SPRINGS - Functions. Spring Classifications. Spring Performance Characteristics DEFINITION FUNCTIONS C R I T E R I A. Spring rate (spring constant) k
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1 SPRINGS - unctions DEINITION machine parts that are designed and constructed to give a reativey arge eastic deection when oaded UNCTIONS To appy oad and to contro motion (brakes & cutches, cam oowers, turnbuckes, etc). To store energy and to restore it ater, graduay or by shock (cock motors, vaves, test rigs or materias, etc). To reduce the magnitude o the transmitted orce due to impact or shock /DAMPING/ (automobies, aircrat anding gears, artiery recoi systems, raiway carriages). To ater the vibratory characteristics (coi-spring coupings, exibe mounting o motors, compressors, etc). To measure orces or moments (spring dynamometers, pressure gauges, dia indicators, etc). Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE Spring Cassiications C R I T E R I A Shape o the spring/coi heica, torsion bar, ea, disk, ring, bock, spira, non-conventiona Type o the externa oad compression, extension, bending, torsion, shear Type o the main stress in the coi compression, traction, bending, torsion, shear Type o the materia metaic, non-metaic Shape o coi cross-section round, annuar, rectanguar, proied Spring Stiness (spring characteristic) constant, variabe (progressive/regressive) Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE Spring Perormance Characteristics Spring rate (spring constant) k or M Spring Characteristic a) inear Load or M d k d d M k dθ LOADING ony or θ or M progressive regressive b) non-inear or θ αarctan (k) or M Deormation or θ c) composed or θ Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE
2 Spring Perormance Characteristics Speciic energy actor (utiisation actor) LOADING ony Linear Deormation Anguar Deormation d θ M dθ θ η σ max V E η τ max V G Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Spring Perormance Characteristics Spring eiciency + u + u Loading Un-oading u u u ηa Loading Un-oading u Spring damping actor ηa u δ + η + + a u u Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Spring Perormance Characteristics Series Spring grouping I Parae + + k + k k k e k k + k e k k k + k e k k k e k + k Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
3 Spring Perormance Characteristics Series Spring grouping II Parae Ian ME&M Traian CICONE SPRINGS - Torsion bar Constant cross-section bar subjected to torsion M t r θ τ min τ max APPLICATIONS Automotive suspensions Anti-ro bars Torque-meters Eastic coupings Ian ME&M Traian CICONE SPRINGS - Torsion bar M t r θ τ min τ max ixed end Spine Generous Radius Spine Bearing Torsion bar Bearing Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
4 Torsion bar Mode Main stress - TORSION d M t τ max M t p Spring rate Energy Speciic energy G I p K G I p M t θ M d t π max M tθ τ G I 6 G π d τ 6 η G π d τ max 4 G p η π d p 6 4 p d I π Mt Loading Un-oading d p θ Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Heica springs - Types Compression Robert Norton Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE SPRINGS - Extension heica spring Heica extension spring Extension Drawbar spring Robert Norton Normay Pre-oaded Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE
5 SPRINGS - Heica torsion spring Torsion Twisted Main stress - bending Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE Heica compression springs - Geometry H 0 ree ength H Assembed ength H n Minimum working ength H b Soid (shut) height Preoad n orking oad D D o m D i d Spring index m i (6) i D i n - number o active cois i Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Heica compression springs - orces R m n T cosα a sinα M R m T Mb R m sinα a t Mt R m cosα n sma α cosα sinα 0 M t R m T a M b 0 Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
6 Heica compression springs - Stresses Dm M 8D 8 i Maximum shear stress t m τ max p π d π d π d 6 Inner part o spring is a stress concentration Mt τmt /p τmt /p Mt Mt τ>mt /p τ<mt /p Mt.6 8 i Correction (orm) actor K + τ max K i π d Spring deection D i n m Dm M t 8 θ GI G d p Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Heica compression springs Number o cois Tota number o cois n n + t n r Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Heica compression springs Perormance Characteristics Linear characteristic without damping Spring rate Energy stored G d 8i n k π d n i τ 6K G Loading Un-oading Utiization actor η BUCKLING veriication is required or ong, compressed heica springs Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
7 Lea springs Constant cross-section cantiever beam Top view M σ bx x z 6x bh σ max 6 bh h b x Ebh max k EI z η w 9 4 Mechanica Mode x Linear characteristic no riction Bending moment & stress distribution M, σb Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Lea springs Constant stress cantiever beam Top view M bx 6x σ x ( x) b( x) h z 6 σ b h x 0 const. x ( x) b b 0 b0 b(x) h x Eb0h max k EI z 6 η w Linear characteristic no riction M Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Lea springs Appication Automobie cutch- Pressure pate Lea spring Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE
8 Lea springs Constant stress cantiever beam Top view M bx 6x σ x ( x) bh( x) z h( x) h0 x b 6 σ bh x 0 const. h(x) x Semi-eiptic ea spring h0 u-eiptic ea spring M Linear characteristic no riction Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE Main ea (n p ) Muti-ea springs Main ea (n p ) ixture secondary ea (n s ) RICTION between adjacent eaves High DAMPING properties Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE Muti-ea springs Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
9 Muti-ea springs Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Muti-ea springs Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Muti-ea springs Hook-end sipper spring Doube hook end sipper spring Doube eye spring Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
10 Muti-ea springs - Cacuation Axia deg. o reedom σ max 6 nbh K + n p n K EI z K η w 9 + ( n n) p + u Loading Un-oading u u Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Muti-ea springs - eatures Can be oaded in two panes concomitanty Sma overa dimensions Good damping properties Simpe technoogy Saety Does not require maintenance Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Disk springs (Spring washers) Robert Norton Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
11 Disk springs Di Conica spring washer Dished spring washer h t Loaded in compression Main stress - bending Do h/s APPLICATIONS Machine toos & Buiding oundations Shock bumpers or raiway carriages Dye supports Compact riction cutches Preventing thread assemby oosening Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE Disk springs - Packs Thai obayashi Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE riction ring springs Loaded in compression Main stress compression (inner ring) extension (outer ring) + u High damping capabiities High stiness Loading Un-oading u u Ian. 005 ME&M Traian CICONE
12 riction ring springs APPLICATIONS Machine toos & Buiding oundations Shock bumpers or raiway carriages, erryboats Pneumatic hammers Ian ME&M Traian CICONE riction ring springs Spit ring Ian ME&M Traian CICONE riction ring springs n rm α n h α sin ( ) ( α + ϕ) n sinα + µ cosα n cosϕ * tan( α ϕ) tan ( α + ϕ) ηw tan ( α + ϕ) tan( ϕ).4 η w p r Loading π h r tan( α + ϕ) m Un-oading * pr π h R tan * m ( α ϕ) Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
13 riction ring springs α a) spit rings come in contact Ian ME&M Traian CICONE riction ring springs - Packs APPLICATIONS Machine toos & Buiding oundations Shock bumpers or raiway carriages, erryboats Pneumatic hammers Shock absorbers recoi system in miitary cannons Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Constant orce springs Spira Torsion Springs Cock Springs Tandem arrangement Back-to-back arrangement Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
14 Heica and torsion springs comparison Heica extension springs Heica torsion springs Load Heica extension spring Spira torsion spring Spira torsion spring Constant orce spring Constant orce spring Initia extension Deormation Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Bock springs Eastomeric (Rubber) springs Thai obayashi Bock spring in compression Ian ME&M Traian CICONE Bock springs Bock spring in shear Sient bock Loaded in torsion or compression Eastomeric rings bonded to a meta bushing There is no standard cacuation Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
15 Other springs Voute springs Loaded in compression Variabe cross-section variabe stiness Inherent high riction damping Air springs Ian ME&M Traian CICONE
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