INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRODYNAMICS

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1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRODYNAMICS Second Edition DAVID J. GRIFFITHS Department of Physics Reed College PRENTICE HALL, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

2 CONTENTS Preface xi Advertisement 1 1 Vector Analysis Vector Algebra Vector Operations Vector Algebra: Component Form Triple Products How Vectors Transform Differential Calculus "Ordinary" Derivatives Gradient The Operator V The Divergence The Curl Product Rules Second Derivatives Integral Calculus "Ordinary" Integration The Fundamental Theorem for Gradients The Fundamental Theorem for Divergences The Fundamental Theorem for Curls Relations Among the Fundamental Theorems 38 iii

3 1.4 Curvilinear Coordinates Spherical Polar Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates The Dirac Delta Function The Divergence of f/r The One-Dimensional Dirac Delta Function The Three-Dimensional Delta Function The Theory of Vector Fields The Helmholtz Theorem Scalar and Vector Potentials 56 Electrostatics 2.1 The Electrostatic Field Introduction Coulomb's Law The Electric Field Continuous Charge Distributions Divergence and Curl of Electrostatic Fields Field Lines and Gauss's Law The Divergence of E Applications of Gauss's Law The Curl of E Electric Potential Introduction to Potential Comments on Potential Poisson 's Equation and Laplace's Equation The Potential of a Localized Charge Distribution Summary; Electrostatic Boundary Conditions Work and Energy in Electrostatics The Work Done in Moving a Charge The Energy of a Point Charge Distribution The Energy of a Continuous Charge Distribution Comments on Electrostatic Energy Conductors Basic Properties of Conductors Induced Charges The Surface Charge on a Conductor; the Force on a Surface Charge Capacitors 105

4 3 Special Techniques for Calculating Potentials 3.1 Laplace's Equation Introduction Laplace's Equation in One Dimension Laplace's Equation in Two Dimensions Laplace's Equation in Three Dimensions Boundary Conditions and Uniqueness Theorems Conductors and the Second Uniqueness Theorem The Method of Images The Classic Image Problem The Induced Surf ace Charge Force and Energy Other Image Problems Separation of Variables Cartesian Coordinates Spherical Coordinates Multipole Expansion Approximate Potentials at Large Distances The Monopole and Dipole Terms Origin of Coordinates in Multipole Expansions The Electric Field of a Dipole Electrostatic Fields in Matter 4.1 Polarization Dielectrics Induced Dipoles Alignment of Polar Molecules Polarization The Field of a Polarized Object Bound Charges Physical Interpretation of Bound Charge The Field Inside a Dielectric The Electric Displacement Gauss's Law in the Presence of Dielectrics A Deceptive Parallel Linear Dielectrics Susceptibility, Permittivity, Dielectric Constant Special Problems Involving Linear Dielectrics Energy in Dielectric Systems Forces on Dielectrics Polarizability and Susceptibility 190

5 vi 5 Magnetostatics The Lorentz Force Law Magnetic Fields Magnetic Forces Currents The Biot-Savart Law Steady Currents The Magnetic Field of a Steady Current The Divergence and Curl of В Straight-Line Currents The Divergence and Curl of В Applications of Ampere's Law Comparison of Magnetostatics and Electrostatics Magnetic Vector Potential The Vector Potential Summary; Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions Multipole Expansion of the Vector Potential Magnetostatic Fields in Matter Magnetization Diamagnets, Paramagnets, Ferromagnets Torques and Forces on Magnetic Dipoles Effect of a Magnetic Field on Atomic Orbits Magnetization The Field of a Magnetized Object Bound Currents Physical Interpretation of Bound Currents The Magnetic Field Inside Matter The Auxiliary Field H Ampere's Law in Magnetized Materials A Deceptive Parallel Linear and Nonlinear Media Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability Ferromagnetism 264 Electrodynamics Electromotive Force Ohm's Law Electromotive Force Motional emf 279

6 7.2 Faraday's Law Electromagnetic Induction Inductance Energy in Magnetic Fields Maxwell's Equations Electrodynamics Before Maxwell How Maxwell Fixed Up Ampere's Law Maxwell's Equations and Magnetic Charge Maxwell's Equations Inside Matter Boundary Conditions Potential Formulations of Electrodynamics Scalar and Vector Potentials Gauge Transformations Coulomb Gauge and Lorentz Gauge Lorentz Force Law in Potential Form Energy and Momentum in Electrodynamics Newton's Third Law in Electrodynamics Poynting's Theorem Maxwell's Stress Tensor Conservation of Momentum Electromagnetic Waves 8.1 The Wave Equation Introduction The Wave Equation in One Dimension Sinusoidal Waves Polarization Boundary Conditions: Reflection and Transmission Electromagnetic Waves in Nonconducting Media Monochromatic Plane Waves in Vacuum Energy and Momentum of Electromagnetic Waves Propagation Through Linear Media Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence Electromagnetic Waves in Conductors The Modified Wave Equation Monochromatic Plane Waves in Conducting Media Reflection and Transmission at a Conducting Surface 376

7 VIII 8.4 Dispersion The Frequency Dependence of e, p, and a Dispersion in Nonconductors Free Electrons in Conductors and Plasmas Guided Waves Wave Guides ТЕ Waves in a Rectangular Wave Guide The Coaxial Transmission Line Electromagnetic Radiation Dipole Radiation Retarded Potentials Electric Dipole Radiation Magnetic Dipole Radiation Radiation from an Arbitrary Distribution of Charges and Currents Radiation from a Point Charge Lienard- Wiec hert Potentials The Fields of a Point Charge in Motion Power Radiated by a Point Charge Radiation Reaction The Abraham-Lorentz Formula The Physical Origin of the Radiation Reaction Electrodynamics and Relativity The Special Theory of Relativity Einstein's Postulates The Geometry of Relativity The Lorentz Transformations The Structure of Spacetime Relativistic Mechanics Proper Time and Proper Velocity Relativistic Energy and Momentum Relativistic Kinematics Relativistic Dynamics Relativistic Electrodynamics Magnetism as a Relativistic Phenomenon How the Fields Transform The Field Tensor Electrodynamics in Tensor Notation Potential Formulation of Relativistic Electrodynamics 506

8 ix Appendix A: Vector Calculus in Curvilinear Coordinates 510 Introduction 510 Notation 510 Gradient 511 Divergence 512 Curl 514 Laplacian 516 Appendix B: Units 517 Index 521

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