S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc. Outline. q Introduction: masonry basics and code changes. q Beams and lintels. q Non-bearing walls: out-of-plane

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1 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Otlie ASD v. SD A aor Cage Figt Ricard Beett, PD, PE Te Uiverit o Teeee Cair, 016 TS 40/60 Code Coittee q Itrodctio: aor baic ad code cage q Bea ad litel q Nobearig wall: otoplae q Cobied bedig ad axial orce: pilater q Bearig wall: otoplae q Sear wall: iplae Partiall Groted Sear Wall Special Reiorced Sear Wall 1 Baic aor Teriolog Itrodctio aor Baic Head Joit Core Bed Joit Recet Code Cage OUTLINE Le ta ¼ it overlap 3 Rig Bod 4 Not Laid i Rig Bod 1

2 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Baic aor Teriolog Baic aor Teriolog Bod Bea : Cotiol reiorced orizotal eleet Pilater: wall portio, geerall projectig ro eiter or bot wall ace, ervig a vertical col ad/or bea 5 ttp://tecotrctor.org/cotrctio/aorpilaterwalldeigdetail/1444/ 6 aor Uit Cocrete aor Uit (CU) peciied b AST C90 ii peciied copreive tregt (et area) o 000 pi (average) Caged ro 1900 pi i 014! et area i abot 55% o gro area Caged ro ii web tice to oralized web area i 01 Tpe I ad Tpe II deigatio o loger exit ttp:// 7

3 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Cla aor Uit CU v. Cla Uit Tpicall peciied b AST C16 (acig bric, olid it), or C65 (ollow bric) I core occp 5% o et area, it ca be coidered 100% olid AST C65: Hollow it Ued or reiorced aor, iilar to c Icreaigl veeer are C65 bric Cla ad cocrete aor beave qite dieretl, epeciall we expoed to oitre Cocrete Ceetio: ri wit tie Ue cotrol joit: See NCA TEK Note 10 01A, 100C, 1003 Cla Expad wit tie: Irreverible oitre expaio Ue expaio joit: See BIA Tec Note 1A Need bot vertical ad orizotal expaio joit 9 10 CU v. Cla Uit aor ortar Beore leavig it Bloc Sriage Bloc Sriage Bric Expaio Bric Expaio 11 a S o N w O r K troget weaet Tpical e: Tpe S: ot trctral aor Tpe N: Partitio ad veeer Tpe O: Tcpoitig AST C70 AST C70 AST C156 1 Ceetio Ste Portlad ceet lie aor ceet ortar ceet Speciicatio or ortar or Uit aor etod or Precotrctio ad Cotrctio Evalatio o ortar or Plai ad Reiorced Uit aor Stadard Gide or Qalit Arace o ortar 3

4 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. aor ortar: Speciicatio aor Grot Proportio: copliace i veriied ol b veriig vole proportio. 13 Propert: I laborator, etabli proportio tat will eet te reqired copreive tregt, air cotet ad retetivit (abilit to retai water) Tpe S ceet lie: 1 part ceet ~ 0.5 part drated ao lie ~ 4.5 part ad veri i ield tat vole Tpe N aor ceet: proportio eet 1 part Tpe N aor ceet (igle bag) proportio liit. ~ 3 part ad Proportio peciicatio i te dealt Two id o grot ie grot (ceet, ad, water) coare grot (ceet, ad, gravel, water) Grot peciied b proportio copreive tregt (reqired i > 000 pi) Slp betwee ad 11 ice aor it aborb water ro te grot, decreaig it water ceet ratio ad icreaig it copreive tregt. 14 aor Copreive Stregt, # Uit tregt etod (TS B ) Etiate a coervative aeblage tregt baed o ortar tpe ad it tregt (ro aactrer) Pri tet etod (TS B 3) Pro: ca perit optiizatio o aterial Co: reqire tetig, qaliied tetig lab, ad procedre i cae o o coplig relt t copl wit AST C1314 CU Uit Stregt Table Net area copreive tregt o cocrete aor, pi TS 60 Table Net area copreive tregt o AST C90 cocrete aor it, pi (Pa) Tpe or S ortar Tpe N ortar 1,700 1,900 1,900 1,900,350,000,000,650,50,600 3,400,500 3,50 4,350,750 3,

5 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. aor aterial Propertie Brie Hitor o TS 40/60 Propert CU Cla odl o Elaticit 900 ' # 700 ' # odl o rigidit (ear odl) Coeiciet o teral expaio Coeiciet o oitre expaio E ' 4.5 x 10 6 i./i./ F 4.0 x 10 6 i./i./ F N/A Coeiciet o riage ' C90 liit riage to 0.065% 3 x 10 4 i./i. N/A Coeiciet o creep.5 x 10 7 /pi 0.7 x 10 7 /pi 19: Firt editio 1995: Seiic reqireet oved ro Appedix to ai bod o code; capter o veeer added; capter o gla bloc added 199: ajor reorgaizatio o code; pretreed aor capter added 00: Stregt deig capter added; deiitio o ear wall added to correpod to IBC deiitio; code oved to a tree ear reviio ccle 005: Caged lap plice reqireet, reqirig c loger lap legt 00: ajor reorgaizatio o eiic reqireet; added AAC aor i Appedix 011: Eliiated oetird tre icreae ad recalibrated allowable tree; added iill proviio i Appedix 013: Cage or partiall groted ear wall; pdated it tregt table; liit tate appedix 016: Add ear rictio proviio; icreae cavit widt; pdate acor bolt 0: Go to a ixear ccle v 013 Code 011 v 013 Code Capter 1 Geeral Deig Reqireet or aor Capter Allowable Stre Deig o aor Capter 3 Stregt Deig o aor Capter 4 Pretreed aor Capter 5 Epirical Deig o aor Capter 6 Veeer Capter 7 Gla Uit aor Capter Stregt Deig o Atoclaved Aerated Cocrete aor Appedix B Deig o aor Iill 19 q Part 1 Geeral Capter 1 Geeral Reqireet Capter Notatio ad Deiitio Capter 3 Qalit ad Cotrctio q Part Deig Reqireet Capter 4 Geeral Aali ad Deig Coideratio Capter 5 Strctral Eleet Capter 6 Reiorceet, etal Acceorie, ad Acor Bolt Capter 7 Seiic Deig Reqireet q Part 3 Egieered Deig etod Capter Allowable Stre Deig Capter 9 Stregt Deig o aor Capter 10 Pretreed aor Capter 11 Stregt Deig o AAC q Part 4 Precriptive Deig etod Capter 1 Veeer Capter 13 Gla Uit aor Capter 14 aor Partitio Wall q Part 5 Appedice Appedix A Epirical Deig Appedix B Deig o aor Iill Appedix C Liit Deig etod q odl o rptre vale icreaed b 1/3 or all bt ll groted aor oral to bed joit q Uit tregt table recalibrated Tpe S ortar, 000 pi it tregt, 000 pi q Sear tregt o partiall groted wall: redctio actor o

6 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Bea ad Litel Deig Flexral eber Bea ad Litel NoBearig Wall OUTLINE 1 Allowable Stre (Capter ) Allowable aor tre: 0.45 Allowable teel tre 3 i, Grade 60 teel ( r) + r r j 1 3 A jd b( d )( jd ) No i or ax reiorceet reqireet Allowable ear tre 1 F v. 5 Stregt Deig (Capter 9) e cla aor e cocrete aor aor tre 0. aor tre act over a 0.c 0.9 lexre; 0. ear æ 1 A A d b è 0. ø V.5Av ii rei: 1.3 cr or A (4/3)A,req d axi rei: e 1.5e r ax ( 0.) 0. æ e è e + e ø Bea ad Litel Deig ASD: Alterate Deig etod Allowable Stre (Capter ) 1. Ae vale o j (or ). Tpicall 0.5 < j < Deterie a trial vale o A. A < / F < jd Cooe reiorceet. 3. Deterie ad j; teel tre ad aor tre. 4. Copare calclated tree to allowable tree. 5. I aor tre cotrol deig, coider oter optio (c a cage o eber ize, or cage o ). Reiorceet i ot beig ed eicietl. 3 Stregt Deig (Capter 9) 1. Deterie a, dept o copreive tre bloc a d d 0. b. Solve or A ba A ρ # ' or CU Grade 60 teel: ' # 1.5 i, ρ ' # i, ρ Calclate d ( ) ê æ d d 3 ê ë è ø 3Fb û I bal? For Grade 60 teel bal 0.31 YES F bal F F + F ( d) b P A æ 1 F 1 è ø Allowable aor copreio tre cotrol NO 4 A æ F 1 d è 3 ø z A F F b ( d) z + zd z Iterate. Ue (d) a ew ge ad repeat. Allowable reiorceet teio tre cotrol 6

7 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Copario o ASD ad SD Exaple: Bea Give: 10. opeig; dead load o 1.5 ip/; live load o 1.5 ip/; 4 i. ig; Grade 60 teel; Tpe S aor ceet ortar; i. CU; 000 pi Reqired: Deig bea Soltio: ic CU d 0 i : Legt o bearig o bea all be a ii o 4 i.; tpicall aed to be i Spa legt o eber ot bilt itegrall wit pport all be tae a te clear pa pl dept o eber, bt eed ot exceed ditace betwee ceter o pport. Spa 10 + (4 i.) Copreio ace o bea all be laterall pported at a axi pacig o: 3 ltiplied b te bea tice. 3(7.65 i.) 44 i b /d. 10(7.65 i.) / (0 i.) 349 i Allowable Stre Deig: Flexre Load Weigt o ll groted oral weigt: 3 p oet Deterie d Ae copreio cotrol d d 3ê ê ë ( 1.5 ( )) ( ) w D + L 17 ( 3.17 )( ) wl i ( 45.1 )( ) æ d 0i 0i 3ê æ è ø 3Fbb ê 3 û ë è ø ( 0.900i)( 7.65i) 9.3i. û Allowable Stre Deig: Flexre Fid A Area o teel ( 9.31i)( 7.65i) Fb ( d) b 0.900i A æ 1 æ 1 Fb ( 0.900i) 1 è ø è ø Ue #9 (A.00 i ) 1.94i Bar placed i botto Uaped it, or ocot bod bea it. Cec i copreio cotrol d 9.3i > 0.31 d 0i Copreio cotrol Calclate odlar ratio, E E E 9000i (.0i)

8 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Stregt Deig: Flexre Cec i ad ax Reiorceet Factored Load Weigt o ll groted oral weigt: 3 p Factored oet Fid a Dept o eqivalet rectaglar tre bloc ( ( )) ( ) w 1.D + 1.6L ( 4.40 )( ) w L 6. 6 a d æ 6.6 æ1i d 0.9 0i ( 0i) è ø è ø 3. 7i 0. b 0.(.0i)( 7.65i) ii Reiorceet Cec: Sectio odl Cracig oet Cec 1.3 cr b ( 7.65i)( 4i) 3 S 73i 6 6 S ( 73i 3 )( 160 pi) i cr r 1.3 r 160 pi (parallel to bed joit i rig bod; ll groted) ( ) cr Fid A Area o teel Ue #6 (A 0. i ) (.0i)( 7.65i)( 3.7i) 0. ba 0. A 0.77i 60i 7.5 φ 70.6 axi Reiorceet Cec: ' # i ρ A r bd 0.i ( 7.65i)( 0i) odl o Rptre (Table ) Sar: Bea, Flexre aor Tpe Noral to Bed Joit Solid Uit Hollow Uit* Ugroted Fll Groted Parallel to bed joit i rig bod Solid Uit Hollow Uit Ugroted ad partiall groted Fll groted Parallel to bed joit ot laid i rig bod Cotio grot ectio parallel to bed joit Oter 31 ortar Tpe Portlad ceet/lie or ortar ceet aor Ceet or S N or S N Dead Load (/) (peripoed) Live Load (/) ASD ( ' # 1.5 i) ( ' # 1.5 i) ( ' # 1.5 i) Reqired A (i ) ASD: Allowable teio cotrol or 0.5 / ad 1 /. SD ( ' # 1.5 i) ( ' # 1.5 i) ( ' # 1.5 i)

9 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Allowable Stre Deig: Sear Allowable Stre Deig: Sear Deig or DL 1 /, LL 1 / Sear at reactio wl V æ 0i. 1 d/ ro ace o pport + 4i i. è ø Deig ear orce Sear tre Allowable aor ear tre F ( ( ) )( ) æ V è 5.33 ø V 9.0 v 59. pi Av 7.65i. ( 0i. ) v 1 æ æ ê ëè èvd øø 1 [ pi ] 50.3pi û P A Sectio allow deig or ear at d/ ro ace o pport. Sgget tat d be ed, ot d v. 1 [.5 ] Cec ax ear tre Req d teel tre Deterie A v or a pacig o i. Fv 000 pi 9. 4 pi 59. pi 50.3pi. 9 pi æ A F d v v A Fv 0.5 A A Þ v è ø 0.5Fd.9 pi Av 0.034i 0.5 ( 7.65i. )( 0i. )( i. ) ( 3000 pi)( 0i. ) Ue #3 tirrp Deterie d o tat o ear reiorceet wold be reqired. d V bf v i.( 50.3pi) 3.5i. 34 > 59.pi OK Ue a 3 i. deep bea i poible; will ligtl icreae dead load. Stregt Deig: Sear Stregt Deig: Sear Deig or DL 1 /, LL 1 / Sear at reactio ( ( ( ) ) ( ))( ) w L V æ 0i. 1 d/ ro ace o pport + 4i i. è ø Deig ear orce Deig aor ear tregt V æ V è 5.33 ø æ ê Av + 0.5P.5A ë Vd è v øû 0. (.5)( 7.65i. )( 0i. ) 000 pi Reqireet or ear at d/ ro ace o pport i i ASD, ot SD, bt ae it applie v Sgget tat d be ed, ot d v to id A v Cec ax V Req d V Deterie A v or a pacig o i. æ Av V V 0.5 dv Þ Av è ø 0.5 d Av ( i. ) ( 60i)( 0i. ) 36 ( 4)( 7.65i. )( 0i. ) 000 pi 1. V 4 Av 0. V V i Ue #3 tirrp v Deterie d o tat o ear reiorceet wold be reqired. (.5 ) 7.65i. ( 0.(.5) 000 pi ) > 1.50 OK V 1.50 d 0.4i. Ue iverted bod bea b it to get ligtl greater d. 9

10 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. NoBearig Partiall Groted Wall OtoPlae d a b eective copreive widt per bar i{, 6t, 7 i} (5.1.) A. Netral axi i lage: a. Alot alwa te cae b. Deig or olid ectio B. Netral axi i web a. Deig a a Tbea ectio C. Oe deig baed o a 1 widt b b 37 A t ii reiorceet: No reqireet axi reiorceet: Sae reqireet a bea Deig Aid Spacig (ice) 3 Steel Area i / #3 #4 #5 # Exaple: Partiall Groted Wall ASD Exaple: Partiall Groted Wall ASD Give: i CU wall; 16 ig; Grade 60 teel, # ' 000 pi; Lateral wid load o 30 p (actored) Reqired: Reiorcig (place i ceter o wall) Soltio: ( lb )( i w )( 16 ) oet lb i lb F b 0.45(000pi) 900 pi E 1.0 x 10 6 pi F 3000 pi E 9 x 10 6 pi E /E 16.1 Deterie d Ae copreio cotrol d d 3ê ê ë Cec i copreio cotrol æ d 3.1i 3.1i 3ê æ è ø 3Fbb ê 3 û ë è ø d 0.346i 0.091< 0.31 d 3.1i 39 1i ( )( ) i ( 0.900i)( 1 ) 0.346i. û Teio cotrol A æ F 1 d è 3 ø z ( A F ) Fb ( d) z + zd z Eqatio / Vale Iteratio 1 Iteratio Iteratio 3 d (i.) (i ) (i.) (i.) Ue # 40 ice (A 0.060i /) (cloe eog or goveret wor)

11 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Partiall Groted Wall SD ASD v SD: Flexral eber Give: i. CU wall; 16 ig; Grade 60 teel, # ' 000 pi; Wid load o w 30 p Reqired: Reiorcig (place i ceter o wall) Soltio: Factored oet Fid a Solve a olid ectio a d ( 1 i )( 16 ) lb w 30 lb i lbi æ1150 d i ( 3.1i) è ø i i 0. b 0. (1 ) ( 000 pi) q ASD calibrated to SD or wid ad eiic load q We a igiicat portio o load i dead load, ASD will reqire ore teel ta SD q We allowable aor tre cotrol i ASD, deig are ieiciet q Advatage to SD, wic i reao cocrete deig rapidl witced to SD abot 50 ear ago Fid A 0. ba 0. A i ( 000 pi)( 1 )( 0.179i) pi i Ue # 40 ice (A 0.060i /) 41 4 Iteractio Diagra Cobied Bedig ad Axial Load Iteractio Diagra Pilater OUTLINE Allowable Stre (Capter ) For > bal Set aor trai F b /E ; CU Fid teel trai For < bal Set teel trai F /E ; or Grade 60 Fid aor trai Allowable axial load /r 99 æ P ( a 0.5 A AtF ) ê1 êë è140r ø /r > 99 æ 70r Pa ( 0.5 A AtF ) è ø û Stregt Deig (Capter 9) Set aor trai to ε Var teel trai Eqivalet rectaglar tre bloc Noial axial tregt /r 99 æ P 0.[ 0.0 ( A At ) + At ] ê1 êë è140r ø û /r > 99 æ 70r P 0.0[ 0.0 ( A At ) + At ] è ø

12 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall ASD Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall ASD Give: 1 ig CU bearig wall, Tpe S aor ceet ortar; Grade 60 teel i ceter o wall; 4 i.; partial grot; ' # 000 pi Reqired: Iteractio diagra i ter o capacit per oot Pre oet: 16.1 ρ ρ Pre Axial: Radi o gratio Radi o gratio all be copted ig average et croectioal area o te eber coidered. NCA TEK 141B Sectio Propertie o Cocrete aor Wall r.66 i. A 40.7i / I 33.0 i 4 / Fid Fid j Fid Fid ( r) + r r j ( 3i)( 0.943)( 3.1i. ) 5. i i A F jd F b 1.64 i ( d ) ( jd ) ( 1 ) 0.171( 3.1i) i ( ) + ( ) i [ ] [ 0.943( 3.1i) ] Fid /r Fid P a 144i r.66i P a ( 0.5 A A F ) t æ ê1 êë è 140r ( ( )( ) ) i æ i ê êë ø û è 140 ø û P Allowable i Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall ASD Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall ASD Balaced: i Stre 3 i d < 1.5 i. N.A. i ace ell 1.19 i 3. i Strai i( ) i Below Balaced: Stre d 1.00 i. 3 i Strai 1.00 i i Fid C 1 1 C 44 ( d ) b ( 0.900i)( 1.19i)( 1 ) i 6. Fid C 1 1 C ( d ) b ( 0.703i)( 1.00i)( 1 ) i 4. Fid T Fid P ( )( ) i 3i T A 6 ( ) 4. P C T 4 P Fid T Fid P ( )( ) i 3i T A 6 ( ). P C T 6 P.6 1. Fid æ 1.19i i i è 3 ø Fid æ 1.00i i i è 3 ø

13 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall ASD Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall SD Above Balaced: d.00 i. 1 Cetroid 1 + b x + 3 x 1 b i 1.5 i 9. / 0.53 i 0.33 i.00 i 1.5 i 0.5 / /31.5i. P..5 Stre 13.1 i Netral axi i i web 0.66/ i 1 + CT 3. i P C. Strai ( )( ) i 13.1i T ( ) i i C 1 ( 1.5i)( 1 ) 9. 1 C 0.33i 5 i ( 0.75i)( ) 0. ( 3.1i 0.53i) ( ) 3.1i 1.5i Give: 1 ig CU bearig wall, Tpe S aor ceet ortar; Grade 60 teel i ceter o wall; 4 i.; partial grot; ' # 000 pi Reqired: Iteractio diagra i ter o capacit per oot Pre oet: Fid Fid φ Cec to ae re tre bloc i i ace ell æ 1 A A d b è 0. ' ø 0.05 i ( 60i) æ i è 0. 1 ( ) A a 0.b ' i ( 60i) i ( )(.0i) 50 i ( 60i) i 11. i ( )(.0i) 0.156i ø Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall SD Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall SD Pre Axial: Fid /r NCA TEK 141B Sectio Propertie o Cocrete aor Wall r.66 i. A 40.7i / I 33.0 i 4 / 144i r.66i Balaced: Strai.09 i i i C Stre T a 0.c 0.(.09i.) 1.67i. web legt EFG. IJFG..0 FG HEFG. KL KL Fid P P [ ( A A ) + A ] [ ( i)( ) ] i æ ê t ( 44.3 ) 39. P t æ ê1 êë è êë 140r ø û è 140 ø û Fid C Fid T Fid φp G Fid φ G [ 0.0(.0i) ]( 1.5i)( 1 ) i [ 0.0(.0i) ]( 1.67i 1.5i)(.0 ) i 1. C 4, ace ell C 34, web ( )( ) i 60i T A 0 ( ) 0. P P 0.1 æ 1.5i ê i æ i ë è ø è ø û

14 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall SD Exaple: i. CU Bearig Wall SD Below Balaced: c 1.5 i Strai 1.5 i i i a 0.c 1.00 i Stre T Above Balaced: c 3.0 i Strai 3.0 i i i T C Stre a 0.c 0.(3.0i.).4i. web legt EFG. IJFG..0 FG HEFG. KL KL Fid C Fid T Fid φp G Fid φ G ( a) b 0.(.0i)( 1.00i)( 1 ) i 19. C 0. ( )( ) i 60i T A 0 ( C ) ( ) P T 6 ( i) æ i 0.9ê i ë è øû P Fid C Fid T Fid φp G Fid φ G [ 0.0(.0i) ]( 1.5i)( 1 ) i C 4, ace ell [ 0.0(.0i) ](.40i 1.5i)(.0 ) i 3. C 6, web ( )( ) i T Ee A 9000i 99 ( ) 4. P P 4.0 æ 1.5i ê i æ i 6. ë è ø è ø û Iteractio Diagra ASD v SD: Iteractio Diagra q Siilar beavior to lexre ASD ad SD cloe we allowable teio tre cotrol ASD ore coervative we allowable aor tre cotrol q SD iteractio diagra eaier to cotrct de to eqivalet ior tre v. liear varig tre q Advatage to SD

15 ASD: Cobied Bedig ad Axial Load Deig etod ê d d 3 ê ë I bal? For Grade 60 teel bal 0.31 Calclate æ d ( P( d t / ) + ) è ø 3Fb û YES F bal F F + F ( d) b P A æ 1 F 1 è ø Copreio cotrol NO 57 æ t d P è 3 ø A æ F 1 d è 3 ø z ( P + A F ) F b ( d) z + zd z Iterate. Ue (d) a ew ge ad repeat. Teio cotrol S. K. Go Aociate Ic. ASD: Cobied Bedig ad Axial Load Deig etod I < b teio cotrol. Solve cbic eqatio or d. bf 6 Solve or A. bdf æ t + ø 3 [ d] [ d] P d [ d] + P d d 0 è æ è 1 æ 1 d A ( d )( b) è d d ø 5 ø P F æ è æ è t + ø ø Stregt Deig: Cobied Bedig ad Axial Load Deig etod a d YES d 0. ba P / A æ d c e E è c ø Copreio cotrol Calclate [ P ( d t / ) + ] ( 0. b) I c c bal? For Grade 60 teel c bal c bal e d e + e a c 0. NO 0. ba P / A Teio cotrol Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD Give: Noial 16 i. wide x 16 i. deep CU pilater; ' # 000 pi; Grade 60 bar i eac corer, ceter o cell; Eective eigt 4 ; Dead load o 9.6 ip ad ow load o 9.6 ip act at a eccetricit o 5. i. ( i. iide o ace); Factored wid load o 6 p (prere ad ctio) ad pli o.1 ip (e5. i.); Pilater paced at 16 o ceter; Wall i aed to pa orizotall betwee pilater; No tie. Reqired: Deterie reqired reiorcig ig allowable tre deig. Soltio: Load e5. i d11. i x Iide.0 i E 100i 16.1 Lateral Load w 0.6(6p)(16)50 lb/ 60 Vertical Spaig 15

16 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD Weigt o pilater: Weigt o ll groted i wall (ligtweigt it) i 75 p. Pilater i lie a doble tic wall. Weigt i (75p)(16i)(1/1i) 00 lb/ Uall te load cobiatio wit allet axial load ad larget lateral load cotrol. Tr load cobiatio o 0.6D + 0.6W to deterie reqired reiorceet ad te cec oter load cobiatio. Te locatio ad vale o axi oet ca be deteried ro: 0.6D + 0.6W Top o pilater. P 0.6(9.6)0.6(.1) 0.9ip Fid locatio o axi oet x w i 5.ip i 0.50 i ( i) 0.9(5.i) 5.ipi ( i)( 1 ) 143.1i w i i (5. i) ax i w ( 0.00 )( i) i w ax + + w x w I x<0 or x>, ax oet at top x eared dow ro top o pilater Fid axial orce at ti poit. Iclde weigt o pilater (00 lb/). P ( 1 )( 143.1i). 3 1i. Deig or P.3, 1 i 61 6 Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD Ae copreio cotrol; Deterie d Deterie Deterie bal d d 3ê ê ë æ d ( P( d / ) + ) è ø 3Fbb û 11.i 11.i (.3ip( 11.i 15.6i / ) 1ip i) 3ê æ i ê è ø 3( 0.900i)( 15.6i) ë û d 3.00i 0.54 d 11.i bal Fb F Fb + < bal 0.900i i 0.900i Teio cotrol; iterate 63 Eqatio / Vale Iteratio 1 Iteratio Iteratio 3 d (i.) æ d P è 3 ø (i.) A æ F 1 d è 3 ø (i ) z ( P + A F ) F b ( d) z + zd z (i.) (i.) Tr #5, 4 total, oe i eac cell

17 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD 000 pi D+S P D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75S P D+0.6W P pi 0.6D+0.6W P Exaple: Pilater Deig SD Exaple: Pilater Deig SD Give: Noial 16 i. wide x 16 i. deep CU pilater; ' # 000 pi; Grade 60 bar i eac corer, ceter o cell; Eective eigt 4 ; Dead load o 9.6 ip ad ow load o 9.6 ip act at a eccetricit o 5. i. ( i. iide o ace); Factored wid load o 6 p (prere ad ctio) ad pli o.1 ip (e5. i.); Pilater paced at 16 o ceter; Wall i aed to pa orizotall betwee pilater; No tie. Reqired: Deterie reqired reiorcig ig tregt deig. Soltio: Load e5. i d11. i x Iide.0 i E 100i 16.1 Lateral Load w 0.6(6p)(16)50 lb/ 67 Vertical Spaig 0.9D + 1.0W At top o pilater: Fid locatio o axi oet ( 9.6) + 1.0(.1 ) ( 5.i. ) 3. i P P e 1 x w i 3.1ip i ( i) ( 4 ) 143.7i w i i (3.1 i) i w ( )( i) i Fid axial orce at ti poit. Iclde weigt o pilater. ( 1 )( 143.7i). P i Deig or P.7 ip, 361 i 17

18 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Pilater Deig SD Exaple: Pilater Deig SD Deterie a a d d 11.i [ P ( d / ) + ] ( 0. b) ( ) [.7( 11.i 15.6i / ) i] 11.i 0.9( 0.)(.0i)( 15.6i) 1.50i Deterie A 0. ba P / 0. A (.0i)( 15.6i)( 1.50i).7 / i 0.57i Reqired teel 0.57 i Ue #5 eac ace, A 0.6 i Total bar, 4#5, oe i eac cell Exaple: Pilater Deig ASD v SD: Pilater Deig q Siilar beavior to beore ASD ad SD cloe we allowable teio tre cotrol ASD ore coervative we allowable aor tre cotrol Le reiorceet reqired wit SD de to all dead load actor q SD deig eaier a teel a geerall ielded q Advatage to SD

19 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Deig: Bearig Wall OOP Load Bearig Wall: OtoPlae Load OUTLINE Allowable Stre (Capter ) No ecodorder aali reqired Ue previo deig procedre Stregt Deig (Capter 9) Secod order aali reqired Sleder wall procedre oet agiicatio Secodorder aali Need to cec axi reiorceet liit Sleder Wall Procedre Sleder Wall Procedre Ae iple pport coditio. Ae ideigt oet i approxiatel axi oet Ae ior load over etire eigt Valid ol or te ollowig coditio: N O 0.05 # P ' No eigt liit Q N O 0.0 # P ' eigt liited b T 30 S L oet: w e + P + P d P P + P w P Factored loor load P w Factored wall load Delectio: 5 d 4E I 5 cr 5 d + 4E I < ( ) 4E I cr cr cr > cr Solve iltaeo liear eqatio: > cr w 5 4EI d e 5 crp + P + 4E cr 5P 1 4E I cr æ 1 1 I I è cr ø w e æ I ê + P + cr ë è I 5P 1 4E I cr cr 1 ø û < cr w e + P 5P 1 4E I 5 w e ê + P 4EI d ë û 5P 1 4E I

20 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Sleder Wall Procedre oet agiicatio Procedre I æ P t p A + d è ø ( d c) cr + cr 3 bc 3 P ø For cetered bar: I A + ( d c) ( P / A + ) t p / Delectio Liit r I æ è A + P c 0.64 ' b 3 bc 3 cr + d Wat axial load, P, old be ed? Sgget ig allet vale o P. Calclated ig allowable tre load cobiatio Copleetar oet Firt Order oet w,0 Eqatio 97 1 P 1 P e p EI Pe e Eqatio 9 Eqatio 99 e 5 crp + P + 4E 5P 1 4E I cr æ 1 1 I I è cr ø Alwa Negative ~ 1 π J < cr : I e 0.75I cr : I e I cr 77 7 Exaple: Wid Load ASD Exaple: Wid Load ASD Give: i. CU ear wall; Grade 60 teel; Tpe S aor ceet ortar; # ' 000 pi; roo orce act o 3 i. wide bearig plate at edge o wall. Reqired: Reiorceet Soltio: Etiate reiorceet ~ wj J Tr 40 i. 0.15, d i /; 0.57 / Ligtweigt it: wall weigt 40 p 79 Croectio o top o wall Deterie eccetricit e 7.65i/ 1.0 i..1 i D 500 lb/ L r 400 lb/ W 360 lb/ 3 p Cec 0.6D+0.6W Fid orce at top o wall Fid orce at ideigt Fid oet at top o wall Fid oet at ideigt top ( ) 0.6( 0.36 ) + P Load Cob. P (ip/) P (ip/) top (/) (/) A (i ) 0.6D+0.6W D+0.6W ( )(.67 + ) P / 0.04 ( ) ( ) ( ) i i ( 0.03 )( 16 ) 1 w top Ue #4@ 40 i. (0.06 i /) Altog cloe to #4@4 (0.05i /), a wider pacig alo redce wall weigt (A 0.05i /) 0

21 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Wid Load ASD Exaple: Wid Load SD Saple Calclatio: 0.6D+0.6W 1. bal 0.31; d bal 1.19i.. Ae aor cotrol. Deterie d. Sice i. < 1.1 i. teio cotrol. 3. Iterate to id A. ( / d / 3) P tp z A Fd ( 1 / 3) ( P + A F ) F b ( d) z + zd z d d 3ê ê ë æ d è ø 3Fbb û 3.1i. 3.1i. 3ê æ ê ë è ø 1i. ( ) i 3( 0.900i)( 1 ) Eqatio / Vale Iteratio 1 Iteratio d (i.) (/) (i /) (i.) (i.) i. û Give: i. CU wall; Grade 60 teel; Tpe S aor ceet ortar; ' # 000 pi ; roo orce act o 3 i. wide bearig plate at edge o wall. Reqired: Reiorceet Soltio: Etiate reiorceet ~ wj a 0.19 i. A i / Tr 40 i. J Croectio o top o wall Deterie eccetricit e 7.65i/ 1.0 i..1 i. 16 D 500 lb/ L r 400 lb/ W 360 lb/ 3 p 1 Exaple: Wid Load SD Exaple: Wid Load SD Sar o Stregt Deig Load Cobiatio Axial Force (wall weigt i 40 p or 40 i. grot pacig) Load Cobiatio 0.9D+1.0W P (ip/) 0.9(0.5)+1.0(0.36) D+1.0W+0.5L r 1.(0.5)+1.0(0.36) +0.5(0.4) P w (ip/) 0.9(0.040)(.67+) (0.040)(.67+) 0.51 P Factored loor load; jt eccetricall applied load P w Factored wall load; iclde wall ad parapet weigt, od at ideigt o wall betwee pport ( ro botto) P (ip/) Fid odl o rptre; e liear iterpolatio betwee o grot ad ll grot Ugroted (Tpe S aor ceet): 51 pi Fll groted (Tpe S aor ceet): 153 pi æ 4 groted cell æ1 groted cell r 51 pi 71 5 cell + è ø è 5 cell ø Fid cr, cracig oet: Coetar allow iclio o axial load ( 153pi) pi Ue ii axial load (oce wall a craced, it a craced) cr 4 lb i i ( P / A + ) I ( 474 )/( 4. ) + 71pi)( ) r t / cr 7. ipi 3.1i ip Wall propertie deteried ro NCA TEK 141B Sectio Propertie o Cocrete aor Wall 1

22 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Wid Load SD Exaple: Wid Load SD Fid c Fid Fid I cr ( 60i) + (.0i) i A + P c 1i 0.64 ' b 0.64 E E I cr 9000i i æ P t p A + d è ø æ è i ( d c) i ø i 5 bc i ( 3.1i 0.65i) 1 + i 3 ( 0.65i) 3 P e i te oet at te top pport o te wall,,top. It iclde eccetric axial load ad wid load ro parapet., top Fid. w e 5 crp æ P + E I I 4 cr è ø 5P 1 4E I 0.03 cr ( ) ( )( )( 16 ) + + 4( 100i) 5( )( 16 ) æ144i 1 4 i ( i)( ) è 6 æ 1 è 337 ø 4 i (.67 ) w, parapetparapet P e ( i).1 1i i æ144i øè 1 ø Exaple: Wid Load SD Cec area o teel: Fid a Fid φ G i A + P / 0.06 a 0.0 b 0.0 æ ( P / + A ) i æ ( / ( 60i) ) ipi a d è ø ( 60i) ip i (.0i)( 1 ) / i 0.15i 3.1i è ø Exaple: Wid Load SD Cec Delectio: Do a qic cec wit SD Load Cobiatio 0.9D+1.0W w e + P + P d ( 16 ) d i. 1.D+1.0W+0.5L r d i d Copare OK Delectio Liit d (19i) 1. 34i OK Cec oter load cobiatio: 1.D+1.0W+0.5L r, 1.09 / ad φ 1.9 / 7 OK

23 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Wid Load SD Exaple: Wid Load SD Cec Delectio: Ue ASD Load Cobiatio Load Cobiatio D+0.6W 0.6D+0.6W P (/) (0.36) (0.5)+0.6(0.36) 0.04 P w (/) 40(.67+) (0.47) 0.56 P (/) c (i) I cr (i 4 /) top (/) δ (i) (/) (craced) (craced) Delectio Liit d (19i) 1. 34i OK Delectio, Saple Calclatio (D+0.6W): Replace actored load wit ervice load 5 w e æ I ê + P + cr 4E I cr ë è I d 5P 1 4E I ( ) i ( i)( 14.5 ) 0.066i. cr cr 1 øû ( 0.6)( 0.03 )( 16 ) ê êë ( )( 16 ) i ( i)( 14.5 ) i 1 Cec tat > cr ; / > / cr æ 14.5 è i 4 i 17i 1 3 øû Exaple: Wid Load SD ASD v SD: Bearig Wall Cec axi Reiorceet: etral axi i i ace ell P i jt dead load (.67+) 0.97/ r ax 0.64 æ 0.64 e P A è e + ae ø bd bd (.0i) æ è i ø 0.97 i ( ) 1 ( 3.1i) q ASD ad SD reqire approxiatel te ae aot o reiorceet or reaoabl ligtl loaded wall q SD reqire a ecodorder aali ad a cec o delectio q Advatage to ASD Iteretigl OOP loadig i were deiger oe e SD A 0.06 r i bd 1 ( 3.1i) OK

24 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Sear Wall: Sear Sear Wall: IPlae Load OUTLINE 93 Allowable Stre (Capter ) F v ( F v + F v ) g 1 æ æ Fv ê ê ë Vd è è v øø û 1 æ æ Fv ê ê ë Vd è è v øø û Special Reiorced Sear Wall F F ( ) g ( ) g v æ A vf d F v 0. 5 è A ø P A 3 ( / ) 0. 5 v Vd v ( / ) ³1. 0 Vd v Iterpolate or 0.5 < (/Vd v ) < 1 P A 94 Stregt Deig (Capter 9) V ( V + V ) g 0. æ A è øû V ê v Vd v êë ( A v ) g ( A v ) g æ Av V 0. 5 d è ø v V 6 ( / Vdv ) 0. 5 V γ^ 0.75 partiall groted ear wall; 1.0 oterwie 4 ( / V d ) ³1. 0 æ V 4 æ 5 A è Vd 3 è v ø v g ø v P 0.5 < < 1.0 Vd v Sear Wall: axi Reiorceet Sear Wall: Sear Capacit Deig Special Reiorced Sear Wall Allowable Stre (Capter ) Special reiorced ear wall avig /(Vd) 1 ad P > 0.05 A r ax æ + è ø a 1.5 ordiar wall; all oter a 3 iterediate wall wit /(V d v ) 1 a 4 pecial wall wit /(V d v ) 1 Stregt Deig (Capter 9) Provide bodar eleet, or Liit reiorceet Bodar eleet ot reqired i: P 0.1 A etrical ectio g P.05 etrical ectio w 0 A g 1 V l AND OR V 3A 3 V l w Reiorceet liit: axi tre i teel o α Axial orce D+0.75L+0.55Q E Copreio reiorceet, wit or witot lateral tie, peritted to be iclded Allowable Stre ( ) Seiic deig load reqired to be icreaed b 1.5 or ear aor ear tre redced or pecial wall Stregt Deig ( ) Deig ear tregt, V, greater ta ear correpodig to 1.5 tie oial lexral tregt, (icreae ear at leat 1.39 tie) Except V eed ot be greater ta.5v. (doble ear)

25 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Give: 10 ig x 16 log i. CU ear wall; Grade 60 teel, Tpe S ortar; ' # 000 pi; peripoed dead load o 1 ip/. Iplae eiic load o 100 ip. S DS 0.4 Reqired: Deig te ear wall; ordiar reiorced ear wall Soltio: Cec ig 0.6D+0.7E load cobiatio. Tr #6 i eac o lat 3 cell; Weigt o wall: [40 p(1)+()75p]10 700lb Ligtweigt it, grot at 40 i. o.c. 40 p; ll grot 75 p P (0.60.7(0.)(S DS ))D (0.60.7(0.)(0.4))(1/(16)+7.) 1.9 ip Fro iteractio diagra OK; treed to 90% o capacit 97 9 Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Calclate et area, A v, A.5i( 19i) 9(i)(7.6i.5i) 49i icldig groted cell. v + Sear ratio ( Vd ) ( V) /( Vd ) 10i /19i / v v Top o wall (critical locatio or ear): Deterie F v P (0.60.7(0.S DS ))D 0.544(1/)(16).70 ip 1 æ æ Fv ê êë è è 1 Vd v øø û P A 700lb [( ( 0.65) ) 000 pi ] pi 49i axi F v Sear tre æ æ æ Fv 5 3 Vd g è è v ø ø è 3 ø V A ( lb) i v. 4 v ( 5 ( 0.65) ) 000 pi pi pi OK Reqired teel tre Ue #5 bar i bod bea. Deterie pacig. Fv v / g Fv.4 pi / pi 4. 4 pi æ A F d v Fv 0.5 A Þ è ø 0.5Av Fd 0.5 A v ( 0.31i)( 3000 pi)( 1i) 4.4 pi( 49i ) 5.9i i{d/, 4 i.} i{94 i., 4 i.} 4 i. Code Ue #5 at 4 i. o.c

26 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Give: 10 ig x 16 log i. CU ear wall; Grade 60 teel, Tpe S ortar; ' # 000 pi; peripoed dead load o 1 ip/. Iplae eiic load o 100 ip. S DS 0.4 Reqired: Deig te ear wall; pecial reiorced ear wall Soltio: Cec ig 0.6D+0.7E load cobiatio. Deig or 1.5V, or 1.5(70 ip) 105 ip (Sectio ) v (105 ip)/(49i ) 13.7 pi Bt, axi F v i 3. pi Fll grot wall Calclate et area, A v, icldig groted cell. Sear tre Deterie F v (pecial wall) Reqired teel tre V A Ue #5 bar i bod bea. Deterie pacig..( 19i. ) 1464 A v 7.65i i [ ( lb) ] i 700lb [( ( 0.65) ) 000 pi ] pi F 1 v i v v Fv pi pi 0.5A F d 0.5 F A 71. pi v 7 v ( 0.31i)( 3000 pi)( 1i) 16. i v 6 v 37.7 pi( 1494i ) Ue 16 i Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Exaple: Sear Wall ASD Sectio axi Reiorceet No eed to cec axi reiorceet ice ol eed to cec i: /(Vd v ) 1 ad /(Vd v ) 0.65 P > 0.05 A 0.05(000pi)(1464i ) 146 ip; P 1. ip I we eeded to cec axi reiorcig, do a ollow. 16.1( 000 pi) r ax æ æ pi + ( pi) è ø è 000 pi ø Precriptive Reiorceet Reqireet (7.3..6) i eac directio 0.00 total Vertical: 9(0.44i )/1464i Horizotal: 7(0.31i )/[10i(7.65i)] Total OK For ditribted reiorceet, te reiorceet ratio i obtaied a te total area o teio reiorceet divided b bd. Ae 6 bar i teio. r A bd ( i ) i.( 1i. ) OK

27 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Sear Wall SD Exaple: Sear Wall SD Give: 10 ig x 16 log i. CU ear wall; Grade 60 teel, Tpe S ortar; ' # 000 pi; peripoed dead load o 1 ip/. Iplae eiic load o 100 ip. S DS 0.4 Reqired: Deig te ear wall; ordiar reiorced ear wall Soltio: Cec ig 0.9D+1.0E load cobiatio. Tr #5 at ed ad 40 i. Weigt o wall: 40 p(10)(16) 6400 lb Ligtweigt it, grot at 40 i. o.c. 40 p P [0.9 0.(S DS )]D [0.9 0.(0.4)](1/(16)+6.4) 1.4 ip Fro iteractio diagra OK; treed to 97% o capacit Exaple: Sear Wall SD Exaple: Sear Wall SD Calclate et area, A v, icldig groted cell. axi V ( 19i) + 7(i)(7.6i.5i) 767 A v.5i i 4 æ V ê 5 Av 3 Vd g ë è v ø û 4 0. ê3 ë û ( 5 ( 0.65) )( 767i ) 000 pi ip 107 OK Top o wall (critical locatio or ear): Deterie φv V Reqired teel tregt æ æ ê A êë Vd è è v øø 0. Ue #5 bar i bod bea. Deterie pacig. P (0.90.S DS )D 0.(1/)(16) 13.1 ip 1ip [( ( 0.65) )( 767i ) 000 pi + 0.5( 13.1 )].4ip V V 100 V g 0. æ Av V 0.5 dv Þ è ø 0.5Av dv 0.5 V v + 0.5P û g ( 0.75) ( 0.31i)( 60i)( 19i) lb i{d/, 4 i.} i{94 i., 4 i.} 4 i. Code I tregt deig, ti proviio ol applie to bea ( (e)) Sgget tat ii pacig alo be applied to ear wall. 10.0i Ue #5 at 4 i. o.c. 7

28 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Sear Wall SD Exaple: Sear Wall SD Sear reiorceet reqireet ( ) Except at wall iterectio, te ed o a orizotal reiorcig bar eeded to ati ear tregt reqireet all be bet arod te edge vertical reiorcig bar wit a 10degree oo. At wall iterectio, orizotal reiorcig bar eeded to ati ear tregt reqireet all be bet arod te edge vertical reiorcig bar wit a 90degree tadard oo ad all exted orizotall ito te iterectig wall a ii ditace at leat eqal to te developet legt. Give: 10 ig x 16 log i. CU ear wall; Grade 60 teel, Tpe S ortar; ' # 000 pi; peripoed dead load o 1 ip/. Iplae eiic load (ro ASCE 710) o 100 ip. S DS 0.4 Reqired: Deig te ear wall; pecial reiorced ear wall Soltio: Cec ig 0.9D+1.0E load cobiatio. Sear capacit deig proviio (Sectio ) φv ear correpodig to 1.5. ii icreae i 1.5/ V eed ot exceed.5v Noral deig V V /φ V /0. 1.5V Icreae ear b a actor o Fll grot wall (ax φv wa 103 ip) A v 7.65i 1464i.( 19i. ) Exaple: Sear Wall SD Exaple: Sear Wall SD Previol, φ 10 ; 114 (P 1.4) ; Deig or 143 ip Bt wait, wall i ll groted. Wall weigt a icreaed to 75 p For P 3.0, ll groted, 117, Deig or 147 ip Bt wait, eed to cec load cobiatio o 1.D + 1.0E P [ (S DS )]D 35. ip, Deig or 160 ip Botto lie: a cage i wall will cage, wic will cage deig reqireet; alo eed to coider all load cobiatio Oe eaier to jt e V.5V. 111 Deterie φv V Reqired teel tregt æ æ ê A êë Vd è è v øø 0. Ue #5 bar i bod bea. Deterie pacig. 1ip [( ( 0.65) )( 1464i ) 000 pi ( ) ] 1000lb ip V V V æ Av V 0.5 dv Þ è ø 0.5Av dv 0.5 V v P û ( 0.31i)( 60i)( 19i) i (b) axi pacig o reiorcig o 1/3 legt, 1/3 eigt, or 4 i. Ue axi pacig o 1/3(eigt) 40 i. Ue #5 at 40 i. o.c. Uig ear ro 1.5

29 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Exaple: Sear Wall SD Exaple: Sear Wall SD Uig ear ro V.5V Reqired teel tregt Ue #5 bar i bod bea. Deterie pacig. ( ) 50 V.5V Ue #5 at 3 i. o.c V V V Av d V v 0.5 ( 0.31i)( 60i)( 19i) i Precriptive Reiorceet Reqireet (7.3..6) i eac directio 0.00 total Vertical: 7(0.31i )/1464i Horizotal: 3(0.31i )/[10i(7.65i)] Total OK Exaple: Sear Wall SD Exaple: Sear Wall SD Sectio axi Reiorceet Sice /(V d v ) < 1, trai gradiet i baed o 1.5ε. Strai c/d, CU c/d, Cla 1.5ε ε ε c 0.446(1i.) 3. i. Calclate axial orce baed o c 3. i. Iclde copreio reiorceet φp 76 ip Ae a live load o 1 / D L Q E (1/ (1/))16 ip OK Sectio : axi reiorceet proviio o do ot appl i deiged b ti ectio (bodar eleet) Special bodar eleet ot reqired i: P geoetricall etrical ectio 0.1 A g 0.05 A g P geoetricall etrical ectio 1 V d v AND OR V 3 3A AND V d For or wall, /V d v < 1 P < 0.1ʹA g 0.1(.0i)(1464i ) 93 ip v OK

30 S. K. Go Aociate Ic. Copario o SD ad ASD ASD v SD: Sear Wall q SD provide igiicat avig i overtrig teel ot, i ot all, teel i SD i treed to. Stre i teel i ASD varie liearl q SD geerall reqire abot ae ear teel or ordiar wall; oe avig or pecial wall q Advatage to SD Bt, axi reiorceet reqireet ca oetie be ard to eet; deiger te witc to ASD, wic reqire ore teel. Ti ae o ee. SD reqire 10 oo. Soe ti ard to cotrct, bt ot reall. Soe deiger avoid SD olel or ti reao ASD v SD: Fial Otcoe Allowable Stre Deig Stregt Deig