1.02 Scientific Method
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1 1.02 Scientific Method Dr. Fred O. Garces Chemistry 100 Miramar College 1
2 Science and the meaning of life Ever since humans had the ability to think and reason, they have been trying to answer some basic fundamental questions. -where did we come from? -why are we here? -where are we going? Philosophers and theologians have tried to answer these questions using logic, reasoning and faith. Scientist uses a more strict procedure called the Scientific Method 2
3 Scientific Method Scientist try to answer very basic questions by careful observations which is followed by postulating (proposing) an explanation. To systematically accumulate this knowledge, scientist employ the Scientific Method. Scientific method is the framework for gaining and organizing knowledge. 3
4 How and Why do Scientist employ the Scientific Method As stated earlier, the scientific method is the framework for gaining and organizing knowledge. In this way, Scientist tries to make sense as to why- There is an ozone hole in the south pole. Bag of potato chip expands driving up mountain. Salt disappears in water. Acquisition of knowledge requires solving problems. Scientist solve many problems, the systematic way this is done is called the Scientific method. 4
5 Steps of Scientific Method If a theory is able to correctly predict facts that have not been previous observed, we begin to have confidence in our theory Testing Observations (gathering of facts) Questions after a large body of facts has been gathered dealing with a certain topic, it is often possible to a make a general statement that summarizes these facts briefly. This generalized stated is called a law. Predictions Scientific Hypothesis (testable assumption) an attempt to explain existing laws A hypothesis or theory is tested by making predictions as to what might be expected to happen in cases that have not been observed as of yet 1 Making the observations (Data) 2 Formulating a Hypothesis 3 Performing the experiment 4 Assembling a theory Law - tells us what happens; a summary of observed behavior. Theory - a theory (model) is our attempt to explain why it happens; an explanation of behavior. 5
6 Theory Vs. Law: An example Law tells what happens. Theory (model) attempts to explain why it happens Example: 1. Sun rise 2. digity (god) Law of Gravity 3. telescope The story of how society believed planets were once gods to the theory of Relativity. 1. stars planets around earth 2 Orbit shouldn't change 3. Copernicus/Kepler Planets revolve around each other The story of the development of the Modern Atomic Theory. 6
7 Development of the Modern Atom Theory How did man come up with the idea of the atom? It took ~2400 years from when it was first conceived to the time when there were actual experiments providing evidence of the atom existence. 7
8 History of Chemistry and development of the Atomic Model History of Atomic Structure The timeline of the progression of the development of the Modern Atomic theory. Atomic Theory Timeline Empedocles Demoritus Leucippus Zeno J. Dalton J. Proust A. Lavoisier R. Boyle
9 Greeks View of Matter Scholars during the Greek Golden Years thought about matter. Several ideas presented were Zeno of Elea 400 BC Matter can be infinitely divided. A foresight Hypothesis: Two bold scholars proposed a radical explanation Democritus BC Leucippuus BC Matter composed of indivisible particles called atomos. Empedocles 440 BC Earth-Air-Fire- Water (supported by Aristotle) 9
10 A Foresight Hypothesis - Atomos Two bold scholars proposed a radical explanation - Democritus BC Leucippuus BC Matter composed of indivisible particles called atomos. 10
11 For the next 2000 years Alchemist (practiced pseudo (fake) science) in which they tried to convert lead into gold. Numerous failures resulted in forcing these alchemist to writing down their procedural experiment protocol. This led to the lab notebook as we know it today. A lot of their experiments consisted of systematically extracting metals from ore. This is known as metallurgy. 11
12 Break down the Greek s Model 1500 Robert Boyle The Skeptical Chemist. In 1500, Sir Robert Boyle performed detailed experiment with gases. In his work, he found out that matter broke down to fundamental particles and no further. He formulated the idea of elements and initiated the break down of the Greek's model of the matter. Matter is not made of earth, air, fire and water. He published the book; the Skeptical Chemist. 12
13 Careful measurements is very important Antoine Lavoisier Father of modern chemistry (Law of conservation of mass.) Lavoisier made very careful measurements and concluded that mass is neither created nor destroyed. At the time, it was thought that when a substance was burned, the ashes were lighter than the starting material and therefore matter (stuff) could be destroyed; it is not conserved. Lavoisier however, did experiments in an enclosed container and noted that indeed matter is not destroyed, it only changed. He argued mater is conserved (does not disappear). 13
14 If matter cannot be destroyed, what is the essence of matter? What are the classifications of matter? elements, compound, mixture,... What are the three (actually 4) states of matter? Solid, Liquid, Gas How can the physical & chemical properties be distinguish in matter? Identity retain vs. new identity. 14 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/higgs_boson
15 The Theory of the atom today: Planetary Model...Quantum Chem 15
16 Famous Last Words... Albert Einstein "No amount of experiment can prove me right; a simple experiment may at any time prove me wrong." In summary, The scientific methods was, and is, responsible for developing the model of the atom and matter as we know it today. 16
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