THE QUANTUM PUZZLE Critique of Quantum Theory and Electrodynamics

Transcription

1 THE QUANTUM PUZZLE Critique of Quantum Theory and Electrodynamics

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3 THE QUANTUM PUZZLE Critique of Quantum Theory and Electrodynamics Barry R Clarke Brunel University, UK World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI TOKYO

4 Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite , Hackensack, NJ UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. THE QUANTUM PUZZLE Critique of Quantum Theory and Electrodynamics Copyright 2017 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN Desk Editor: Rhaimie Wahap Typeset by Stallion Press enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore

5 Acknowledgments Without the encouragement and support of Dr John Killingbeck, Centre for Mathematics, University of Hull, this project could not have been realised, and I am very grateful for his intervention. At World Scientific Publishing, I should like to thank Rochelle Kronzek for her belief in the project, Rhaimie Wahap for the careful editorial attention, and Ng Kah Fee for the endless patience. I am also indebted to Dr Sonja Franke-Arnold, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, for agreeing to read the review in Chapter 6 on the latest advances in optical OAM theory; Dr Dong Sheng Ding, Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, for his correspondence on the induced OAM of light; and Professor Daniel Siegel for his views on the evolution of Maxwell s work covered in Chapter 2. Friends who have expressed support for the project include, Stuart Birtwistle, Richard Lea, and Roger Procter. I should like to thank my parents for their genetic endowment: my father Bill for passing on his persistence and rigorous attention to detail; and my mother Betty for providing the facility to think without boundaries. Finally, this is dedicated to all those students of physics who like me are searching for order in all the chaos. Back cover graphic The graphic on the back cover shows an electron mass ring passing through a magnetic field in both directions. The magnetic delta-field v

6 vi The Quantum Puzzle imposes a clockwise rotation on the electron spin 2 circuits at the top and bottom of the ring. A same sense rotation results in an increase in angular momentum in the circuit and to conserve angular momentum, results in a local decrease in ring radius. An opposite sense rotation is accompanied by a decrease in angular momentum and a local increase in ring radius. These radial changes in the ring are responsible for the Lorentz force deflections.

7 Prologue The way in which our knowledge progresses, and especially our scientific knowledge, is by unjustified (and unjustifiable) anticipations, by guesses, by tentative solutions to our problems, by conjectures. These conjectures are controlled by criticism; that is, by attempted refutations, which include severely critical tests. [ ] Criticism of our conjectures is of decisive importance: by bringing out our mistakes it makes us understand the difficulties of the problem which we are trying to solve. (Karl Popper) 1 As a young student in theoretical physics, I once sat in a lecture on the strong nuclear force and listened to an explanation of the structure of the proton and neutron. Each was composed of its own combination of three sub-particles known as up and down quarks, particles with fractional charge that combine to produce a total charge that is either one or zero. To me, this seemed to be no explanation at all. Since a bounded volume containing something called mass could be divided an unlimited number of times, it could not possibly serve as an irreducible basic constituent of Nature. Furthermore, simply dividing a solid into smaller solids offers not the slightest insight into the structure of mass or charge. However, in my view, the greatest disappointment of the whole scheme was the declaration that quarks are unobservable because the force between them increases as they 1 Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (Routledge, 2002), p. xi. vii

8 viii The Quantum Puzzle separate. To me, as a young student enthusiastically seeking order in all the chaos, this was a solution born of desperation. The aim of this work is to suggest a self-consistent visualizable theory of mass, charge, and field structure. The two main conceptual bases that have dominated physical thought in the last two centuries, the particle and the wave, seem not to have succeeded in realising this goal. A detailed historical survey of the development of physics up to 1925 highlights the difficulties that have been encountered.after Maxwell, Fitzgerald, and Lodge s unsuccessful attempts to produce a visualizable model of electric and magnetic fields in the late nineteenth century, the founders of quantum mechanics advised abandoning any further attempts. In this treatise, a renewed attempt is made at constructing such a model, and recent experimental evidence on optical and electron vortices suggests that this third way might be more successful. A vortex theory of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) mass ring and its fields is developed which is applied to deriving Coulomb s law, the Lorentz force, the theory of parallel conductors, electromagnetic induction, and a proton-electron bound state in which the electron has an angular momentum ħ/2. A new type of passive acceleration is also introduced in which the mass ring accelerates without absorbing energy. This serves as the mechanism of the attractive field. The architecture of this new approach, the third way, is set out in Chapters 7, 8, and 9. The mathematical skill required to master this work is no greater than first year university level, and clear illustrations are provided to assist the reader.

9 Contents Acknowledgments Prologue Chapter 1: Introduction The method of theoretical physics Overview of the work... 9 Chapter 2: The Faraday Maxwell Fields Preliminary Early experimental science Electromagnetism Maxwell s equations Preamble Interaction of magnetic fields Ampère s current law Faraday s law of induction The vector potential The displacement current Gauss s law of electrostatics Structure of the ether v vii Chapter 3: The Electron Preliminary Cathode rays ix

10 x The Quantum Puzzle 3.3 The Lorentz Zeeman effect The Richardson Barnett effect Electron spin Electron structure Chapter 4: Blackbody Radiation Preliminary Stefan Boltzmann law Pressure and energy density Fourth power law The displacement law The Wien radiation law The Rayleigh Jeans radiation law The Planck radiation law Planck s second theory Einstein s coefficients Bose Einstein statistics A new vortex tube approach Chapter 5: Atomic Structure Preliminary Bohr atomic theory The reduced mass Sommerfeld s atomic theory Theory of the ellipse Quantum conditions for the ellipse Non-relativistic energy calculation Quantisation of orientation Relativistic energy calculation The precessing ellipse Quantum mechanics...171

11 Contents xi Chapter 6: Light and Action Preliminary The Faraday effect Linear momentum of light Spin angular momentum of light Quarter- and half-wave plates The Beth apparatus The Beth measurements Frequency shift experiments Orbital angular momentum of light The Gaussian beam Constructing L G modes from H G modes Angular momentum experiments The redundancy of the B vector in a light ray Preamble Angular momentum density Energy density The Poynting vector Chapter 7: Mass Vortex Rings Preliminary Experiments on electron vortices The light ray vortex Properties of the vortex Spin 2 vortex field SAM mass rings SAM ring structure Active and passive acceleration OAM mass rings OAM ring structure OAM ring dimensions OAM ring fields...255

12 xii The Quantum Puzzle Chapter 8: The Magnetic Vortex Field Preliminary Magnetic field models The Faraday effect Magnetic momentum field Linear magnetic momentum delta-field Parallel Conductors Preamble Charge alignment for current flow The Lorentz Force Tracking the mass ring element deflection Radial shift Conservation of Poynting vector speed Averages taken over OAM ring Lorentz force as first approximation A test of the theory Chapter 9: The Electric Vortex Field Preliminary The electric momentum field The nature of the electric field Spin 3 circuital OAM ring action Coulomb s law Preamble Single-vortex source axial macro-field Effect of a neighbouring vortex Electromagnetic induction Preamble The changing electric field effect...318

13 Contents xiii The magnetic field effect Bound mass ring oscillations Preamble Electric field energy Hydrogen ground state calculation Proton oscillation Summary Appendix A 339 A.1 Maxwell s derivation of equation (2.29) A.2 A critique of Maxwell s derivation Appendix B 349 B.1 H G and L G solutions to the paraxial Helmholtz equation B.2 Use of the Gouy phase in mode conversion Appendix C 355 C.1 BASIC computer program for hydrogen ground state Epilogue 359 Bibliography 363 About the author 381 Index 383