreases the density of the total No-Shape-Substane in the telesope, and that the total No-Shape-Substane in the telesope is still immobile relative to the earth. After light has ome into the No-Shape-Substane spae near the earth surfae, the water there will not affet light s propagating diretion. Therefore we an still observe the same aberration phenomenon as the ase that there was no water in the telesope...6 Binary Star Phenomenon From the observation of the remote binary star system, people an tell whether the speed of light would be affeted by the light soure. People have found that the observed binary star system is always quite natural. People have never observed the phenomenon 14

15 of ghost stars. So people have onluded that the speed of light will not be affeted by the motion of the light soure. e say that the No-Shape-Substane is the propagating medium of light. The speed of light is independent from the motion of the light soure. Here let s analyze the binary star phenomenon. As shown in figure.3. The total No-Shape-Substane around a elestial body will be influened by the motion of the elestial body. Thus the two beams of light originating from point a and point b respetively have different veloities relative to the osmi spae, but the propagation time of light near elestial body is very short. However, in the remote osmi spae, the total No-Shape-Substane wouldn t be influened by the motion of the elestial body. hen light travels in the broad osmi spae, the two beams of light originating from point a and point b respetively have the same speed of propagation. Therefore the binary stars that we observed are a normal system. Fig..3 the binary star phenomenon..7 The Sagna ffet In 1911, Sagna invented a ring interferometer as shown in figure.4. A beam of light is split into two beams by beam splitter, and the beams of light are made to follow a trajetory in opposite diretions. To at as a ring the trajetory must enlose an area.on return to the point of entry, the light is allowed to exit the apparatus in suh a way that the interferene fringes are obtained on the viewing sreen. The amount of displaement of the interferene fringes in the Sagna effet is proportional to the produt of the angular veloity of the interferometer and the area enlosed by the trajetory. As shown in figure.5. Now, let s explain it as follows. To simplify the question, 15

16 we suppose the trajetory is a irular loop of radius R and the interferometer is moving in the lokwise rotating diretion around a fixed axle with an angular veloity of ω. Beause the motion of the interferometer has no effet on the total No-Shape-Substane on the Fig..4 Sagna ffet earth s surfae, the total No-Shape-Substane is motionless relative to the earth s surfae. Then the speeds of the two beams of light are both in the earth s surfae referene frame. The irumferential tangent speed of the loop is ωr. Based on the superposition priniple of speed of Galileo, we get the light speeds in the lokwise rotating diretion and the ounterlokwise rotating diretion respetively in the referene system where the loop is as follows Fig..5 υo = ωr υounter = + ωr The travel times of the two beams in the loop are t o = L πr υ = ωr o t ounter = πr πr υ = + ωr ounter here L = πr is the perimeter of the loop. 16

17 The differene between the travel times is 1 1 t = to tounter = π R( ) ωr + ωr t = 4πR ω ω R (1 ) 4πR ω Ignore the seondary lesser time, we get t =, Substitute the S for πr whih indiates the area enlosed by the loop, the equation will be 4Sω t = (.10) 4Sω The optial path differene is = t = So the amount of displaement of the interferene fringes orresponding to the optial path differene is 4Sω N = = λ λ This equation applies to any enlosed loop, not neessarily irular. e have explained the Sagna effet well. The Segna effet has been employed in many pratial ways. For example, a fiber gyrosope has been suessfully utilized in the field of aviation and spae flight. It was one of the highly developed gyrosopes in the last 0 years. For the fiber gyrosope, when light propagates in the medium, its speed is relevant to both the refrative rate and the tangent speed of the medium. Then how should we understand the Sagna effet and get the equation (.10) onforming to the fat? As shown in figure.6. The radius of the fiber oil is R. Both the light soure and the detetor are at point A. The devie is moving in the lokwise-rotating diretion with an angular speed of ω, so the tangent Fig..6 17

18 speed of the oil isω R. The total No-Shape-Substane inside the fiber will also move in the lokwise-rotating diretion beause of the arrying ability of the fiber. From the equation disussed in Fizeau s experiment, we get the tangent speed of the total No-Shape-Substane relative to the earth s surfae as follows: 1 υ = f ωr = (1 ) ωr n But the total No-Shape-Substane is moving in the ounterlokwise-rotating diretion relative to the rotating referene system where the interferometer is, so its tangent speed relative to the rotating referene system is: 1 υ = ωr υ = ωr n hen the light propagates in the lokwise and ounterlokwise diretion, its tangent speeds relative to the interferometer are υ 1 and υ respetively. The time differene is 1 υ1 = ω R n n 1 υ = + ω R n n πr πr 4πR ω t = = υ1 υ ω R 1 n 4πR ω Ignoring the seondary lesser time, we get t =, and doing the same substitution as before, we get the equation as follows 4Sω t = (.11) It has the same form as the equation (.10) in vauum. The orresponding phase differene is: tn t 8πSω φ = π = π = λ λ λ n 18

19 here, λ is the wavelength of laser in vauum, λn and n are the wavelength and the speed of laser light in the medium respetively. If the fiber oil has N irles, its phase shift is: 8πSNω φ = λ After measuring the value of φ aording to the phenomenon of interferometer of light, we an alulate the value of the angular speedω. So far we have explained the Sagna effet in the fiber gyrosope well. Dear friends. If only we rethink about the physial laws arefully, basing on objetivity, nature and reality, all the experiments will beome natural, onordant and harmoni. Referene: [1] Ji Qi. New Physis [M]. Harbin: Publishing House of Northeast Forestry University, 006. [] Ji Qi. The review on the basi physial laws the New Physis [J], Phys. ssays 1, 163 (008). [3] Guangjiong Ni, Hongfang Li, Modern Physis, Shanghai Siene and Tehnology Publishing Company, [4] Shujie Tan, Hua ang, Important xperiments on Physis, Siene and Tehnology Literature Company, [5] Yiling Guo, Huijun Shen, Famous Classial Physis xperiments, Beijing Siene and Tehnology Publishing Company, [6] Yuanzhong Zhang, On the xperimental Basi of Theory of Speial Relativity,Siene Press, [7] instein Colleted dition, Hunan Siene and Tehnology Publishing Company, 00. [8] Bolian Cai, Speial Relativity Theory, Higher duation Press, [9] enwei Ma, Physis, Higher duation Press,