The Determinants, Impact and Cost Effectiveness of Climate Change Adaptation in the Indus Ecoregion: Micro Econometric Study:

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1 T Dtrts, Ipt Cost Etvss o Ct C Aptto t Ius Eoro: Mro Eootr Stuy: Rport o IDRC u prot wt LUMS, WWF-P LSE By A Dv (WWF), B Groo (LSE) Asy Gorst (LSE) Dt 18t Apr 2014

2 Cotts Itrouto... 3 Ky Rsuts Wt s t y ost o t to rutur ousos rur Pst?... 5 Mtos... 5 Rsuts To wt xtt os ptto to t ort ts osts?... 8 Mtos... 8 Rsuts Wt r t y trts o ptto to t? Wt poy rotos w rw ro t swrs to t ov? Rrs Appx 1: Qustor Appx 2. Ho Ayss Appx 3. Kr Dsty Estto o uoto ys: wt, r otto Appx 4. Ipt Ayss: sto o uosrvs Appx 5. PS Mt Dost tsts Appx 6. T so to pt to t Appx 7. Muto ost rrsso o Aptto Strts... 85

3 Itrouto T otv o t prot s to urst t pt o t o oo surty Pst, t ro o ptto tr ts t possy ttut t osts o t. As s typ t rutur ptto trtur, our trst s utooous rtv ptto strts t t v o t r or ouso prour osur, rtr t xoous (.. ovrt poy) tptory (St 1997, Mso 2010). Tr r 4 ro rsr qustos tt w p to rss (s our tr rport): 1) Wt s t y ost o t to rutur ousos rur Pst?; 2) To wt xtt os ptto to t ort ts osts?; 3) Wt r t y trts o ptto to t ;, 4) Wt poy rotos w rw ro t swrs to t ov? Ts ro rsr qustos r urp y ur o or t ypotss or t sttuto otr ro trts o ptto. I orr to rss t w urtoo pt ouso survy s propos our tr rport. Dur two ots strt survy I Jury o 2014 survy o ost 1500 ousos too p Pu S provs, t orto ws tr o spts o rur rr Pst. Appx 1 sows t t qustor tt w s spy or ts purpos. T t ro t survy ws o wt spt too t ot ro t Mtoroo Dprtt o Pst. T tst ots ovr 5000 vrs or o t 1500 ousos. T t survy ows t ost t yss o t ptto rur Pst to t. I ts rport w out t y s o our yss. Ts ry surs s oows: 1) T ost o t : Ct w ru rutur proutvty y rou 10% s sur y vus 2) T t o ptto: Frrs wo pt to t trou o-r tos: rop t; puts; rop o; v r ys or r r or oo sur t optrs. T ts o pt or wt otto rops r ss r. Howvr, t pprs tt o-ptors wou ot t ro ptto strts ty urt. Ts s trst susts ptrs o-ptrs r sty tr rtrsts. 3) Dtrts o ptto: Housos wt r proporto o s r stroy ssot wt rs oo o ptto. Frrs wt ss to rrto oo so r so or y to urt ptto. Itrsty, xpr o rout sty rss t proty o ptto sust tt t ts o routs y prsstt t wy rrs o v. A y trouout t stuy s tt orto sours r o rt port to ow y rrs r to pt. Tos wt ss to or xtso srvs stro pr twors r t ost y to prv pt to t. Iorto tr trou otr

4 sours, owvr, pprs to r to pto. Frrs wo us r ss y to us t pto s r strty. Ts ors wt ur o stus vrous stts tt (or osso ts) wt owr vs o rutur vopt (Qurty t. (2012), Loo t. (1998)). 4) Poy Rotos: Assst ptto s y to v wr ts v proutvty t oo surty. Trt pos to our pto s o y port, owvr. It s portt o ts survy tt ss to orto srvs su s r sp t v s ru. Isttuto turs o t Pst rur ooy, y t xst ro o t rutur prouto s to stort t ow o orto tt rrs rv. Wtr rrs pt s tr y tr ss to urrt r orto or r ovtos t. Futur wor o ow sttuto turs, su s, t rrs vs s o port s swr v t v o t ot t t ro t survy.

5 Ky Rsuts T y rsuts r t rsr qustos r s oows: 1. Wt s t y ost o t to rutur ousos rur Pst? Mtos W xpot t spt tur o our survy t t to urt Rr Ho yss o rutur vus. T yss s y u y t trtur t ro t s wor y Mso t. (1994). Furs 1 2 sow t spt vrto o t tprtur prptto t or S Pu provs or t 5 yr pro usv. W so xpot oty t ro t pro or t Ho yss. Ho yss pturs t rtosp tw vrot tors su s t, t vu o. Spt vrto t t s oo prtor o vus, v w otro or otr portt tors, su s so quty, r sz, wtr suppy proxty to rts. L vus (t rt pr o ) rt ts o-ru proutv pott. Tror, t stt rtosp us to vut t osts ts o t y urt prtos o vus s o prtos o utur t vrs su s r tprtur. T survy ot t o vus. Furs 1 2 sow t vrto t t. Appx 2 sows t rsuts o 2 rrssos o t t o vus. O xpots oty t yss t ro o sso vrto o vus. T so rrsso uss o-tr vr prptto tprtur t to sts t rtosp us or sts t ost o t. W otro or spt x ts o r trst t pr r vus. Rsuts I t Appx, t Ho rrssos sow tt t s st trt o vus. T A2.1. sows t rsuts o rrsso o tot vus. Sso t s sow to portt, wt r Apr rs vus (t s rt) ut rs t Jury Otor. Irss tprtur rs vus Apr, ut ru t rpy Jury Juy. Ts o wt portt pros o pt rvst or rt rops.

6 Fur 1. Au Avr Prptto or S Pu Prov (, )

7 Fur 2. Au Avr Tprtur or S Pu Prov (Csus, )

8 T 1 sows t rsuts o pt o t or tr utur ts s o prtos o tprtur prptto ro t Pst Mtoroo Dprtt or yrs 2040, 2060, T o yss sows tt, o spt x ts (o rtrsts ssot wt vus) os ostt, r tprtur rs t vu o rutur. Ct s xpt to rs ot prptto r y 3% 4 rs C y Our rsuts t tt ts w ru t vu o rutur. Tt s, t prto s tt t w osty. T 1 sows ust ow osty t w v t rsuts o t Ho yss. T 1. T vr vu 2020, 2040, 2080 v prtos o t (PKR/r) 1 Yr L Vu (PKR/r) Prt C Uppr Lowr % -4% -18% % -6% -30% % -10% -50% T utous ss w t ro T 1 s tt tr r potty osr osts ssot wt t t prtos tur out to orrt. T osts to rutur ou t orr o 13% oss o rutur proutvty o vr y 2040, rt 13% oss vus o vr ross Pu S. I otry trs ts s oss o rou PKR50000 pr r. 2. To wt xtt os ptto to t ort ts osts? Mtos I orr to rss ts qusto w ous o t pt o ptto to t o oo surty. W oo t tr rops: wt, r otto. Our otv s to opr t ys prouto o tos tt v pt to t to tos wo v ot. W oow t outrtu ppro ssot wt pror vuto tqus, prtur t tos us y D Fo t. (2010, 2012). Ts ows us to opr t outos or tos tt pt to t wt t outrtu sro w ty ot pt. Sry, t outos or tos tt ot pt opr to t outr tu sro w ty pt. Ts oprsos ow rorous stto o t pt o ptto. Wt ts yss, t survy ot t ou o t ptto prptos o t (Sto A E, s Appx 1). 1 T urs r rou to t rst PKR1000.

9 Fur 3. Aptto Y: T Copt t Swt Rrsso o Not Apt Apt T so- o tout o s Fur 3, wr y s t outo vr. It s poss to stt o ts utos sutousy: ) t trts o ptto; ) t trts o y or ptrs;, ) t trts o y or t o-ptrs, us oous swt rrsso o. Ts so otros or t t tt t ys proutvty r r t y uosrv (to t yst) tors sut to sto s: t t tt tos wo pt r y to vry rt uosrv wys ro tos wo o t pt. Ts s prot us t ou tt t or tt proutv rrs r so or y to pt, so spy opr ptrs o-ptrs wou ptur ts uosrv rs s w potty ovrstt t pt o ptto t poputo. Mo t so to pt sutousy wt t y/prouto utos provs s o rov sto s o ts. For oprtv purposs, w so prst rsuts ro propsty sor t sttor. Ts to rs ro t prvous o tt w ttpt to o t ptto so trou osrv rtrsts o rrs. W t opr t rsuts o ts two tos. T tto o t pt prtrs or trt utrt rqurs tt sto ts p o t ss o t osrv rtrsts w up t o o t propsty sor (t proty o ptto). Ts s or strt ssupto t or t oous swt rrsso o tt ows sto o uosrvs. Nvrtss, ppro rs upo ts ow ssuptos so our vw s tt prst ot sts o rsuts s wortw xrs or oprtv purposs. T survy t o ptto, prouto t ouso rtrsts ows us to stt ts so os ut t pt o ptto or ptrs o-ptrs. For t proutvty stts, w us t ot t t rr pot v to t t output o ys or vu rops.

10 Rsuts Aptto Mtos Frrs urtoo ur o roo strts to wt t. T 2 sows t rt strts poy. W t osrvtv st ptto s t oto o wrss o t rport tt ptto strty s t p. Oy t rspot s prv s r tprtur tt or wt t stor t to v pt r ror s t ptrs. T 2 sows t spr o ptto strts y ts sur. Frrs urtoo ur o roo strts to wt t. T 2 sows t rt strts poy. W t osrvtv st ptto s t oto o wrss o t rport tt ptto strty s t p. Oy t rspot s prv s r tprtur tt or wt t stor t to v pt r ror s t ptrs. T 2 sows t spr o ptto strts y ts sur. T 2. Ct Aptto Strts S Pu Provs ( = 1422) Aptto Strty Wo Sp Pu S Frquy Prt Frquy Prt Frquy Prt Crop T Cropp Pttr Atr Arutur Iputs So Cosrvto Wtr Cosrvto Dvrsto Pu Ir-strutur Tot Aptrs No Aptto Tot T 2 sows tt wtr osrvto, o vrsto (y o-r our), r o pu rstrutur r t ptto strts. Crop t (pt, rvst) tr rutur puts r t xt ost popur ptto strts. Lst popur s t ropp pttr (rop o). Ts pttr s ry sr ross provs. T prov r s t owr r o pu rstrutur S prov, t rr r o vrsto S. Arou t poputo o ot pt t or to ts sur.

11 T pt o ptto o Foo Surty: Itrouto I ts sto w prst yss w upts t or wor prst t rt rport (Dv t., 2014). A ur o rs xst tw t two yss. Frsty, t prst yss ouss o t tr rops row t sp. Sprt rrssos r ru or wt, r otto to stuy t pt ptto s o rt rops. Wt s t ost wy row rop ur t R (wtr) sso. Dur t Kr (sur) sso w stuy r otto, w r t ost wy sow ts sso. It s portt to x o ts rops sprty or ur o rsos. Aroo s o rop r y to rt. T rptvss o rop ys to vrous r puts w vry ross rops. I to, t sso tur o prouto s t s sst to osr tors tt y t rops rty ross ssos. For st, owr tprturs prptto ur t R ry tr t sutty o row rt rop typs. Sry, t r o ptto strts v sso s y to pt o rt tors. Fy, t s portt to osr t rsos or pt rop. Wt r y osu y t ouso s oo rop or ou so s s rop. Cotto, o t otr, s usuy row soy s s rop. Soy, ts upt wor so us u rr st o vrs. Iuso o or vrs s us to u up or t ptur o ow wy ptto y u r proutvty. I t xt sto w sr ts prov st o vrs. Sury sttsts vr srpto Sury sttsts or o t vrs u t rrsso r spy. Ts vrs r roup to t tors r puts, ouso rtrsts t vrs. T rst try t t surss our sur o y. T or sur o y t survy, us, s trsor orty. I Appx 2 w pot t struto o trsor ys to t ss o ow ys r ross ptrs o-ptrs. W ry s tt or r wt, ys s to ry r or ptrs. For otto, w osrv tt ys or ptrs o-ptrs ppr vry sr. Fr puts u t o sur t pt tt tors o prouto v o ovr proutvty. L, our, pt otr vr tors su s t out o rtsr wtr r u. T rtrsts o r ouso r so otro or t o. Ftors su s uto, ouso sz ur o s y portt ot tr wtr ousos pt ow u ty prou. Sry, surs o ow w ousos r to ss rt or poyt y portt tr ow sussu ptto s. Crt o-r wor t s o soot ss tt y t t wy w ousos prouto o-r. W so u vrs tt t wtr ouso s prvousy xpr oo or rout. Expr o su xtr vts ou ovy tr ot t wss ty to pt to t.

12 T 3. M Sury Sttsts: No-Aptrs vs. Aptrs: Wt, R Cotto Prours No-Aptrs Aptrs Y() Iputs Ar(rs) Psts(trs) Ur(s) DAP/SOP(s) Mur(troys) S() So Qu.(1=Goo, 0=Poor) Houso Lour(rs/y) Hr Lour(rs/ys) Wtr Apps C (1/0) Tuw(1/0) Trtor(1/0) Houso Crtrsts Houso Sz(prsos) Ltrt(1/0) Avr Yrs Eu % Fs Crt(1/0) O-r Wor(1/0) Foo(1/0) Drout(1/0) Ows L(1/0) Lvsto(ur o s) Wtr Kr R() Kr Tp. (ᵒC) R R() R Tp. (ᵒC) Ct Av. Kr R() Av. Kr Tp. (ᵒC) Av. R R() Av. R Tp. (ᵒC) Iorto Extso Srvs(0/1) M(0/1) M(0/1) Pr(0/1) Lor(0/1) Osrvtos

13 Wtr t vrs r ry o port to y stuy o t pt o t ptto. T o ots sso tprtur prptto t ot or t rutur yr o t survy so stor t t ovr t prvous 23 yrs. Aso u r vrs prt to wr rrs ot orto out r prts. W u v vrs to o ts twors. Ts t t vu o o t rr ots orto ro tt prtur sour zro otrws. T poss sours o orto u or xtso srvs su s prors ru trou t ovrt or NGOs. Iorto tr ro srvs su s tvso or ro s so u. Gv Pst s r twor o or sttutos, w so u sprt vrs v os ro rr s or or. Fy, w u pr v to ptur t pt tt v ro otr rrs y v o t pto so. T uso o ts orto vrs s o prtur port to t oous swt rrsso o. W r trst t pt o ptto o proutvty. T ptto so y rrs, owvr, y rv y uosrv tors tt so tr ow proutv rrs r. S w r ot to otro or uosrv tors t rrsso o, w to ry sur tt s u to tors s t wt. W oow us vrs rt to wr rrs t tr rutur orto s sto struts. T ustto o ts struts rsts o t ssupto tt wr rrs ot orto s 1) oo prtor o t ptto so 2) ot orrt wt uosrv rs proutvty. T pt o ptto o oo surty: Estto o pts ssu sto o uosrvs I Appx 4 w sow t rsuts o t oous swt rrsso or wt, r otto tt stts t o sr Fur 1 (S Ts A4.1 A4.3). T rst two ous t t sow prtr stts o t trts o y or rrs tt pt tos tt ot. T tr ou prsts stts o t trts o t so to pt. T pt vr t proutvty qutos, Y (), rprsts ort trsorto o rop y sur us pr r 2. W o ts to out or t t tt t struto o ys spys postv swss. Wt For t wt rop, t s sow tt ys r sty t y ur o roo soooo tors. Ar utvt s sow to tvy ssot wt ys or ot ptrs o-ptrs. T t o r puts o y s sow to prtury st or t ptrs t sp. So quty wtr vrs r sow to v postv ts o y. Houso rtrsts y so t ow proutv rrs r. T rrsso rsuts sow tt rt s ssot wt owr ys t o-pt sp. For t ptrs, t ss tt prvous ouso xpr o xtr tur vts, su s oo rout, r tvy ssot wt y. Sso wtr vrs r sow to v stro pts o ys. It s sow tt Kr (sur) r s o prtur port to t R (wtr) rop. A wr R tprtur so ss to postvy ssot wt r wt y. Lo-tr t tors r so sty ssot wt wt ys. T rsuts sust tt or ot ptrs o-ptrs, rs wt r 2 Cots t o sou trprt s o-ut rs t xptory vr X s t pt vr (Y) o β uts.

14 r r tprturs t to v owr wt ys. W ot r tt t us o t t s ot wtout ts ssus. Estt ots sots vry r. Ts ss to rt uty osrv ou vrto wt stuy rs. As tst o roustss w ot wtr t vrs to tst or oou ts o otr vrs. T ots vry tt ot trs o tu s ts vrs r xu. T st ou T A4.1 os t trts o t pto so. T pt vr Apt ts t vu o 1 rrs v pt 0 ot. A ur o tors s to rt to t ptto so. Fr-v tors su s so quty wtr ss r postvy ssot wt pto. Covrsy, try, oo xpr owrsp r stt to ru t proty o ptto. A r prt o s t ouso rss t oo o pt. Lo-tr t tors r so sow to portt, wt r Kr r r R tprturs tvy ot to ptto. Ur t Iorto r u vrs rt to ow rrs t orto o r prts. Ts vrs r sow to sty ssot wt ptto sos y rrs. For xtso srvs, pr orto twors r sow to rs t proty o rr us ptto strts. Itrsty, rrs wo rv orto trou r sty ss y to ptto. R Ys or r pots sow ur o pttrs osstt wt tt o wt. Ar utvt s tvy ssot wt y, sust tt xpso s ot strty ouv wt proutvty. Wtrus so ss to portt, tou t us o tuw tooy os ot s to ssot wt rs y. T us o or r tooy, su s trtors, s sow to to r prouto proutvty. For t o-pt prt o t sp, ouso oposto s sow to portt or ys. Bot t vrs ouso sz t proporto o s r orrt wt owr ys. For ptrs, w s tt rout xpr sty rts to owr ys. Tur to t trts o ptto or r rrs, ss to rrto ry su s trtors s postvy ssot wt ptto. As or wt rrs, try s tv pt o t oo o pt. Sry, prt o s oo xpr rus t proty o pt. Atoy, ow vsto ss to r postv rtosp. For t orto vrs, pr orto twors r postvy orrt wt pto. Cosstt wt t rsuts or t wt rrs, ot orto trou s tt rrs r sty ss y to pt. Cotto Rsuts or t otto rop sow t s pttr o s rturs r utvt s t otr two rops. T rs us o tro rtsr, ur, s sustv o r ys or ot ptrs optrs. For rtrsts o t ouso, t s ot tt t us o rt srvs s sow to rt to owr ovr ys. Wst rt s portt wy or rrs to ot puts ovr t rutur sso, ts rsut susts tt us o rt s prry us y rrs wt owr proutvts. Foo xpr s sry tvy rt to ys or ot ptrs o-ptrs. For t ptto so, w osrv tt ss to tuw trtor s postvy rt to rr

15 ptto. Hv ouso r vov o-r our y so ru t oo o pt, tou ts t s ot r. For t orto vrs, w s tt t orty o ts prtrs sttst s. W o, owvr, s tt pr orto twors s to postv trt, s s osrv or ptto wt r rops. Ar tr s ro ptto? Ts 3 to 5 sow t pt o ptto trs o y. Us t oous swt rwor, outrtu rsuts r stt to prt t pt o ptto. For rrs tt pt, outrtu s ostrut to o ys ts rrs ot pt. Covrsy, or tos rrs wo ot pt, prt ys r stt ty to pt. T 3 sows ts sros or t wt rop. For ptrs, t s prt tt ptto s ot ssot wt rs y t outrtu sro w ty ot pt prts 3 prt pots owr y. Sry, or o-pt rrs t y wtout ptto s u r t t prt y wt ptto. T 3. T pt o ptto o wt y Housos Y wt Aptto (us/r) Y wtout Aptto (us/r) Ipt o Aptto (Dr) Aptrs (=520) *** (-3%) (0.03) (0.03) (0.02) No-ptrs ( = 816) *** = st t t 1% v. Str Errors prtss *** (-64%) (0.07) (0.02) (0.02) For rrs row r T 4, t s prt ptrs sty ro pt. Tos tt pt r prt to v r ys o 14 prt opr wt t sro w ty ot pt. For tos tt ot pt t sp, t outrtu prto sows tt ts rrs wou ot trs o ys, tou ts r s sttsty st. T 4. T pt o ptto o r y Housos Y wt Aptto (us/r) Y wtout Aptto (us/r) Ipt o Aptto (Dr) Aptrs (=165) *** (14%) (0.06) (0.05) (0.02) No-ptrs ( = 223) *** = st t t 1% v. Str Errors prtss (-5%) (0.29) (0.05) (0.29)

16 Estt ys or otto rrs sow tt pto s prt to v postv t o ys. Tos tt pt r stt to v r ys o 14% t ty ot os to pt. Covrsy, ptto s sow to v tv t o ys or t sp o rrs tt ot pt. Ts rrs r prt to rs proutvty o 5 prt. T 5. T pt o ptto o otto y Housos Y wt Aptto (us/r) Y wtout Aptto (us/r) Ipt o Aptto (Dr) Aptrs (=164) *** (19%) (0.07) (0.04) (0.06) No-ptrs ( = 185) *** = st t t 1% v. Str Errors prtss *** (-8%) (0.07) (0.05) (0.06) Furtr vstto s rqur to sts wy t s tt o-ptrs ot t ro ptv vour. Trstos osts, rt ostrts st ro rts r y ts t survy ots orto o o ts spts o t ousos vs. Ar ptrs rt ro o-ptrs? T prtr ro t rsuts o t oous swt rrsso, ρ, rprsts t orrto tw t rrors t y qutos or ptr o-ptrs t ptto sto quto. I y o ts prtrs ρ r st, t ts s sustv o sp sto s.. rrs tt r or y to v pt v r ys, or v vrs. T stts or ts prtr sow tt ts s st oy or t orrto tw wt ys t ptto so. Ts susts tt wt prours wo pt s to or proutv t t sp vr ts t port o otro or sto s t sp. For r otto, t ρ prtrs r ot sttsty rt ro zro sust tt sto s y ot su ssu or ts two rops. Ts s ot to sy tt pt o-pt rrs r xty. Rtr, t susts tt t osrv st o vrs os oo o o xp t rs proty. Sury T rsuts ro t rrssos yss surs s oows. Aor to t outrtu ppro poy r, t suss o ptto strts s troous ross rrs. For r otto, t outrtu yss prts tt rrs wo pt r ttr o s rsut o tr ptv rsposs. Howvr, or r otto rrs wo t pt, t o prts tt ts rrs wou ot o vr t ro o-r ptto. Totr ts rsuts sust tt t typs o rrs wo pt v rt rtrsts tt ro tos tt o t pt. T sto o susts tt rrs wo pt o so us ty t o vr ro pt. Covrsy, t ss tt t rso r otto rrs o t pt s us ty wou ot t. T pt o ptto o proutvty or wt rrs s or puzz. Bot rrs wo ot pt wr prt to v owr vs o proutvty wt o ptto t wt ptto.

17 Wst t ss pus tt o-ptrs ot pt u to t ot prot to o so, t s rr to xp wy tos wo pt wou v ttr o ot o so. For t wt rop, w so opr ts rsuts to rr yss out Dv t. (2014), wr t ws ou tt ptto vour pt o ys or ot tos wo pt tos wo ot. T ost rt yss t prst ppr s sty or t trs o r-v ro vrs. T uso o t pot-v puts, or ouso vrs t t s tt t tst rsuts suprs t s o t rst rport. Sry, t sttuto spts o Pu S r out or ts ost rt stuy. As s sow, t wy w rrs ot orto s prtury portt rv t ptto so uso o ts tors ps r t yss urtr. Furtr vstto s rqur to sts wy t s tt o-ptrs ot t ro ptv vour or r otto. Sry, urst xty wy ptto s ot supror strty or rs wt proutvty rs to sts. T pt o ptto o oo surty: Estto o pts ssu sto o osrvs I orr to tst t roustss o t rsuts o t oous swt o, w ttpt rt to to out or t so to st to ptto. W us Propsty Sor Mt (PSM) to out or osrv sto ssus t sp. Ts to s s o t tt to ostrut v yss o t ts o v pror, w to opr roups wo t urt t pror wo v sr rtrsts. Ts s o y ut sor s o ow y prso ws to urt ptto v tr osrv rtrsts. Housos wt sr propsty sors ro ot pt o-pt roups r t opr to stt t pt o ptto o ys. Ts to o sto s o osrv rtrsts s so portt ts oprso wt t oous swt sto o uosrvs. Frsty, w o ot ry o t vty o sto struts to prt t ro o ptto o ys. Soy, w o t v to ry o t potty rstrtv struto ssupto o ot orty o t rrors ot prouto utos ptto qutos. Mt o propsty sors os, owvr, ur o y ssuptos out t tur o our o. Frsty, w ust ssu tt o w v otro or st o osrv ouso vrs, t sst o t ptto trtt vr s s oo s ro. Ts ows us to stt us rsuts o t trtt t s w v ssu tt sto ss r otro or y our st o otro vrs. Soy, w ust ssu tt tr xsts ovrp tw t rtrsts o t two trtt roups. Tt s, or osrv otro tr s postv proty o pt. I ts ssupto s ot u or so ts, w wou u to sut ts w to opr propsty sors. Try, t typ o vrs u s so ru to t stto o trtt ts s o PSM. Vrs ust strty prtr tt ty ot t y t trtt. Ts xus ur o portt vrs ssot wt t rutur prouto pross. Fr puts su s rtsr y sty t y wtr rrs oos to pt or ot. Tus, our sto o us oy prsoous st o prtr otro vrs.

18 Rsuts W strt y ru prot rrsso or wt, r otto wt ptto s t ry pt vr o our prtr st xptory vrs. W rport t stts o ts rrsso Appx 6. Atr ts rst st, w ut propsty sors or ptto s o t osrv ovrts. For ustrtv purposs, w so u pots sow t struto o propsty sors or ptrs (trt) o-ptrs (utrt) or rop t Appx 5. W osrv or o t rops tt r stt propsty sors r ssot wt t roup o tt pt. Ts pttr supports t wor ypotss tt tr xst st rs tw ptrs o-ptrs t sp. I t xt stp, w us t stt propsty sors to t sr pt o-pt rrs. W ur o o sos to prov t quty o t stts o t t o pto o ys. Frsty, w rop y osrvtos tt oo support ro t sp. Soy, w try two rt t orts: rst our t r wt t. Ts t tos r tt rst our t oprs vu t trt roup wt t vu t trt roup wo s t ost osy y propsty sor. I otrst, r wt sts roup o vus ro t utrt roup to t wt vu ro t trt roup t sss wts to t utrt osrvtos s o t osss o t t. Estts o t pt o ptto o rop ys ro t PSM xrs r sow ow. W rport tr stts : t Avr Trtt Et o Trt (ATT), Avr Trtt Et o Utrt (ATU), Avr Trtt Et (ATE). I orr to ot osstt stts or t str rrors o t trtt stts, w ootstrp t rrors ory. T rst t sows t stts or ptto s pt o wt ys. Hr w s stroy st pts o tos tt wr trt, t ATT. Tt s to sy tos ptrs ys r prt to r ur ptto t t o outrtu sro wr ty t pt. Ts otrsts to s t prvous sto tt sow sty tv pt o ptto o ys. For t ATU, wr w o outrtu sro o ptto or tos wo rty t pt, w s tt t pt o ptto s ot sty rt ro zro. Ts susts tt pto s ot proutv strty or t roup tt os ot to pt. Ts rs sustty ro t ro t oous swt rrsso tt s to sust tt o-ptrs wou os out osry y ot pt. T rsuts o PSM or t r rop sow sr pttr s t wt rop. Aptto ss to v postv pt or tos wo tuy pt s xprss t ATT. For ot t orts ts stt s y st postv sust tt ptto s proutv strty or ptrs. I otrst, or o-ptrs t ss tt ptto s prt to tvy t proutvty or to t stt o ATU ot y t r ort. For t pt o ptto o otto ys, w o ot tt ptto sty ts proutvty. Ts s otrst to sto o uosrvs yss w sust tt pts o pto or ptrs wr postv tv or o-ptrs.

19 T 6. Avr Trtt o t Trt Utrt: Wt Wt Aptrs No-Aptrs Dr Os ATT NN ** Kr *** ATU NN Kr ATE NN 0.08 Kr 0.11** *** = st t 1% v, ** = st t 5% v, *=st t 10% v T 7. Avr Trtt o t Trt Utrt: RI R Aptrs No-Aptrs Dr Os ATT NN *** Kr * ATU NN Kr ** ATE NN 0.31** Kr 0.24** *** = st t 1% v, ** = st t 5% v, *=st t 10% v T 8. Avr Trtt o t Trt Utrt: Cotto Cotto Aptrs No-Aptrs Dr Os ATT NN Kr ATU NN Kr ATE NN 0.07 Kr 0.03 *** = st t 1% v, ** = st t 5% v, *=st t 10% v

20 To tst t roustss o our stts, w so rport t prt s ruto v y t propsty sor routs. S T A5.1 Appx 5. W ty ot tt s ruto ws ost sussu or t rop wt t rst ur o osrvtos, wt. T s ruto rsuts so sow tt t r to o t ws ttr t v ts ruto opr wt rst our t. Dsusso o rsuts T rsuts or t propsty sor t xrs sust tt tr r s to ptto or sust o t sp. For wt r rowrs, w s tt ptrs r prt to o ttr y pt. Ts os ot s to t s or t o-ptrs wo, or to ts stts, wou ot. R rrs prtur r xpt to t tvy trs o proutvty. T s ro PSM or wt t prtos o t oous swt o ur o wys. Frsty, ot prt tt ross t or o-ptrs wou ot ro ptto. Soy, tr s to so st postv ts to ptto. For r rowrs prtur, tos wo pt s to v t.

21 3. Wt r t y trts o ptto to t? Gv tt ptto s potty sussu v proutvty s, t ovous qusto s, wt trs ptto pr s, so wt trs ptto strty. W urt two yss to vstt ts rsr qusto. T so to pt Frsty, w ys t trts o t so to pt. As suss, ptto s s wr o t s rport tt ptto strty s urt. I ts rspt Appx 6 rports t rsuts o prot rrsso o t ouso otr trts o t ptto so. A sury o ts rsuts s s oows: Aptto s or y or:. F ot ousos: E prt pot rs t proporto o wo t ouso rss t oo o ptto y 16 prt pots;. Housos wo v ttr quty : oo so rss t proty o pt y 7%;. Tos wo v ss to rrto so ss to portt: ousos wo us tuw tooy t tr spos r 11% or y to pt; v. Frs tt us xtso srvs v stro pr support twors Aptto s ss y :. A ouso s xpr rout: xpr o rout s stt to ru t proty o pt y 12%. Housos ry o or r v. Ts rus t proty o pt y 21%.. Tr s or rtosp tw prptto ptto. At ow vs o r, or r rus t oo o ptto, w t vs o r ptto os or y. Tr s or rtosp tw prptto ptto. At ow vs o r, or r rus t oo o ptto, w t vs o r ptto os or y. Ts s prt ss rrors s y DFo t. (2011). W ptto strty? Appx 7 sows t rsuts o uto ost rrsso o w t trts o ptto strty r vut. T ss o t ots t wtr xptory vr rss o rss t oo o oow prtur ptto strty opr to t s s o o ptto.

22 T rst t to ot s tt uto pys stro ro tr t opto o vrsto s ptto strty. Euto s so orrt wt r o pu ors o ptto. Fur 4 sows ow t prots o opt prtur ptto strty vry wt ouso uto. Stry, t oo o ot pt (r u ) s ry wt uto, w t oo o vrsy rss. T oo o us so osrvto so rss wt t uto v o t ouso, tou ts t s ot sttsty st. Fur 4. Euto t oo o opt rt ptto strts Houso Euto Lv No Aptto Crop Pttr So Cosrvto Io Dvrsto Crop T Iput C Wtr Cosrvto Pu Fur 5. Tprtur t oo o opt rt ptto strts Avr Au Tprtur (C) Crop T Iput C Wtr Cosrvto Pu Crop Pttr So Cosrvto Io Dvrsto

23 Fur 6. Prptto t oo o opt rt ptto strts Avr Au Prptto (CM/Mot) Crop T Iput C Wtr Cosrvto Pu Crop Pttr So Cosrvto Io Dvrsto Sr rsuts to ts o or t o t ouso, wt or ousos or y to t t o t rops (pt), ss y to tr rutur puts, tou t rtosp s or so or, possy or xpr ousos r or y to oos t put x. Furtror, t rtr vr o t ouso, t or y ty r to pt y vrsy to otr o-rutur tvts. Lsty, t rsuts t ppx ustrt tt tr s stro rtosp tw srropp so osrvto s ptto strty. Srropprs r or y to us su strty. Gr s so portt, wt proportoty or ousos or y to opt wtr osrvto. Wt rr to t t, Furs 5 6 ustrt t pt o tprtur prptto o ptto strts. Hr tprturs rs t oo o ost ptto strts yt r orrt wt ss r o pu ptto strts. R s or ut o ptto sos. Ntury r r rus t oo o us wtr osrvto s ptto strty, w rs vrsto to o-rutur tvts. T ttr s o-r rtosp. So osrvto t ropp pttr o ss y t vs o r so. Tr s u or wor t to o o ts t ut t yss ts r sows tt tr s vrty o ptto strts us tr r orp, t sttuto trts o opt ts strts.

24 4. Wt poy rotos w rw ro t swrs to t ov? W v ou tt t s y to osty to rutur Pst. W v ou tt ptto ort t pt o t p v oo surty r proutvty so rusts. Tr r st rs t suss o pto ross rt rops. Tus, t to out wr ptto s y to ost tv s o port to poy. W v so ou tt r st o tors tr t oo o ptto. Gr ss to quty r puts r prtury stro prtors o pto. Covrsy, xpr o rout s tv prtor o ptto sust tt t o-ru ts o xtr wtr y pt rrs t o-tr. A y o ts stuy s tt orto sours r o ru port to rrs prptos tos to vrt t pts o t. It pprs tt or xtso srvs r prtury portt wy o spr ptto ow. Sry, t ss tt rrs sr orto tw otr sust tt ss to pr twors s o port to rt to t. Ts stuy so s tt t ro o s o trt pt to t oo o pto. Ts s portt v t prv o Pst s rur ooy. Sry, ts so sts t stuy prt ro otrs o trts o t ptto tt r ot out ros tt o ot v su or w-vop twors. T tt v stroy tv t o ptto s ot uqu portt ro ts stuy. T poy rotos tt ow ro ts r s oows: 1) Wt t osts to rutur stt t 10% o vus, orts to o to wys to ort ts vrs pts; 2) Aptto s sow to v ts or tos wo v pt trs o ys or ost rops. Ts s proutvty oo surty. Trt pos to our pto s o y port. 3) It s portt o ts survy tt ss to orto srvs su s r sp t v s ru. Isttuto turs o t Pst rur ooy, y t xst ro o t rutur prouto s to stort t ow o orto tt rrs rv. Wtr rrs pt s tr y tr ss to urrt r orto or r ovtos t. Pos to prov t sttuto vrot wt w ptto ts p r to ro. Futur wor o ow sttuto turs, su s, t rrs vs s o port s swr v t v o t ot t t ro t survy. It s portt to ros tt rss ts ssus s y to v portt t vopt t or poor rrs. M rs r s portt vopt ssu s w s prt to o-ru ssus su s t.

25 Rrs Cvs, J Pu Svtor D Fo. Vu t Cotruto o Bovrsty to Eosyst Srvs: Ev Fro t Hs o Etop (2012). L Eoos 88 (1) Dv, A., Groo, B. & Gorst, A. (2014). T trts, pt ost tvss o t ptto t Ius Eoro: Mro Eootr Stuy, LUMS, WWF, LSE. Drt rport to IDRC, Apr D Fo Svtor & Mr Vros, "O Aptto to Ct C Rs Exposur t N Bs o Etop," IED Wor ppr 11-15, IED Isttut or Evrot Dsos, ETH Zur D Fo Svtor, Mr Vros & Mu Ysu, "Dos Aptto to Ct C Prov Foo Surty? A Mro-Prsptv ro Etop," Ar Jour o Arutur Eoos, Arutur App Eoos Assoto, vo. 93(3), ps Kuruusury, Prp Rort Mso (2008) Crop swt s strty or pt to t, Ar Jour o Arutur Rsour Eoos. Vo 2 No 1 Mr. HARI RAM LOHANO, LAURENCE E.D. SMITH, MIKE STOCKBRIDGE (1998) Copr t S Cotto Wt Mrt Cs S T Pst Dvopt Rvw 37 : 1 pp Mso, R. (1994) T pt o o wr o rutur: A Rr Ayss, Ar Eoo Rvw. Qurty, P Ury, C. A-Hss, S. Ss, H. (2012) Arutur rt ostrts: t ro o rt rt outos G. Wor ppr 12/0160. Itrto Growt Ctr. Loo. Rsu, G Ct Dt Mo Ayss o t Ius Eoro. Wor W Fu or Ntur Pst

26 Appx 1: Qustor Qustor No. T Dtrts, Ipt Cost Etvss o Ct C Aptto t Ius Eoro Mro Eootr Stuy HOUSEHOLD SURVEY (1,600 ousos) (Houso s s roup o pop v ur t s roo sr ut or oo)

27 Copt rss: v : Uo Cou: V GPS Co: HH GPS o N o Rspot wt Ftr's/Hus's N: Rvt Cos: NA: Not App A o t rspot: [ ][ ] DK: Do t Kow Nto Itto Nur (NIC) o t rspot Zro: O C Nur o t rspot (opto) Rtosp o t Rspot wt t H o Houso: [ ]

28 Rto wt o t ouso: 1. S; 6. Motr/Ftr; 2. W/us; 7. Brotr/sstr; 3. So/utr; 8. Otr rtvs; 4. So--w/utr--w; 9. Otr o-rtvs 5. Gr so/r utr; Dt o trvw: 1st vst / / Itrvwr's : Suprvsor's : C y :. (Cr's N & Stur) Et y :. (Etor's N & Stur)

29 SECTION A: HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS A1. Bs strutur voo sour A11. How y prsos usuy v ts ouso? (Exu usts tos urrty rs swr v or 2-3 ots o t yr) [ ][ ] T A12: Fy strutur, voo sour Prso Co Rto wt o y *1 Gr 1.M 2.F A (yrs) Euto sttus *2 Prp Ms o voo *3 Sory s o voo*3 Stt prry oupto s: 1.Outs v 2. I ur r Mrt Sttus*4 A121 A121 A121 A121 A121 A121 A121 A121 A121 A122 A122 A122 A122 A122 A122 A122 A122 A122 A123 A123 A123 A123 A123 A123 A123 A123 A123

30 A124 A124 A124 A124 A124 A124 A124 A124 A124 A125 A125 A125 A125 A125 A125 A125 A125 A125 A126 A126 A126 A126 A126 A126 A126 A126 A126 A127 A127 A127 A127 A127 A127 A127 A127 A127 A128 A128 A128 A128 A128 A128 A128 A128 A128 A129 A129 A129 A129 A129 A129 A129 A129 A129 A1210 A1210 A1210 A1210 A1210 A1210 A1210 A1210 A1210 A1211 A1211 A1211 A1211 A1211 A1211 A1211 A1211 A1211 A1212 A1212 A1212 A1212 A1212 A1212 A1212 A1212 A1212 A1213 A1213 A1213 A1213 A1213 A1213 A1213 A1213 A1213 A1214 A1214 A1214 A1214 A1214 A1214 A1214 A1214 A1214 A1215 A1215 A1215 A1215 A1215 A1215 A1215 A1215 A1215 *1 S [1]; W/us [2]; so/utr [3]; so/utr w [4]; Grso/utr [5]; Motr/tr [6]; Brotr/sstr [7]; otr rtvs [8]; otr o-rtvs [9] *2R & wrt [1]; prry [2]; [3]; Mtruto [4]; trt [5]; rut [6]; strs [7]; trt [8] *3Fr [1]; prvt poy (.. s usss/ sop) [2]; Govrt poy (.. tr, po)[3]; (y) w rr [4]; Fs [5]; Otr [6] *4Mrr [1]; S [2]; Dvor [3]; Wow/r [4]

31 Kr Pr 1 A131 A131 R Sso T A13: Tur Arrts: [ssos: Kr (My - Sptr); R (Ot - Apr)] Sp rt r s us s r Sz o t tot pr (rs) Dst ro to o (1-wy st ) Wt s t so typ o ts pr? Cutvt rop (. ow ) 2012? *1 Tot rs ur utvto? (rs) Tur Arr t *2 How y yrs v you otuous y us ts pot? Sr ropp Wt s t sr rr t? (I %) Ay otr pyt.. puts? (PKR/ yr) Au Rt p/ rv pot s s? (PKR) Wt s t t o t t y otr t (yrs)? Hs t ty or ts t st 5 yrs? *3 How r s t ro t or? ( y tts) (K) How ot os or vst rt pots? ( y tt or or wo rts out ) A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 p A1311 r A1311 t A1311v A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 p A1312 r A1312 t A1312v A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 p A1313 r A1313 t A1313v A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 p A1314 r A1314 t A1314v A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 A1311 o A1311 q A1311 s A1311 u A1311w A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 A1312 o A1312 q A1312 s A1312 u A1312w A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313 A1313w

32 Pr 3 A313 A133 R Kr Pr 2 A132 A132 R o q s u A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 A1314 o A1314 q A1314 s A1314 u A1314w A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 p A1321 r A1321 t A1321v A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 p A1322 r A1322 t A1322v A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 p A1323 r A1323 t A1323v A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 p A1324 r A1324 t A1324v A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 A1321 o A1321 q A1321 s A1321 u A1321w A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 A1322 o A1322 q A1322 s A1322 u A1322w A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 A1323 o A1323 q A1323 s A1323 u A1323w A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 A1324 o A1324 q A1323 s A1324 u A1324w A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 p A1331 r A1331 t A1331v A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 p A1332 r A1332 t A1332v A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 p A1333 r A1333 t A1333v

33 Kr A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 p A1334 r A1334 t A1334v A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 A1331 o A1331 q A1331 s A1331 u A1331w A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 A1332 o A1332 q A1332 s A1332 u A1332w A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 A1333 o A1333 q A1333 s A1333 u A1333w A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 A1334 o A1334 q A1334 s A1334 u A1334w *1: Wt - Sr (1); wt - Sq (2); wt - Fs 10 (3); wt - Pu 90 (4); wt Ls (5); wt Br (6); Kps(otto) - Nu 121 (7); Kps(otto) - Nu 3700 (8); Kps(otto) - CIM-142 (9); Kps(otto) - CIM-886 (10); Kps(otto) - AA-703 (11); Kps(otto) - AA-802; Cw (Py R) (3)Ko Lo (Bott Gour);(4)Tuor (R Guor);(5)B (E pt);(6)b (Ly Fr);(7) Hr Mr (Gr Cs);(8)Ttr (Totos);(9)Kr (Cuur);(10)Kr (Bttr Guor);(11)Gr (Mus Mo);(12)P (Ppr Btt);(13)K (P);(14); Nr (Coout);(15)Coo (Mu App);(17)G (Sur C);(18)Kps(otto), spy vrty ;(19)A(Mo);(20)Aoo (Potto);(21)Otr (Spy r ) *2:Ow utvt (1); ow rt to otrs (2); sr ropp (3); L rt (py x rt to or) (4); Us o rutury rt (5) Otr (spy) (6) *3:Rt xtr out (1); rt xtr (2); Go ro srrop to x rt (3); Fx rt to sr rop (4)purs. A14:I you wr to uy o your ow toy, wt s t xu you wou py or t? ( PKR) A14 : (Tot rs) A15: How ot r t tr o ty rvw? Evry yr (1); vry 2 yrs (2); vry 4 yrs (3); At srto o t or (4)

34 A16: Ar rts to r t you r us? Irt (1); Purs (2); Dst y to ovrt; (3) Dst y o ovrt (4) A17: S you v rr, v you vt ro y prvous? Ys/No A18: Hv you xpr otr rrs your v vt ro tr? Ot/Osoy/Nvr A19: Crop Co Wo s rop o? Cr s pproprt I st FARMER t prvous qusto, wt r t prry rsos or t rop os you? Rt 3 optos A191 Frr 1 Hst prot, rs 1 1-Most Iportt A191 A192 Lor 2 Lowr prot, owr rs 2 2-Most Iportt A192 A193 M 3 Pst xpr wt ts rops 3 3-Most Iportt A193 A194 Crt suppr 4 Ro y t or 4 A195 Otr (spy) 5 Ro y t 5 Prrr or o osupto 6 Low wtr us 7 Otr (spy ) 8 Sto B. Arutur prouts: Iputs, outputs, prs

35 Kr Pr 2 R Kr Pr 1 R Fr L Sso B1. Arutur prouts: outputs, prs Crop o s ov Pt Dt Hrvst t Prouto 2012 (Mus) Avr Prouto 2011 (Mus) Ho Cosupto (Mu) Qutty osu y Lvsto (Mu) Qutty stor (Mu) Hrvst ost u to pst/ t/ stor t. (Mu) Qutty So (Mu) Frr Pr (PKR/ Mu) Mrt Pr (PKR/ Mu) Govt. pr (PKR/ Mu) B111 B111 B111 B111 B111 B111 B111 B111p B111r B111t B111v B111x B111z B112 B112 B112 B112 B112 B112 B112 B112p B112r B112t B112v B112x B112z B113 B113 B113 B113 B113 B113 B113 B113p B113r B113t B113v B113x B113z B114 B114 B114 B114 B114 B114 B114 B114p B114r B114t B114v B114x B114z B111 B111 B111 B111 B111 B111 B111o B111q B111s B111u B111w B111y B111 B112 B112 B112 B112 B112 B112 B112o B112q B112s B112u B11w B112y B112 B113 B113 B113 B113 B113 B113 B113o B113q B113s B113u B113w B113y B113 B114 B114 B114 B114 B114 B114 B114o B114q B114s B114u B114w B114y B114 B121 B121 B121 B121 B121 B121 B121 B121p B121r B121t B121v B121x B121z B122 B122 B122 B122 B122 B122 B122 B122p B122r B122t B122v B122x B122z B123 B123 B123 B123 B123 B123 B123 B123p B123r B123t B123v B123x B123z B124 B124 B124 B124 B124 B124 B124 B124p B124r B123t B124v B124x B124z B121 B121 B121 B121 B121 B121 B121o B121q B121s B121u B121w B121y B121 B122 B122 B122 B122 B122 B122 B122o B122q B122s B122u B122w B122y B122

36 Kr Pr 3 R B123 B123 B123 B123 B123 B123 B123o B123q B123s B123u B123w B123y B123 B124 B124 B124 B124 B124 B124 B124o B124q B124s B124u B124w B124y B124 B131 B131 B131 B131 B131 B131 B131 B131p B131r B131t B131v B131x B131z B132 B132 B132 B132 B132 B132 B132 B132p B132r B132t B132v B132x B132z B133 B133 B133 B133 B133 B133 B133 B133p B133r B133t B133v B133x B133z B134 B134 B134 B134 B134 B134 B134 B134p B134r B134t B134v B134x B134z B131 B131 B131 B131 B131 B131 B131o B131q B131s B131u B131w B131y B131 B132 B132 B132 B132 B132 B132 B132o B132q B132s B132u B132w B132y B132 B133 B133 B133 B133 B133 B133 B133o B133q B133s B133u B133w B133y B133 B134 B134 B134 B134 B134 B134 B134o B134q B134s B134u B134w B134y B134 B12. For tot prouto (ou ), wt s t % upwr or owwr rvso? (%) (Cosr vr o pst 5 yrs ( )) B13. For rr pr (ou ), wt s t % upwr or owwr rvso? (%) (Cosr vr pst 5 yrs ( )) B14. For rt pr (ou ), wt s t % upwr or owwr rvso? (%) (Cosr vr pst 5 yrs ( )) B2: Arutur Iputs B21. How r s t to t rt wr you purs your puts? O wy st () B22. Wt o trsport o you osty us to r put ro t rt? (w, o us, prso v, rt v, oy/ rt);

37 Pr 2 R Kr Pr 1 R Fr Sso Etr Pot o s ov B22. O wy ost or vst (PKR) (Not to rr rvs vry o puts y t. Oy rvt rr tuy os to t rt to p up oos) B23: Frtzrs Ws/ Psts Ws/ Psts UREA D.A.P/ S.O.P Mur Qutt y (Ks) Tot Cost (PKR) Sour* Proport o p y t rr? Qutt y (Ks) Tot Cost (PKR) Sour* Proport o p y t rr? Qutt y (Ks) Tot Cost (PKR) Sour* Proport o p y t rr? Qutty (Ks) Tot Cost (PKR) Sour* Proporto p y t rr? p 1r 1 t 1 v 1 x 1 z p 2r 2 t 2 v 2 x 2 z p 3r 3 t 3 v 3 x 3 z p 4r 4 t 4 v 4 x 4 z o 1q 1s 1u 1w 1y o 2q 2s 2u 2w 2y o 3q 3s 3u 3w 3y o 4q 4s 4u 4w 4y p 1r 1t 1v 1x 1 z p 2r 2t 2v 2x 2 z

38 p 3r 3t 3v 3x 3 z p 4r 4t 4v 4x 4 z Kr o 1q 1s 1u 1w 1y o 2q 2s 2u 2w 2y o 3q 3s 3u 3w 3y o 4q 4s 4u 4w 4y Pr 3 R p 1r 1t 1v 1x 1 z p 2r 2t 2v 2x 2 z p 3r 3t 3v 3x 3 z p 4r 4t 4v 4x 4 z Kr o 1q 1s 1u 1w 1y o 2q 2s 2u 2w 2y o 3q 3s 3u 3w 3y o 4q 4s 4u 4w 4y

39 Pr 2 R Kr Pr 1 R *1: O s pyt ro rt/ o r (1); o rt ro rt/ o r (2); o s ro M (3); O rt ro M (4); r ro (5); r ro Lor (6); o rt ro owr (7); Govrt (8); NGO/rutur xtso (9); otr, ps. spy (10) B24: S Fr Sso Etr Pot o s ov Qutty(K) Tot Cost (PKR) Sour* Wt proporto s sr y t rr? S B2411 B2411 B2411 B2411 B2411 B2412 B2412 B2412 B2412 B2412 B2413 B2413 B2413 B2413 B2413 B2414 B2414 B2414 B2414 B2414 B2411 B2411 B2411 B2411 B2411 B2412 B2412 B2412 B2412 B2412 B2413 B2413 B2413 B2413 B2413 B2414 B2414 B2414 B2414 B2414 B2421 B2421 B2421 B2421 B2421 B2422 B2422 B2422 B2422 B2422 B2423 B2423 B2423 B2423 B2423 B2424 B2424 B2424 B2424 B2424

40 F r S Cr s o op o s ov Kr Pr 3 R Kr B2421 B2421 B2421 B2421 B2421 B2422 B2422 B2422 B2422 B2422 B2423 B2423 B2423 B2423 B2423 B2424 B2424 B2424 B2424 B2424 B2431 B2431 B2431 B2431 B2431 B2432 B2432 B2432 B2432 B2432 B2433 B2433 B2433 B2433 B2433 B2434 B2434 B2434 B2434 B2434 B2431 B2431 B2431 B2431 B2431 B2432 B2432 B2432 B2432 B2432 B2433 B2433 B2433 B2433 B2433 B2434 B2434 B2434 B2434 B2434 *1: O s pyt ro rt/ o r (1); o rt ro rt/ o r (2); o s ro M (3); O rt ro M (4); r ro (5); r ro Lor (6); o rt ro owr (7); Govrt (8); NGO/rutur xtso (9); otr, ps. spy (10) B25: Us o Wtr Wt s Tot No o How y wtr pptos? How y tuw pptos? I you us I st 2, 3 Wt s u W

41 Pr 3 R Kr Pr 2 R Kr Pr 1 R your sour o wtr?*1 wtr ppto pr ropp y? No o pptos Hours pr ppto No o pptos Hours pr ppto tuw, wo ows t? *1 or 4, wt ws t rt o t tuw pr ppto? (PKR) xps or t tuw pr ppto or ts rop? (PKR) to o you us to wtr your r? B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511p B2511r B2511t B2511v B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512p B2512r B2512t B2512v B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513p B2513r B2513t B2513v B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514p B2514r B2514t B2514v B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511 B2511o B2511q B2511s B2511u B2511w B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512 B2512o B2512q B2512s B2512u B2512w B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513 B2513o B2513q B2513s B2513u B2513w B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514 B2514o B2514q B2514s B2514u B2514w B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521p B2521r B2521t B2521v B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522p B2522r B2522t B2522v B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523p B2523r B2523t B2523v B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524p B2524r B2524t B2524v B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521 B2521o B2521q B2521s B2521u B2521w B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522 B2522o B2522q B2522s B2522u B2522w B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523 B2523o B2523q B2523s B2523u B2523w B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524 B2524o B2524q B2524s B2524u B2524w B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531p B2531r B2531t B2531v

42 Kr B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532p B2532r B2532t B2532v B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533p B2533r B2533t B2533v B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534p B2534r B2534t B2534v B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531 B2531o B2531q B2531s B2531u B2531w B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532 B2532o B2532q B2532s B2532u B2532w B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533 B2533o B2533q B2533s B2533u B2533w B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534 B2534o B2534q B2534s B2534u B2534w *1. C Irrto (1); R (2); Tuw (3); C Tuw(4); R Tuw (5); Otr (spy ) (6) *2.Prso (1); rt (2); orrow (3); or (4) *3. Drp Irrto (1); Foo rrto (2); Sprr rrto (3); Furrow rrto (4); otr (spy ) (4) B26: Dur w ot(s) you wtr srty t pst 12 ots? B71: Mry Exps Pr 1 Lt Us o qupt/ry (Etr rop o s ov) Equpt Pr 1 (T R Kr pproprt Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 o) Wo ows t qupt /? *1(I st 1, to tot qutty o qupt) I qupt s sr, wt % o osts os rr py? Wo r ts osts sr wt*2? Yr o Purs H Ho B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 B711 Vu t yr o Purs (PKR)

43 Ax B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 B712 Syt (Drt) B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 B713 R () B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 B714 Otr B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 B715 Drt powr Hvy Mry (Etr rt ost PKR) B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 B716 Rotor w B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 B717 Pou (Go) B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 B718 Lvr (D) B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 B719 Kr B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 B7110 Lor B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 B7111 Cutvtor B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 B7112 Rpr B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 B7113 Trsr B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 B7114 Trtor B7115 B7115 B7115 Grtor B7116 B7116 B7116 Tuw B7117 B7117 B7117 B7115 B7116 B7117 *1 & 2: Prso (1); or (r) (2), or rt (3), /trr r (4), rt (5) Rt ro rt (6) B7115 B7116 B7117 B7115 B7116 B7117 B7115 B7116 B7117 B7115 B7116 B7117 B7115 B7116 B7117 B7115 B7115 B7115 B7115 B7116 B7116 B7116 B7116 B7117 B7117 B7117 B7117

44 B72: Mry Exps Pr 2 Lt Us o qupt/ry (Etr rop o s ov) Equpt Pr 2 (T R Kr pproprt Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 o) Wo ows t qupt/? *1 I qupt s sr, wt % o osts os rr py? Wo r ts osts sr wt*2? Yr o Purs H Ho B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 B721 Ax B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 B722 Syt (Drt) B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 B723 R () B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 B724 Otr B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 B725 Hvy Mry (Etr rt ost PKR) Drt B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 B726 powr Rotor w B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 B727 Pou (Go) Lvr (D) B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B728 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 B729 Kr B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 B7210 Lor B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 B7211 Cutvtor B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 B7212 Rpr B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 B7213 Trsr B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 B7214 Trtor B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 B7215 Grtor B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 B7216 Tuw B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 B7217 *1 & 2: Prso (1); or (r) (2), or rt (3), /trr r (4), rt (5) Rt ro rt (6 Vu t yr o Purs (PKR)

45 B73: Mry Exps Pr 3 Lt Us o qupt/ry (Etr rop o s ov) Equpt Pr 3 (T R Kr pproprt Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 o) Wo ows t qupt/? *1 I qupt s sr, wt % o osts os rr py? Wo r ts osts sr wt*2? Yr o Purs H Ho B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 B731 Ax B732 B732 B732 B732 B732 B732 B732 B732 B731 B732 B732 B732 B732 Syt (Drt) B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 B733 R () B734 B734 B734 B734 B734 B734 B734 B734 B734 B7334 B734 B734 B734 Otr B735 B735 B735 B735 B735 B735 B735 B75 B735 B735 B735 B735 B735 Drt powr Hvy Mry (Etr rt ost PKR) B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 B736 Rotor w B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 B737 Pou (Go) B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 B738 Lvr B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 B739 (D) Kr B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 B7310 Lor B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 B7311 Cutvtor B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 B7312 Rpr B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 B7313 Trsr B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 B7314 Trtor B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 B7315 Grtor B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 B7316 Tuw B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 B7317 *1 & 2: Prso (1); or (r) (2), or rt (3), /trr r (4), rt (5) Rt ro rt (6) Vu t yr o Purs (PKR)

46 R Cro p 1 Sso C1: Lor Coposto Pr 1 Etr Crop Co Atvts L Prprto Houso or (ps tr prso o o ou) Hr Lor 1 y= 6-8 ours o wor opt y 1 vu 1 y= 6-8 ours o wor opt y 1 vu. M F C (<16) M F C (<16) No ys No Dys No Dys Dys Dys Dy w rt No Dys Dy w rt No Dys

47 Crop 4 Crop 3 Crop 2 Pt Wtr W/ psts Hrvst Post rvst L Prprto Pt Wtr W/ psts Hrvst Post rvst L Prprto Pt Wtr W/ psts Hrvst Post rvst L Prprto Pt

48 Crop 3 Crop 2 Kr Crop 1 wtr W/ psts Hrvst Post rvst L Prprto Pt Wtr 127 C W/ psts Hrvst Post rvst L Prprto Pt Wtr W/ psts 134 C Hrvst Post rvst L Prprto Pt Wtr W/ 140 C

49 Crop 1 R Sso Crop 4 psts Hrvst Post rvst L Prprto Pt C Wtr W/ psts 146 C Hrvst Post rvst C1: Lor Coposto Pr 2 Et r Crop Co Atvts L Prprto Houso or (ps tr prso o o ou) Hr Lor 1 y= 6-8 ours o wor opt y 1 vu 1 y= 6-8 ours o wor opt y 1 vu. M F C (<16) M F C (<16) No ys No Dys No Dys Dys Dys Dy w rt No Dys Dy w rt C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 C21 Pt C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 C22 No Dys Wtr C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23 C23

50 Crop 4 Crop 3 Crop 2 W/ psts C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 C24 Hrvst C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 C25 Post rvst L Prprto C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C26 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 C27 Pt C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 C28 Wtr C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 C29 W/ psts C10 C10 C10 C10 C10 C10 C10 C10 C10 C210 C10 C10 C10 C10 Hrvst C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 C11 Post rvst C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 C12 L C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 C13 Prprto Pt C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 C14 Wtr C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 C14 C15 C15 C15 C15 C15 W/ psts C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 C16 Hrvst C17 C17 C17 C17 C17 C17 C127 C17 C17 C17 C17 C17 C17 C17 Post rvst L Prprto Pt C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C18 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C19 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220 C220