struktura atoma dr.sc. M. Cetina, doc. Tekstilno-tehnološki fakultet, Zavod za primijenjenu kemiju Emisija i apsorpcija svjetlosti
|
|
- Henry Bailey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Elektronska struktura atoma Emisija i apsorpcija svjetlosti Rentgenske, utraljubičaste, infracrvene, gama-zrake itd. su elektromagnetski t ki valovi, kao i elektromagnetski t ki valovi vidljivog dijela spektra. Valne duljine svih valova čine elektromagnetski spektar. Vidljiva svjetlost (λ= nm) može se rastaviti prizmom ili optičkom rešetkom. 1
2 Užarena čvrsta tijela i taline emitiraju zrake koju čine kontinuirani spektar, tj. zrake svih mogućih valnih duljina (sunčeva svjetlost). Užareni plinovi (npr. pod utjecajem električnog luka ili iskre) daju linijski spektar, tj. emitiraju samo zrake određene valne duljine. Takav određen spektar karakterističan je za svaki kemijski element te se na temelju emisijskih spektara mogu identificirati i odrediti elementi u nekom uzorku (spektralna analiza). Npr. pobuđeni atomi natrija emitiraju žutu svjetlost (λ = 590 nm, natrijeve žarulje). 2
3 Linijski spektar daju svi elementi kada ih na visokoj temperaturi pretvorimo u užareno plinovito stanje. Tvari apsorbiraju u točnoč određenim đ spektralnim područjima, odnosno apsorbiraju zrake točno određene valne duljine. Za bezbojne prozirne tvari osobito je važna apsorpcija u ultraljubičastom i infracrvenom području. Tvari su bezbojne upravo zato što propuštaju vidljivi dio spektra. M. Planck (1901. g.) je postavio kvantnu teoriju diskontinuiranosti energije: užareno tijelo ne može emitirati ili apsorbirati energiju zračenja određene valne duljine u bilo kakvim malim količinama, već može emitirati ili apsorbirati samo višekratnik od određenog najmanjeg kvanta energije zračenja Planckova jednadžba: E = h ν; E = n h ν h =6, c Js ν = ;c = ms 1. λ E energija zračenja h Planckova konstanta ν frekvencija zračenja λ valna duljina zračenja 3
4 Boja tvari i apsorpcijski spektri Boja neke tvari uzrokovana je apsorpcijom svjetlosti Ako tvar apsorbira od vidljivog dijela spektra odgovarajuće područje tada propušta ili reflektira svjetlost ostalog dijela spektra, a boja tvari je komplementarna apsorbiranoj boji. Ako tvar propušta fotone svih valnih duljina vidljivog dijela spektra onda je bezbojna, a ako ih potpuno apsorbira tada je crna. Ukoliko apsorbira fotone valnih duljina od nm, a propušta od nm tada je crvena. Da bi se ustanovilo u kojem području vidljivog dijela spektra tvar apsorbira fotone potrebno je snimiti pomoću spektrofotometra apsorpcijski spektar. λ /nm Apsorpcijski spektar [Ti(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ Iz slike apsorpcijskog p spektra vodene otopine titanovog perklorata, Ti(ClO 4 ) 3, koja sadrži kompleksni ion [Ti(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+, vidi se da ion najjače apsorbira fotone zelenog dijela spektralnog područja (valne duljine λ max =492,6 nm), a najjače propušta fotone crvenog i ljubičastog dijela spektra. Zbog toga je otopina crvenoljubičasta. 4
5 % apsorpc cije Apsorpcijski spektar klorofila a - apsorbira u području crvenog i plavog dijela spektra pa je zbog toga zelen valna duljina / nm Bezbojne tvari također apsorbiraju fotone, ali nevidljivog ultraljubičastog dijela spektra (λ = nm), a sve tvari koje sadrže dipolne molekule apsorbiraju u nevidljivom infracrvenom spektralnom području (λ = 700 nm 1000 nm). Spektrometrija u ultraljubičastom i vidljivom području važna je za ispitivanje molekulske strukture i elektronske konfiguracije. Iz molekulskih spektara moguće jedonijeti zaključak o obliku molekula. Ukoliko se apsorbirana energija gj zračenja nepretvara u toplinu već se posve ili djelomično isijava kao svjetlost govori se o pojavi fosforescencije ili flourescencije. (zajednički naziv luminiscencija). 5
6 Kvantna teorija strukture atoma, Bohrov model atoma E. Rutherford je tumačio da elektron kruži oko jezgre analogno kruženju Zemlje oko sunca po Newtonovom zakonu gibanja. Rutherfordov model atoma nije moguć i ne može dati objašnjenje linijskih spektara. Prema njemu bi vodikov atom morao dati spektar svih valnih duljina (kontinuirani i i spektar), a na kraju bi elektron morao pasti u jezgru, što bi dovelo do uništenja atoma. N. Bohr (1913. g.) je riješio pitanje linijskih spektara, odnosno elektronske strukture atoma, tj. ponudio je teorijsko objašnjenje linijskih spektara. Tvari mogu emitirati ili apsorbirati samo u kvantima energije. Vodikov atom čiji elektron kruži na određenoj putanji oko jezgre može emitirati kvant svjetlosti samo kada elektron prelazi na određenu putanju bliže jezgri na kojoj jima manju energiju, gj itomanju upravo za energiju gj zračenja h ν. 6
7 Bohrovi postulati Elektron vodikovog atoma može se nalaziti samo u točno određenim putanjama, a da ne emitira energiju (stacionarna stanja) prvi Bohrov postulat. Najmanja od tih putanja odgovara osnovnom stanju, odnosno stanju s najmanjom energijom - to je najstabilnije stanje atoma. Primanjem energije atom prelazi u pobuđeno stanje jer elektron prelazi na jednu od udaljenijih putanja od jezgre, tj. na viši energijski nivo. Elektron vraćanjem iz višeg u niži energijski nivo oslobađa (emitira) određenu količinu količinu energije. h ν = E 2 - E 1 Apsorpcija i emisija energije zbiva se samo prilikom prijelaza elektrona s jedne dopuštene putanje na drugu drugi Bohrov postulat. 7
8 Bohr je izračunao polumjer putanja, brzinu kruženja elektrona i energiju stacionarnih stanja vodikova atoma pretpostavivši da su putanje elektrona kružnice orbite. Vodikov linijski spektar sastoji se od više serija uz pretpostavku da su mogući prijelasci elektrona u bilo koji energijski nivo treći Bohrov postulat. Teorijski rezultati u skladu su sa stvarnim činjenicama. Energije pobuđivanja i ionizacije J. Franck i G. Hertz ( g.) ustanovili su da vrlo brzi elektroni u sudaru sa elektronskim omotačem atoma mogu promijeniti stanje atoma ili molekule od normalnog elektronskog stanja u pobuđeno stanje. Kad je kinetička energija elektrona dovoljno velika oni mogu čak izbiti elektron iz atoma ili molekule i tako ih ionizirati. Ionizacijska energija energija potrebna da se pojedinačnom atomu u plinovitom stanju oduzme elektron (ili više elektrona). 8
9 Najmanju energiju ionizacije imaju atomi s najjače izraženim metalnim karakterom. Oni najlakše gube jedan od svojih elektrona. Energije ionizacije se smanjuju u istoj skupini s porastom atomskog broja, odnosno volumena jer je privlačna sila jezgre na elektron manja što je atom veći. Energija ionizacije raste (uz manja odstupanja) unutar periode s lijeva na desno i najveća je u atomu plemenitog plina, jer porastom atomskog broja raste naboj jezgre, a time i njezina privlačna sila. Helij Neon Argon E i /ev Kripton Ksenon Radon Redni broj 9
10 Sommerfeldovo poopćenje Bohrove teorije A. Sommerfeld (1915 g.) je poopćio Bohrovu teoriju primjenivši kvantnu teoriju na općenitije eliptične putanje. On je pretpostavio da se elektron okreće oko jezgre ne samo po kružnim većć i po eliptičnim i putanjama. Eksperimentalno je utvrđeno da atomi posjeduju magnetske momente. Elektron je negativno nabijen te zbog svoje vrtnje oko vlastite osi (spin) ima magnetski moment. Kvantna mehanika i struktura atoma W. Heisenberg (1927. g.) je dao princip ili relaciju neodređenosti nemoguće je istodobno ustanoviti brzinu, odnosno impuls elektrona (m v) i njegov položaj u prostoru. Posljedica te činjenice je da se elektronu u atomu ne može pripisati određena orbita oko atomske jezgre i zbog toga se govori o vjerojatnosti nalaženja elektrona u određenom području prostora oko atomske jezgre (atomska orbitala). 10
11 Prostor vjerojatnosti nalaženja elektrona može se predočiti kao elektronski oblak različite gustoće. E. Schrödinger (1926. g.) je prvi riješio problem kako obuhvatiti dvojnu prirodu elektrona u atomu (čestičnu i valnu) i postavio općenitu jednadžbu kojom je obuhvaćena dvojna priroda elektrona. Schrödingerova jednadžba valna funkcija Ψ - osnovni postulat kvantne mehanike i vrijedi samo zbog toga što se rezultati dobiveni njezinom primjenom slažu sa eksperimentom. valne funkcije Ψ moraju sadržavati konstante određenih vrijednosti da bi zadovoljavale Schrödingerovu jednadžbu - kvantni brojevi. Kvantni brojevi definiraju ponašanje elektrona u elektronskom omotaču atoma. Valne funkcije koje su određene uz pomoć četiri kvantna broja n, l, m l i m s nazivaju se orbitalama (atomskim orbitalama). Zaorbitale koji imaju isti glavni kvantni broj, n, kažemo da pripadaju istoj elektronskoj ljusci ili istom glavnom kvantnom nivou. 11
12 Simboli, nazivi, značenja i vrijednosti četiri kvantna broja Kvantni broj Naziv Značenje Vrijednosti n glavni kvantni broj određuje broj energetskih nivoa (ljuski) i energiju koju posjeduje elektron na određenom energetskom nivou (ljusci) 1, 2 (K, L. ) l orbitalni (sporedni) kvantni broj određuje vrstu orbitala, odnosno broj podljusaka 0 do (n - 1) m l magnetski kvantni broj određuje broj orbitala unutar iste podljuske kao i njihovu prostornu orijentaciju -l 0 +l m s spinski kvantni broj određuje vrtnju elektrona oko vlastite osi, što mu daje magnetski moment +1/2, -1/2 Za l = 0 dobije se jedno rješenje valne jednadžbe s orbitala Za l = 1 dobiju se tri rješenja valne jednadžbe p orbitale (p z, p x, p y ) usmjerene duž osi x, y, z. p z p x p y 12
13 Za l = 2 dobije se pet rješenja valne jednadžbe d orbitale (d x, d, d, d, d ). 2 -y 2 z 2 xy xz yz d x2 -y 2 d z 2 d xy d xz d yz Samo je s-orbitala sfernosimetrična i prostorno neusmjerena, dok su ostale usmjerene u prostoru Slikoviti prikazi matematičkih rješenja Schrödingerove jednadžbe ne označavaju stvarnost, jer kvantna mehanika napušta bilo kakvu predodžbu atoma nekim zornim modelom. Sva svojstva atoma dana su u strogo matematičkom obliku spomenutim jednadžbama. One se primjenjuju j j za rješavanje j kemijskih problema tzv. kvantne kemije. 13
14 Raspodjela elektrona u kvantnim nivoima i Paulijev princip Raspodjela elektrona u pojedinim kvantnim nivoima određena je tzv. Paulijevim principom isključenja ili zabrane: dva elektrona u atomu ne mogu imati iste vrijednosti sva četiri kvantna broja. To znači da isto kvantno stanje u atomu može imati samo jedan elektron, što znači da se dva elektrona moraju razlikovati barem u spinskom kvantnom broju m s. Posljedica: U istoj atomskoj orbitali mogu se naći samo dva elektrona suprotnih spinova. Maksimalni broj elektrona u određenoj elektronskoj ljusci = 2n 2 Građa atoma i periodni sustav elemenata Raspodjela elektrona u atomu (elektronska konfiguracija) odvija seprema pravilu F. Hunda. Hundovo pravilo: elektroni se razmještaju unutar istovrsnih degeneriranih orbitala tako da broj nesparenih elektrona s paralelnim spinovima, atime i sumarni spinski kutni zamah bude maksimalan (načelo maksimalnog multipliciteta), jer je tada ukupni oblak naboja elektrona maksimalno raspršen u atomu i atom ima najniže energijsko stanje. 14
15 Stabilnost elektrona određena je privlačnom silom jezgre atoma - što je elektron bliže jezgri, atom je energijski stabilniji. Pri pisanju elektronske konfiguracije atoma treba pripaziti na činjenicu da je energijski nivo 4s orbitale manji od energijskog nivoa 3d orbitale, 5s orbitale manji od 4d itd. Red popunjavanja orbitala koji se temelji i na spektroskopskim podacima može se prikazati i sljedećom shemom (pravilo dijagonale). E 15
16 Pri popunjavanju orbitala može doći i do anomalija uzrokovanih stabilnošću do polovice popunjenih degeneriranih orbitala (svi spinovi su paralelni, npr. Cr... ). Cr 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 4 [Ar] 4s 2 3d 4 Cr 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 5 [Ar] 4s 1 3d 5 Cr 3+ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 3 Cr 6+ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 [Ar] 3d 3 [Ar]... i potpuno popunjenih degeneriranih orbitala (svi spinovi su spareni; Cu, Ag, Au...). Ag 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 9 [Kr] 5s 2 4d 9 Ag 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 1 4d 10 [Kr] 5s 1 4d 10 Ag + 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 [Kr] 4d 10 16
17 Svojstva atoma uglavnom ovise o elektronskoj konfiguraciji vanjske ljuske. Atomi svih plemenitih plinova, osim He, imaju u vanjskoj ljusci 8 elektrona, tzv. oktet, tj. 4 para elektrona sa suprotnim spinovima. Uzrok velikoj stabilnosti atoma plemenitih plinova je u takovoj elektronskoj konfiguraciji i činjenici da je prostor vjerojatnosti nalaženja elektrona oko jezgre sferno simetričan. Svrstavanje elemenata i periodni zakon 17
18 Otkrićem sve većeg broja kemijskih elemenata u prvoj polovici 19.st. ukazala se potreba za njihovim svrstavanjem prema zajedničkim svojstvima. J. W. Döbereiner (1817. g.) je uočio da je vrijednost A r (Sr) približno na sredini između A r (Ca) i A r (Ba) tri elementa trijade. Kasnije je to otkrio i kod drugih skupina elemenata: Ca Sr Ba Li Na K Cl Br I S Se Te J. A. R. Newlands (1864. g.) je svrstao elemente po rastućoj A r i ustanovio da se često ponavljaju kemijska svojstva čistih tvari kod svakog osmog elementa (oktave). Stoga ih je poredao u sedam grupa. D. I. Mendeljejev (1869. g.) je elemente svrstao prema relativnim atomskim masama i kemijskim svojstvima u šest grupa. On je predvidio i postojanje šest elemenata koji će se tek otkriti i popuniti prazna mjesta u tadašnjoj tablici elemenata opisavši točno i njihova fizička i kemijska svojstva. 18
19 Mendeljejev je u svojim postavkama prvi uočio bit periodnog zakona elemenata: - elektronska struktura atoma a time i svojstva i sastav čistih tvari periodički ovise o naboju jezgre atoma elemenata. - atomi su u periodnom sustavu svrstani prema rastućem atomskom broju, tj. broju protona. Približno u isto vrijeme sličnu je tablicu objavio i L. Meyer (1869. g.). Ustanovio je da fizičke osobine elementarnih tvari periodičke funkcije A r. Odstupanja u A r : Ar i K, Co i Ni, Te i I, Th i Pa. Periodni sustav elemenata Elementi su svrstani u sedam horizontalnih redova periode i osamnaest vertikalnih stupaca skupine ili grupe. Svaka perioda započinje alkalijskim elementom a završava elementom plemenitog plina. Elementi iste skupine grade čiste tvari sličnih kemijskih i fizičkih svojstava (srodnici). Elementi u skupinama 1. i 2. i u skupinama nazivaju se glavnim elementima periodnog sustava. 19
20 Periodni sustav kratkih perioda Skupine Periode e lantanoidi aktinoidi Elementi unutar glavnih skupina pokazuju najveću sličnost u kemijskom ponašanju (tj. u kemijskim reakcijama s drugim elementima), ali unutar tih elemenata također postoje razlike. Najsličniji j sualkalijski metali. Elementi od skupine nazivaju se prijelaznim elementima, a u 3. skupini, unutar vrlo duge i nepopunjene 6. i 7. periode, nalaze se unutarnji prijelazni elementi lantanoidi (lantanidi) i aktinoidi (aktinidi). 20
21 Elementi na lijevoj strani i u sredini periodnog sustava tvore metale (kovine), dok se na desnoj strani periodnog sustava nalaze elementi koji tvore nemetale. Elementi koji čine prijelaz izmeđuđ metala i nemetala nazivaju se metaloidima ili polumetalima (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At). Prema agregacijskom stanju pri T 293 K kemijski elementi se dijele na: - plinove: H 2,O 2,N 2,F 2,Cl 2,He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn - tekućine: Hg, Br 2 - čvrste tvari: svi ostali elementi H Metali He Li Be Nemetali B C N O F Ne Na Mg Polumetali Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Ei Fm Md No Lr 21
22 Svojstva elementa - posljedica položaja u periodnom sustavu elemenata Energija ionizacije Energija gj ionizacije je energija gj koja je potrebnadase pojedinačnom atomu u plinovitom stanju oduzme elektron (ili više elektrona). Energije ionizacije se smanjuju u istoj skupini s porastom atomskog broja, odnosno volumena jer je privlačna sila jezgre na elektron manja što je atom veći. Energija ionizacije raste (iako ne sasvim pravilno) unutar periode s lijeva na desno i najveća je u atomu plemenitog plina, jer porastom atomskog broja raste naboj jezgre, a time i njezina privlačna sila. Helij Neon Argon E i /ev Kripton Ksenon Radon Redni broj 22
23 Elektronegativnost atoma Elektronegativnost je sposobnost (snaga) kojom atomi nekog elementa privlače elektrone. Skalu relativnih elektronegativnosti za elemente periodnog sustava predložio je L. Pauling. Elektronegativnost u tablici periodnog sustava elemenata raste slijeva nadesno i odozdo prema gore, što znači da su elementi najveće elektronegativnosti smješteni gore desno u periodnom sustavu, a najelektronegativniji element je fluor. Atomi s velikom elektronegativnošću lako tvore anione, a oni s najmanjom elektronegativnošću katione. 23
24 Elektronski afinitet Elektronski afinitet, E a, je promjena energije nastala kada neutralni atom u plinovitom stanju primi elektron. A(g) + e A (g) Određuje se eksperimentalno, a proces vezanja elektrona može se zbivati uz oslobađanje energije (spontani proces) ili se reakcija odvija uz dovođenje energije. S obzirom da elektroni oko atomske jezgre ne zasjenjuju potpuno njezin naboj neutralni atom ima stanoviti afinitet za elektrone koji raste s porastom efektivnog naboja jezgre, odnosno atomskog broja unutar iste periode. Uprincipuelektronski afinitet je to veći što je atom manji, jerjeutomslučaju privlačna sila jezgre veća, a odbojna sila već prisutnih elektrona manja. Elektronski afinitet pada unutar grupe odozgo prema dolje (vrlo slabo) i veliki elektronski afinitet imaju atomi desno u periodnom sustavu elemenata. 24
25 Elektronski afinitet nekih elemenata periodnog sustava (kj mol 1 ) * * Pretpostavlja se da je E a elemenata označenih zvjezdicom blizak 0 (na temelju kvantno mehaničkih računa). Veličina atoma i iona U određenoj periodi periodnog sustava kvantno stanje elektrona u atomu je konstantno, ali uzduž periode raste naboj jezgre. Zbog toga dolazi do kontrakcije (smanjenja) elektronskog oblaka i veličina atoma uzduž periode postupno se smanjuje. S novom periodom počinje se popunjavati novi kvantni nivo i to dovodi do naglog povećavanja atoma, što znači da veličina atoma unutar grupe raste odozgo prema dolje. 25
26 Polumjeri atoma elemenata glavnih skupina periodnog sustava (pm) Polumjer pozitivnog iona manji je od polumjera odgovarajućeg atoma, jer zbog smanjenog negativnog naboja elektronskog oblaka poraste efektivni naboj jezgre i dolazi do kontrakcije (smanjenja) volumena Polumjer negativnog iona veći je od polumjera odgovarajućeg atoma, jer se zbog povećanog negativnog naboja elektronskog oblaka smanjuje efektivni naboj jezgre i dolazi do ekspanzije (povećanja) volumena 26
27 Usporedba veličine atoma i iona Polumjer ( (pm) Polumjer (p pm) Redni broj Redni broj Klorov atom manji je od natrijeva atoma, jer elektrone u vanjskoj ljusci klorovog atoma privlači šest protona više nego u natrijevom atomu. U natrijevom ionu (Na + ) 11 protona privlači samo 10 elektrona i zbog toga je natrijev ion manji od atoma, a u kloridnom ionu (Cl - ) 17 protona privlači 18 elektrona i zbog toga je kloridni ion znatno veći od klorova atoma. 27
28 Polumjer atoma može se odrediti iz međuatomskih udaljenosti pomoću difrakcije rentgenskih zraka i elektronskih zraka. U metalima se definira kao jedna polovina udaljenosti između središta dva susjedna atoma. Kovalentni radijus (polumjer) atoma definira se kao polovina međuatomske udaljenosti u molekuli elementarne tvari (npr. I 2 ), tj. jedna polovina duljine kovalentne veze, odnosno jedna polovina udaljenosti između središta (jezgara) dvaju atoma u molekuli). 28
29 van der Waalsov radijus (polumjer) atoma predstavlja polovinu međuatomske udaljenosti dva istovrsna atoma koji su u dodiru, ali nisu međusobno povezani niti kovalentnom niti ionskom vezom. Ako je razmak između atoma susjednih molekula koji su u kontaktu manji od zbroja njihovih van der Waalsovih radijusa (polumjera) onda između tih atoma postoji neka interakcija - 2r međudjelovanje (neki oblik vezanja). Polumjer određenog atoma ovisi o jakosti veze, jer je međuatomska udaljenost u molekuli to manja što je veza čvršća. Npr. polumjer ugljikova atoma u jednostrukoj vezi iznosi 77 pm, u dvostrukoj 67 pm, a u trostrukoj 60 pm. pomoću difrakcije rentgenskih zraka na ionskim kristalima može se odrediti i ionski polumjer (radijus). Veličinom atoma i iona mogu se protumačiti mnoga svojstva tvari. Sličnost u veličini ionskog polumjera dovodi do sličnosti u svojstvima. Kako polumjer opada s porastom naboja uzduž periode, a raste prema dolje u skupini, to se na dijagonalnom položaju u periodnom sustavu nalaze ionii s približno istim polumjerima, npr. Li - Mg, Be Al itd. (Goldschmidtov dijagonalni odnos). 29
The Periodic Table. Periodic Properties. Can you explain this graph? Valence Electrons. Valence Electrons. Paramagnetism
Periodic Properties Atomic & Ionic Radius Energy Electron Affinity We want to understand the variations in these properties in terms of electron configurations. The Periodic Table Elements in a column
More information(C) Pavel Sedach and Prep101 1
(C) Pavel Sedach and Prep101 1 (C) Pavel Sedach and Prep101 1 (C) Pavel Sedach and Prep101 2 (C) Pavel Sedach and Prep101 2 (C) Pavel Sedach and Prep101 3 (C) Pavel Sedach and Prep101 3 (C) Pavel Sedach
More informationLast 4 Digits of USC ID:
Chemistry 05 B Practice Exam Dr. Jessica Parr First Letter of last Name PLEASE PRINT YOUR NAME IN BLOCK LETTERS Name: Last 4 Digits of USC ID: Lab TA s Name: Question Points Score Grader 8 2 4 3 9 4 0
More informationCHEM 10113, Quiz 5 October 26, 2011
CHEM 10113, Quiz 5 October 26, 2011 Name (please print) All equations must be balanced and show phases for full credit. Significant figures count, show charges as appropriate, and please box your answers!
More informationGuide to the Extended Step-Pyramid Periodic Table
Guide to the Extended Step-Pyramid Periodic Table William B. Jensen Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 452201-0172 The extended step-pyramid table recognizes that elements
More informationThe Periodic Table of Elements
The Periodic Table of Elements 8 Uuo Uus Uuh (9) Uup (88) Uuq (89) Uut (8) Uub (8) Rg () 0 Ds (9) 09 Mt (8) 08 Hs (9) 0 h () 0 Sg () 0 Db () 0 Rf () 0 Lr () 88 Ra () 8 Fr () 8 Rn () 8 At (0) 8 Po (09)
More informationNucleus. Electron Cloud
Atomic Structure I. Picture of an Atom Nucleus Electron Cloud II. Subatomic particles Particle Symbol Charge Relative Mass (amu) protons p + +1 1.0073 neutrons n 0 1.0087 electrons e - -1 0.00054858 Compare
More informationMade the FIRST periodic table
Made the FIRST periodic table 1869 Mendeleev organized the periodic table based on the similar properties and relativities of certain elements Later, Henri Moseley organized the elements by increasing
More informationChemistry 431 Practice Final Exam Fall Hours
Chemistry 431 Practice Final Exam Fall 2018 3 Hours R =8.3144 J mol 1 K 1 R=.0821 L atm mol 1 K 1 R=.08314 L bar mol 1 K 1 k=1.381 10 23 J molecule 1 K 1 h=6.626 10 34 Js N A = 6.022 10 23 molecules mol
More informationAtoms and the Periodic Table
Atoms and the Periodic Table Parts of the Atom Proton Found in the nucleus Number of protons defines the element Charge +1, mass 1 Parts of the Atom Neutron Found in the nucleus Stabilizes the nucleus
More informationRadiometric Dating (tap anywhere)
Radiometric Dating (tap anywhere) Protons Neutrons Electrons Elements on the periodic table are STABLE Elements can have radioactive versions of itself called ISOTOPES!! Page 1 in your ESRT has your list!
More informationSolutions and Ions. Pure Substances
Class #4 Solutions and Ions CHEM 107 L.S. Brown Texas A&M University Pure Substances Pure substance: described completely by a single chemical formula Fixed composition 1 Mixtures Combination of 2 or more
More informationMANY ELECTRON ATOMS Chapter 15
MANY ELECTRON ATOMS Chapter 15 Electron-Electron Repulsions (15.5-15.9) The hydrogen atom Schrödinger equation is exactly solvable yielding the wavefunctions and orbitals of chemistry. Howev er, the Schrödinger
More information(please print) (1) (18) H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
CHEM 10113, Quiz 3 September 28, 2011 Name (please print) All equations must be balanced and show phases for full credit. Significant figures count, show charges as appropriate, and please box your answers!
More informationSpeed of light c = m/s. x n e a x d x = 1. 2 n+1 a n π a. He Li Ne Na Ar K Ni 58.
Physical Chemistry II Test Name: KEY CHEM 464 Spring 18 Chapters 7-11 Average = 1. / 16 6 questions worth a total of 16 points Planck's constant h = 6.63 1-34 J s Speed of light c = 3. 1 8 m/s ħ = h π
More information5 questions, 3 points each, 15 points total possible. 26 Fe Cu Ni Co Pd Ag Ru 101.
Physical Chemistry II Lab CHEM 4644 spring 2017 final exam KEY 5 questions, 3 points each, 15 points total possible h = 6.626 10-34 J s c = 3.00 10 8 m/s 1 GHz = 10 9 s -1. B= h 8π 2 I ν= 1 2 π k μ 6 P
More informationUsing the Periodic Table
MATH SKILLS TRANSPARENCY WORKSHEET Using the Periodic Table 6 Use with Chapter 6, Section 6.2 1. Identify the number of valence electrons in each of the following elements. a. Ne e. O b. K f. Cl c. B g.
More informationPERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Useful Constants and equations: K = o C + 273 Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 10 23 d = density = mass/volume R H = 2.178 x 10-18 J c = E = h = hc/ h = 6.626 x 10-34 J s c = 2.998 x 10 8 m/s E n = -R H Z 2
More informationElement Cube Project (x2)
Element Cube Project (x2) Background: As a class, we will construct a three dimensional periodic table by each student selecting two elements in which you will need to create an element cube. Helpful Links
More information02/05/09 Last 4 Digits of USC ID: Dr. Jessica Parr
Chemistry 05 B First Letter of PLEASE PRINT YOUR NAME IN BLOCK LETTERS Exam last Name Name: 02/05/09 Last 4 Digits of USC ID: Dr. Jessica Parr Lab TA s Name: Question Points Score Grader 2 2 9 3 9 4 2
More informationHANDOUT SET GENERAL CHEMISTRY II
HANDOUT SET GENERAL CHEMISTRY II Periodic Table of the Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 IA VIIIA 1 2 H He 1.00794 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00262 3 Li 6.941 11 Na 22.9898
More informationCLASS TEST GRADE 11. PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY Test 4: Matter and materials 1
CLASS TEST GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY Test 4: Matter and materials MARKS: 45 TIME: hour INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION. Answer ALL the questions. 2. You may use non-programmable calculators. 3. You
More informationCh. 9 NOTES ~ Chemical Bonding NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics.
Ch. 9 NOTES ~ Chemical Bonding NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. I. Review: Comparison of ionic and molecular compounds Molecular compounds Ionic
More informationModified from: Larry Scheffler Lincoln High School IB Chemistry 1-2.1
Modified from: Larry Scheffler Lincoln High School IB Chemistry 1-2.1 The development of the periodic table brought a system of order to what was otherwise an collection of thousands of pieces of information.
More informationChapter 12 The Atom & Periodic Table- part 2
Chapter 12 The Atom & Periodic Table- part 2 Electrons found outside the nucleus; negatively charged Protons found in the nucleus; positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron s negative charge Neutrons
More informationChemistry 2 Exam Roane State Academic Festival. Name (print neatly) School
Name (print neatly) School There are fifteen question on this exam. Each question is weighted equally. n the answer sheet, write your name in the space provided and your answers in the blanks provided.
More informationThe Periodic Table of the Elements
The Periodic Table of the Elements All matter is composed of elements. All of the elements are composed of atoms. An atom is the smallest part of an element which still retains the properties of that element.
More information7. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1215 Exam II John II. Gelder October 7, 1998 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 5 different pages. The last page includes a periodic table and a solubility
More informationLab Day and Time: Instructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start.
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More informationCircle the letters only. NO ANSWERS in the Columns!
Chemistry 1304.001 Name (please print) Exam 5 (100 points) April 18, 2018 On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this exam. Signed Date Circle the letters only. NO ANSWERS in
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1215 Exam III John III. Gelder November 11, 1998 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 7 different pages. The last page includes a periodic table and
More informationInstructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start.
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More informationCHEM 172 EXAMINATION 1. January 15, 2009
CHEM 17 EXAMINATION 1 January 15, 009 Dr. Kimberly M. Broekemeier NAME: Circle lecture time: 9:00 11:00 Constants: c = 3.00 X 10 8 m/s h = 6.63 X 10-34 J x s J = kg x m /s Rydberg Constant = 1.096776 x
More informationLab Day and Time: Instructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start.
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More informationINSTRUCTIONS: Exam III. November 10, 1999 Lab Section
CHEM 1215 Exam III John III. Gelder November 10, 1999 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 7 different pages. The last page includes a periodic table and
More informationFaculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Chemistry Department. Semester Test 1. Analytical Chemistry CMY 283. Time: 120 min Marks: 100 Pages: 6
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Chemistry Department Semester Test 1 Analytical Chemistry CMY 283 Date: 5 September 2016 Lecturers : Prof P Forbes, Dr Laurens, Mr SA Nsibande Time: 120 min
More informationLab Day and Time: Instructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start.
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More informationCHM 101 PRACTICE TEST 1 Page 1 of 4
CHM 101 PRACTICE TEST 1 Page 1 of 4 Please show calculations (stuffed equations) on all mathematical problems!! On the actual test, "naked answers, with no work shown, will receive no credit even if correct.
More informationWhy all the repeating Why all the repeating Why all the repeating Why all the repeating
Why all the repeating Why all the repeating Why all the repeating Why all the repeating Patterns What Patterns have you observed in your life? Where to Get Help If you don t understand concepts in chapter
More information1 Genesis 1:1. Chapter 10 Matter. Lesson. Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. (NKJV)
1 Genesis 1:1 Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. (NKJV) 1 Vocabulary Saturated having all the solute that can be dissolved at that temperature Neutron a particle with no
More informationChem Exam 1. September 26, Dr. Susan E. Bates. Name 9:00 OR 10:00
Chem 1711 Exam 1 September 26, 2013 Dr. Susan E. Bates Name 9:00 OR 10:00 N A = 6.022 x 10 23 mol 1 I A II A III B IV B V B VI B VII B VIII I B II B III A IV A V A VI A VII A inert gases 1 H 1.008 3 Li
More informationDO NOW: Retrieve your projects. We will be reviewing them again today. Textbook pg 23, answer questions 1-3. Use the section 1.2 to help you.
DO NOW: Retrieve your projects. We will be reviewing them again today. Textbook pg, answer questions. Use the section. to help you. Chapter test is FRIDAY. The Periodic Table of Elements 8 Uuo Uus Uuh
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1515 Exam II John II. Gelder October 14, 1993 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 8 different pages. The last two pages include a periodic table, a
More information9/20/2017. Elements are Pure Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical change (contain Only One Type of Atom)
CAPTER 6: TE PERIODIC TABLE Elements are Pure Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical change (contain Only One Type of Atom) The Periodic Table (Mendeleev) In 1872, Dmitri
More informationCHEM 130 Exp. 8: Molecular Models
CHEM 130 Exp. 8: Molecular Models In this lab, we will learn and practice predicting molecular structures from molecular formulas. The Periodic Table of the Elements IA 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 5
More informationORBITAL DIAGRAM - A graphical representation of the quantum number "map" of electrons around an atom.
178 (MAGNETIC) SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER: "spin down" or "spin up" - An ORBITAL (region with fixed "n", "l" and "ml" values) can hold TWO electrons. ORBITAL DIAGRAM - A graphical representation of the quantum
More informationNAME: FIRST EXAMINATION
1 Chemistry 64 Winter 1994 NAME: FIRST EXAMINATION THIS EXAMINATION IS WORTH 100 POINTS AND CONTAINS 4 (FOUR) QUESTIONS THEY ARE NOT EQUALLY WEIGHTED! YOU SHOULD ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS AND ALLOCATE YOUR
More informationBROOKLYN COLLEGE Department of Chemistry. Chemistry 1 Second Lecture Exam Nov. 27, Name Page 1 of 5
BROOKLYN COLLEGE Department of Chemistry Chemistry 1 Second Lecture Exam Nov. 27, 2002 Name Page 1 of 5 Circle the name of your lab instructor Kobrak, Zhou, Girotto, Hussey, Du Before you begin the exam,
More informationAdvanced Placement. Chemistry. Integrated Rates
Advanced Placement Chemistry Integrated Rates 204 47.90 9.22 78.49 (26) 50.94 92.9 80.95 (262) 52.00 93.94 83.85 (263) 54.938 (98) 86.2 (262) 55.85 0. 90.2 (265) 58.93 02.9 92.2 (266) H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1314.03 Exam I John I. Gelder September 25, 1997 Name TA's Name Lab Section Please sign your name below to give permission to post, by the last 4 digits of your student I.D. number, your course scores
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1225 Exam I John I. Gelder February 4, 1999 Name KEY TA's Name Lab Section Please sign your name below to give permission to post your course scores on homework, laboratories and exams. If you do
More informationlectures accompanying the book: Solid State Physics: An Introduction, by Philip ofmann (2nd edition 2015, ISBN-10: 3527412824, ISBN-13: 978-3527412822, Wiley-VC Berlin. www.philiphofmann.net 1 Bonds between
More informationINSTRUCTIONS: CHEM Exam I. September 13, 1994 Lab Section
CHEM 1314.05 Exam I John I. Gelder September 13, 1994 Name TA's Name Lab Section Please sign your name below to give permission to post, by the last 4 digits of your student I.D. number, your course scores
More informationWhat is the periodic table?
The periodic table of the elements represents one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science that certain elements, the basic chemical substances from which all matter is made, resemble each
More informationSecondary Support Pack. be introduced to some of the different elements within the periodic table;
Secondary Support Pack INTRODUCTION The periodic table of the elements is central to chemistry as we know it today and the study of it is a key part of every student s chemical education. By playing the
More informationCHEM 107 (Spring-2005) Exam 3 (100 pts)
CHEM 107 (Spring-2005) Exam 3 (100 pts) Name: ------------------------------------------------------------------------, Clid # ------------------------------ LAST NAME, First (Circle the alphabet segment
More informationCMSC 313 Lecture 17 Postulates & Theorems of Boolean Algebra Semiconductors CMOS Logic Gates
CMSC 313 Lecture 17 Postulates & Theorems of Boolean Algebra Semiconductors CMOS Logic Gates UMBC, CMSC313, Richard Chang Last Time Overview of second half of this course Logic gates &
More informationCHEM 107 (Spring-2004) Exam 2 (100 pts)
CHEM 107 (Spring-2004) Exam 2 (100 pts) Name: ------------------------------------------------------------------------, SSN -------------------------------- LAST NAME, First (Circle the alphabet segment
More informationAtomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding
Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding Chapter Outline Review of Atomic Structure Atomic Bonding Atomic Structure Atoms are the smallest structural units of all solids, liquids & gases. Atom: The smallest
More informationCHEM Come to the PASS workshop with your mock exam complete. During the workshop you can work with other students to review your work.
It is most beneficial to you to write this mock midterm UNDER EXAM CONDITIONS. This means: Complete the midterm in 1.5 hours. Work on your own. Keep your notes and textbook closed. Attempt every question.
More informationCHEM 10123/10125, Exam 2
CHEM 10123/10125, Exam 2 March 7, 2012 (50 minutes) Name (please print) Please box your answers, and remember that significant figures, phases (for chemical equations), and units do count! 1. (13 points)
More information30 Zn(s) 45 Rh. Pd(s) Ag(s) Cd(s) In(s) Sn(s) white. 77 Ir. Pt(s) Au. Hg(l) Tl. 109 Mt. 111 Uuu. 112 Uub. 110 Uun. 65 Tb. 62 Sm. 64 Gd. 63 Eu.
Enthalpy changes: experimentally it is much easier to measure heat flow at const pressure - this is enthalpy q p = )H : also nearly all chemical reactions are done at constant pressure. Enthalpy (heat)
More informationMarks for each question are as indicated in [] brackets.
Name Student Number CHEMISTRY 140 FINAL EXAM December 10, 2002 Numerical answers must be given with appropriate units and significant figures. Please place all answers in the space provided for the question.
More informationCHEM 108 (Spring-2008) Exam. 3 (105 pts)
CHEM 08 (Spring-008) Exam. (05 pts) Name: --------------------------------------------------------------------------, CLID # -------------------------------- LAST NAME, First (Circle the alphabet segment
More informationK. 27 Co. 28 Ni. 29 Cu Rb. 46 Pd. 45 Rh. 47 Ag Cs Ir. 78 Pt.
1 IA 1 H Hydrogen 1.01 Atomic number Element symbol Element name Atomic mass VIIIA 1 H 1.01 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2 He 4.00 Metalloids 3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.01 5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1225 Exam III John III. Gelder April 8, 1999 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 7 different pages. The last two pages includes a periodic table and
More informationA little history. When and How? Sir William Ramsey. ü 12/5/13. ü 1. Who put together the first useable Periodic Table?
ü // A little history Johahann Dobereiner (80-89) o Triads John Newlands (8-898) o Law of Octaves Who put together the first useable ic Table? Mendeleev you remember him right? When and How? You know it
More informationsingle-layer transition metal dichalcogenides MC2
single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides MC2 Period 1 1 H 18 He 2 Group 1 2 Li Be Group 13 14 15 16 17 18 B C N O F Ne 3 4 Na K Mg Ca Group 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Al Ga
More informationSCIENCE 1206 UNIT 2 CHEMISTRY. September 2017 November 2017
SCIENCE 1206 UNIT 2 CHEMISTRY September 2017 November 2017 UNIT OUTLINE 1. Review of Grade 9 Terms & the Periodic Table Bohr diagrams Evidence for chemical reactions Chemical Tests 2. Naming & writing
More informationK. 27 Co. 28 Ni. 29 Cu Rb. 46 Pd. 45 Rh. 47 Ag Cs Ir. 78 Pt.
1 IA 1 ydrogen 1.01 Atomic number Element symbol Element name Atomic mass VIIIA 1 1.01 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 2 e 4.00 Metalloids 3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.01 5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00
More informationFaculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Chemistry Department. Semester Test 1 MEMO. Analytical Chemistry CMY 283
Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Chemistry Department Semester Test 1 MEMO Analytical Chemistry CMY 283 Date: 5 September 2016 Lecturers : Prof P Forbes, Dr Laurens, Mr SA Nsibande Time: 90
More informationHANDOUT SET GENERAL CHEMISTRY I
HANDOUT SET GENERAL CHEMISTRY I Periodic Table of the Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 IA VIIIA 1 2 H He 1.00794 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00262 3 Li 6.941 11 Na 22.9898
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1314 3;30 pm Theory Exam III John III. Gelder November 13, 2002 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 8 different pages. The last page include a periodic
More informationPart 2. Multiple choice (use answer card). 90 pts. total. 3 pts. each.
1 Exam I CHEM 1303.001 Name (print legibly) Seat no. On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this exam. Signed Date Part 1. Nomenclature. 10 pts. total. 2 pts. each. Fill in
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1014 Exam I John I. Gelder September 16, 1999 Name TA's Name Lab Section Please sign your name below to give permission to post your course scores on homework, laboratories and exams. If you do not
More information6.3 Classifying Elements with the Periodic Table
6.3 Classifying Elements with the Periodic Table The Periodic Table was developed by scientists to organize elements in such a way as to make sense of the growing information about their properties. The
More informationCircle the letters only. NO ANSWERS in the Columns! (3 points each)
Chemistry 1304.001 Name (please print) Exam 4 (100 points) April 12, 2017 On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this exam. Signed Date Circle the letters only. NO ANSWERS in
More information-"l" also contributes ENERGY. Higher values for "l" mean the electron has higher energy.
175 - Giving the four parameters will uniquely identify an electron around an atom. No two electrons in the same atom can share all four. These parameters are called QUANTUM NUMBERS. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM
More informationIf anything confuses you or is not clear, raise your hand and ask!
CHM 1045 Dr. Light s Section December 10, 2002 FINAL EXAM Name (please print) Recitation Section Meeting Time This exam consists of six pages. Make sure you have one of each. Print your name at the top
More informationנושא מס' 8: המבנה האלקטרוני של אטומים. Electronic Structure of Atoms. 1 Prof. Zvi C. Koren
נושא מס' 8: המבנה האלקטרוני של אטומים Electronic Structure of Atoms 1 Prof. Zvi C. Koren 19.07.10 The Electron Spin From further experiments, it was evident that the e had additional magnetic properties
More informationEssential Chemistry for Biology
1 Chapter 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology Biology and Society: More Precious than Gold A drought is a period of abnormally dry weather that changes the environment and one of the most devastating disasters.
More information7. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1014 Exam III John III. Gelder November 18, 1999 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 7 different pages. The last page includes a periodic table and
More informationChapter 3: Stoichiometry
Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 1 Announcements: Thursday (Sep 29) quiz: Bring student ID or we cannot accept your quiz! No notes, no calculators Covers chapters 1 and
More informationChemistry Standard level Paper 1
Chemistry Standard level Paper 1 Thursday 12 May 2016 (morning) 45 minutes Instructions to candidates Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all the questions. For each question,
More informationLab Day and Time: Instructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start.
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More information610B Final Exam Cover Page
1 st Letter of Last Name NAME: 610B Final Exam Cover Page No notes or calculators of any sort allowed. You have 3 hours to complete the exam. CHEM 610B, 50995 Final Exam Fall 2003 Instructor: Dr. Brian
More informationMetallurgical Chemistry. An Audio Course for Students
Laval University From the SelectedWorks of Fathi Habashi February, 1987 Metallurgical Chemistry. An Audio Course for Students Fathi Habashi Available at: https://works.bepress.com/fathi_habashi/27/ METALLURGICAL
More informationTopic 3: Periodicity OBJECTIVES FOR TODAY: Fall in love with the Periodic Table, Interpret trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energies &
Topic 3: Periodicity OBJECTIVES FOR TODAY: Fall in love with the Periodic Table, Interpret trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energies & electronegativity The Periodic Table What is the periodic
More information7. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1215 Exam II John II. Gelder October 7, 1998 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 5 different pages. The last page includes a periodic table and a solubility
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 15 Exam II John II. Gelder March 4, 1999 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 7 different pages. The last two pages includes a periodic table, a solubility
More informationInstructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start.
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More informationThe exam must be written in ink. No calculators of any sort allowed. You have 2 hours to complete the exam. Periodic table 7 0
Email: The exam must be written in ink. No calculators of any sort allowed. You have 2 hours to complete the exam. CEM 610B Exam 3 Spring 2002 Instructor: Dr. Brian Pagenkopf Page Points 2 6 3 7 4 9 5
More information7. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1215 Exam II John II. Gelder October 13, 1999 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 5 different pages. The last page includes a periodic table and a solubility
More informationPHYSICAL SCIENCES MARCH CONTROLLED TEST GRADE
PHYSICAL SCIENCES MARCH CONTROLLED TEST GRADE 11 018 MARKS : 75 TIME : 1.5 Hrs INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. Write your NAME and CLASS in your ANSWER BOOK.. This question paper consists of SIX questions.
More informationCHEM 171 EXAMINATION 1. October 9, Dr. Kimberly M. Broekemeier. NAME: Key
CHEM 171 EXAMINATION 1 October 9, 008 Dr. Kimberly M. Broekemeier NAME: Key I A II A III B IV B V B VI B VII B VIII I B II B III A IV A V A VI A VII A inert gase s 1 H 1.008 Li.941 11 Na.98 19 K 9.10 7
More informationM10/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ2/XX+ CHEMISTRY. Wednesday 12 May 2010 (afternoon) 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
M10/4/CHEMI/SPM/ENG/TZ/XX+ 106116 CHEMISTRY standard level Paper 1 Wednesday 1 May 010 (afternoon) 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer
More informationAtomic Emission Spectra. and. Flame Tests. Burlingame High School Chemistry
Atomic Structure Atomic Emission Spectra and Flame Tests Flame Tests Sodium potassium lithium When electrons are excited they bump up to a higher energy level. As they bounce back down they release energy
More informationLab Day and Time: Instructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. Page # Points possible Points awarded
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More informationFall 2011 CHEM Test 4, Form A
Fall 2011 CHEM 1110.40413 Test 4, Form A Part I. Multiple Choice: Clearly circle the best answer. (60 pts) Name: 1. The common constituent in all acid solutions is A) H 2 SO 4 B) H 2 C) H + D) OH 2. Which
More informationORBITAL DIAGRAM - A graphical representation of the quantum number "map" of electrons around an atom.
160 ORBITAL DIAGRAM - A graphical representation of the quantum number "map" of electrons around an atom. 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p 2s 1s Each blank represents an ORBITAL, and can hold two electrons. The 4s subshell
More information