SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXITY IN NATURE. The reductionist approach has been VERY successful Why?
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1 SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXITY IN NATURE SOME SUCCESS STORIES: - Human-scale physics: MOTION ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM HEAT PHYSICS OF THE VERY SMALL: - Quantum physics: ATOMS MOLECULES ELEMENTARY PARTICLES PHYSICS OF THE VERY LARGE: - Astrophysics/Cosmology: STARS (life and death) CHEMISTRY OF UNIVERSE EVOLUTION OF UNIVERSE SOME (PRESENT) FAILURES: - Complex Phenomena: WEATHER BRAIN LIFE HUMANS The reductionist approach has been VERY successful Why?
2 There is simplicity in the apparent complexity of Nature It is possible to understand and predict the behavior of many phenomena with simple, general laws (e.g. gravity) PHYSICS IS THE METHOD BY WHICH WE UNCOVER THIS SIMPLICITY UNDERSTANDING NATURE SEARCH FOR LAWS OF PHYSICS HOW DID IT ALL START? AND WHERE?
3 THE PRE-SOCRATICS (ca BCE) Questions about Nature answered within Nature 1. IONIAN SCHOOL: Miletus What is the stuff of cosmos? Physis Thales Anaximander Anaximenes Heraclitus 2. ELEACTIC SCHOOL: Elea Radical Monism: One Being Parmenides Zeno 3. PYTHAGOREAN SCHOOL: Croton Mathematical mysticism: Number is All Pythagoras Philolaus 4. ATOMISTIC SCHOOL: Abdera All things made of atoms Democritus Leucippus
4 I. Ionian School: Questions are asked what is the stuff cosmos is made of? Thales of Miletus (ca BCE) First to suggest single substance: WATER Universe is a living organism (unifying Nature with body) Search for simplicity in Nature Earth is a circular disk surrounded by water Anaximander of Miletus (ca BCE) Universe is infinite in extension and duration Raw material is unknown substance: all things born from it and Boundless: The cosmic breath return to it First mechanical model of cosmos
5 Anaximenes of Miletus Air is basic stuff: Different densities --> different substances fire --> water --> earth --> stones Stars attached to crystalline spheres (key idea in astronomy for 2,000 years ) Heraclitus of Ephesus (fl. Ca. 500 BCE); The Obscure All things are in flux and nothing is stable (river) Balance in cosmos achieved from tension between opposites logos (bow and arrow) Basic substance is fire: Transformation Emphasis in PROCESS: BECOMING IONIANS BECOMING
6 II. Eleactic School: (fl. 5th BCE in Elea, Italy) Parmenides of Elea (ca BCE) * Radical Monism: There is one Being, Immutable change is second-rate reality * Eon: Cosmic Deity - ungenerated, all-pervading * What IS cannot change for BEING * Physics as search for immutable laws * Zeno and his paradoxes of motion III. Pythagorean School: (fl. 6th - 5th BCE in Croton, Italy) Mathematical mysticism: All is number all things have forms, and forms are described by numbers Pythagoras of Samos (ca BCE) * Legendary; possible pupil of Anaximander * Synthesis of philosophy and religion: rational and mystical * Knowledge is gateway to the Divine: numbers are the bridge between human reason and divine mind * Self-transcendence through the beauty of numbers ( ekstasis )
7 Pitch of note depends on length of string * pleasing sounds correspond to simple ratios: 2/1 - Octave 3/2 - Fifth * expression of quality as quantity: mathematization of sensorial experience * beauty (HARMONY) can be expressed mathematically * Numbers have form: 4 = 6 = * get square numbers by adding odd numbers: 1+3 = = = = b a a 2 = b 2 +c 2 * The harmony of the spheres * Earth is spherical c
8 IV. Atomistic School: (fl. 4th BCE) * All things are made of indivisible, fundamental dense bricks: atoms * Reconciliation of change and immutability CHANGE (Heraclitus) IMMUTABILITY (Parmenides) ATOMS *Quantitative change - qualitative immutability synthesis of being and becoming *Leucippus (fl BCE): basic ideas *Democritus (ca BCE): The Laughing philosopher -detailed elaboration; infinitely many, infinitely many shapes moving in the Void -compare with modern atoms: not infinite in number, not indivisible, not hard * extension to humans, emotions; liberation from fear; Lucretius
9 Precursors of Change Philolaus (ca. 550 BCE) A Pythagorean Breaks away with geocentrism: earth moves around a central fire postulates the antichton E Heraclides of Pontus (ca. 350 BCE) Studied under Plato and Aristotle Earth rotates around its axis! Mercury and Venus rotate around Sun! Aristarchus of Samos (ca BCE) Meticulous observer: puts Sun in the center!! Resistance from Aristotelians and absence of stellar parallax (cosmos would be too big)
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