ija 3 m Interakcije spojina makromolekula ska ke acevt Farm doc.dr. Marko Anderluh 11 oktober. 2011

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1 acevts ska kem mija 3 Farm Interakcije spojina makromolekula doc.dr. Marko Anderluh 11. oktober 2011

2 Interakcije spojina-makromolekula Vezavne regije Spojina Vezavne skupine Medmolekulske vezi Vezavno mesto Vezavno mesto Spojina Spojina Tarčna makromolekula Tarčna makromolekula Nevezana učinkovina Vezana učinkovina

3 Interakcije spojina-makromolekula Osnova farmakološkega učinka! Sproščanje energije vezavna entalpija + entropija G G = H-T SH T S Sprememba konformacije liganda (učinkovine) i za prileganje vezavnemu mestu Posledice? Induced fit sprememba konformacije vezavnega mesta makromolekule, celotna konformacijska sprememba Zasedanje aktivnega mesta encima

4 Interakcije spojina-makromolekula Termodinamika vezave U(činkovina) R(eceptor) Posledica: K d =10 nm, G =?

5 Interakcije spojina-makromolekula H -T S Kovalentne vezi Hidrofobne interakcije Ionske vezi Izgube rotacijskih, translacijskih prostostnih stopenj Dipolne interakcije interakcije kation interakcije H-vezi VdW interakcije

6 Interakcije spojina-makromolekula Ločimo po: energiji interakcije: močne, šibke interakcije po vrsti interakcije: kovalentene, ionske, H-vezi, hidrofobne itd. po trajanju interakcije: trajne in reverzibilne po specifičnosti

7 Interakcije spojina-makromolekula Moč interakcij Vrsta interakcije Energija Primer Kovalentna a vez cca 420 kj/mol A -B (cca 100 Kcal/mol) Ionska vez cca 20 kj/mol A B dipolarne vezi Vodikova vez cca 4,2 kj/mol Hidrofobni efekt /interakcija/ Van der Waals 0,1 0,2 kj/mol A kj/mol

8 Kovalentne vezi Močna vez ( G = 400 kj/mol) Ireverzibilna Neselektivna Tipična za: alkilirajoče citostatitke (iperiti)! toksičnost alkilantov kancerogenost metabolitov in ksenobiotikov

9 Energije nekaterih kovalentnih vezi v kj/mol C-H C-F C-N C-O C-C N-N N-H C-Cl C=N C=O C=C N=N O-H C-Br C N C CC S-H 347 C-I 213

10 Obstrukcija metabolizma O S O H 2 N O S O N N CF 3 CF 3 N N F SC H 3 C CELEKOKSIB t 1/2 = 211h t 1/2 = 8-12h SI (COX-2/COX-1) = >1000 SI (COX-2/COX-1) = 375

11 Ionske interakcije Najmočnejše medmolekulske vezi (20-40 kj/mol) Sferično simetrična usmerjenost ni pomembna! Moč vezi pada premosorazmerno z razdaljo: E~q i q j / r ij q ij i,j...naboja r i,j...razdalja med nabojema...diel. konstanta (voda=80, vakuum=1) Močnejše interakcije v vakuumu/hidrofobnem okolju Bistvene na začetku interakcij učinkovina-makromolekula Drug O O H 3 N Target Drug NH 3 O Target O

12 Ionske interakcije Skupine, ki omogočajo ionske interakcije ij (kisline, baze) Kationske skupine R + Anionske skupine R -

13 Dipol Dipol je posledica različne elektronske gostote v molekuli Parcialni dipoli v molekuli se seštevajo kot vektorji - + Parcialni dipoli v molekuli se Višja gostota Nižja gostota Cl Simbolni zapis dipola

14 Dipol Primer polarnosti: 1,2; 1,3 in 1,4 diklorbenzen Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

15 Dipolne interakcije Šibke interakcije Vektorski ki seštevek dipolov Moč odvisna od razdalje in usmeritve Obratnosorazmerne z razdaljo: Ion dipol (E r-2 ) Dipol dipol (E r-3) Ion induciran dipol (E r-4) Dipol induciran dipol (E r-5) Induciran dipol induciran dipol (E r-6)

16 Ion-dipol interakcije Med nabojem ene molekule in dipolom druge molekule Pomembna usmerjenost dipola! Moč pada s kvadratom razdalje: R E~z cos /Dr 2 z...naboj...dipolni l i moment r...razdalja med nabojem in dipolom D...diel. konstanta C O R O C O R C R O H 3 N Vezavno mesto Vezavno mesto

17 Primer interakcije ion-dipol Na + (H 2 O) približno 6 Cl - (H 2 O) približno 6

18 Dipol-dipol interakcije Med dvema dipoloma Dipola se pri vezavi orientirata v nasprotni smeri Orientacija molekule je ključnega pomena! Moč pada s 3 potenco razdalje: E~A 3 /Dr...dipolni moment r...razdalja razdalja med nabojem in dipolom D...diel. konstanta

19 Dipol-dipol interakcije O Dipolni moment R C R lokaloziran dipolni moment R C O R Vezavno mesto Vezavno mesto

20 Interakcije dipol/ion induciran dipol T.i. Induktivne interakcije - naboj ene molekule inducira dipol na drugi E~ z 2 /D 2 r 4 z...naboj...polarizabilnost r...razdalja med nabojem in dipolom D...diel. Konstanta

21 Vodikove vezi (H-vezi) Med z elektroni revnim vodikom (donor vodikove vezi) in z elektroni bogatim heteroatomom (akceptor vodikove vezi) Močno variirajo po moči: nevtralne 2-6 kj/mol, ionske do 20 kj/mol (povprečje 4,2 kj/mol) Interakcije temeljijo na prekrivanju orbital delni značaj kovalentne vezi! Optimalna interakcija: X-H vez kaže direktno na prost elektronski par Y, tako da je kot med X-H...Y 180 X H Y X H Y Hybridised orbital 1s orbital Donor Hybridised orbital Akceptor

22 2 - + Vodikova vez Kovalentna vez Vodikova vez: Privlak med razgaljenim protonom in elektronskim parom KISIKA Vodikova vez: -kratkosežna -šibka -aditivna -prostorsko usmerjena Življenska doba H-vezi je 1-20 ps

23 Vodikove vezi (H-vezi) Najmočnejši akceptor H-vezi?

24 Vpliv števila H vezi na vrelišče spojin Amini i z bruto formulo: C 3 H 9 N.... H 3 C N CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 N CH 3 CH 3 3 H.. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 N Vrelišče C 37 0 C 49 0 C H H Št. medsebojnih H vezi 0 1 2

25 Voda kot univerzalno topilo Elektrostatske vezi med vodnim dipolom in drugimi i dipoli. Tvorba ionske vezi z ioni. Tvorba vodikovih vezi s topljencem. Tvorba vodikovih vezi med vodnimi molekulami

26 Benzen in voda

27 KAJ JE VODA?

28 Lastnosti posamezne molekule vode Elektronska gostota molekule vode Prosta elektronska k para na kisiku

29 Molekula vode je dipol Elektronska gostota molekule vode Prosta elektronska k para na kisiku

30 DVE MOLEKULI VODE H vez

31 Primer povezanosti ene molekule vode s štirimi sosednjimi molekulami preko vodikovih vezi. Vodikova vez

32 H vez Energija: cca 23 kj/mol (1/5 kov. vezi) Usmerjena vez, ima 10% karakterja kovalentne vezi. Aditivna vez povezana z dipolnim i momentom vodne molekule. Večinski vzrok za nenavadne lastnosti vode.

33 Velika površinska napetost vode Tvorba vodikovih vezi na medfazni površini i je vzrok za tvorbo kože na površini.

34 Struktura ledu je posledica vodikovih vezi med vodnimi molekulami Led: 4 H-vezi med 1 molekulo vode in okolico Tekoča voda: povprečno 3,4 H vezi med molekule vode in okolico

35 Primerjava vrelišč hidridov ogljikove gj in kisikove vertikale* Voda je izjema Vrelišče Molska masa

36 Fazni prehodi, energija in struktura vode Voda E(H-vezi) = 18,9 kj/mol E(O-H) = 462 kj/mol Izparilne toplote: q(voda) = 40,82 kj/mol q(etanol) = 39,39 kj/mol q(benzen) = 30,78 kj/mol Energije pri faznih prehodih: q(izparilna: voda para) = 40,82 kj/mol q(talilna: a: led voda) = 6,04 kj/mol C (toplotna kapaciteta) = 0,07 kj/mol st Izračun za prehod: led v paro 6, x 0, ,82 = 53,86 kj/mol 53,86 : 18,9 = 2,88 ali cca 3 H vezi

37 Primer strukture tekoče vode Vodne molekule interagirajo med seboj: -z vodikovimi vezmi -z ionskimi vezmi, -z dipolarnimi interakcijami

38 Delne strukture tekoče vode Pentamer Biciklooktamer Triciklodekamer

39 Klaster tipa ikozahed aheder er Majhni klastri pri nižji temperaturi tvorijo večje klastre.

40 Idealiziran ikozahedralni klaster (H 2 O) 280 Struktura nizke gostote Kondenzirana struktura

41 = ps Klaster iz molekul vode T = 0 0 C V klastru je: molekul vode. T = C V klastru je: molekul vode.

42 Voda: Ravnotežna dinamična stru truktura Ekspandirana struktura Nižja gostota Počasnejša difuzija Višja viskoznost Zgoščena struktura Višja gostota Večji medsebojni vplivi Bolj reaktivna oblika

43 Vplivi ionov na klastre Ekspandrana struktura Zgoščena struktura Nižja gostota Višja gostota Počasnejša difuzija Večji medsebojni vpliv Višja viskoznost Bolj reaktivna oblika Kaotropni ioni Kozmotropni ioni Cs + > Rb + > K + kationi Ca 2+ > Li + > Na + ClO 4- >H 4- >Cl - 2 PO anioni SO 2-4, HPO 2-4 Leu, Ileu, Lys, Arg Am. kisline Asp, Glu Šibko hidratirani i ionii z Močnoč hidratirani i ionii z difuzno gostoto naboja. visoko gostoto naboja. Stabilizian an centralni n dodekahedron

44 Desolvatacijske izgube H Interakcije v vodnem mediju! Polarne regije proteina in učinkovine so solvatirane! Desolvatacija je nujna in prinaša E izgube Izguba zaradi desolvatacije<entalpija vezave O H O H H H O O O C H C R R H R R O H O H O O H C R R H O Vezavno mesto Vezavno mesto Vezavno mesto Desolvatacija - izguba Vezava porast E!

45 Vodikove vezi (H-vezi)

46 Kation- interakcije Med kationom in kvadrupolnim momentom elektronskega oblaka aromatov po jakosti primerljive H-vezi Aromat kvadrupol?

47 Kation- interakcije Jakost nekaterih kation- interakcij

48 Kation- interakcije Jakost nekaterih kation- interakcij

49 - interakcije Interakcije med aromatskimi obroči Neke vrste vodikove vezi med protoni enega aromata in - elektronskim oblakom drugega Oblika? DNA?! Interkalatorji

50 Van der Waalsove interakcije = Londonove disperzijske sile En trenuten dipol inducira nastanek drugega dipola, privlak je posledica interakcije trenutnih dipolov. Polarizabilnost je zmožnost deformacije elektronskega oblaka molekule Disperzijske interakcijske sile naraščajo z molsko maso. Disperzijske sile so univerzalne, odvisne so od oblike molekule, so sorazmerne kontaktni površini

51 Van der Waalsove interakcije

52 Van der Waalsove interakcije Šibke interakcije (2-4 kjmol-1) Med hidrofobnimi regijami učinkovine in makromolekule med nepolarnimi molekulami! Začasne regije z visokimi/nizkimi elektronskimi gostotami + - Hidrofobne regije Začasni dipol van der Waalsova interakcija + - Učinkovina - + Vezavno mesto

53 Van der Waalsove interakcije Moč vezi pada izjemno hitro z razdaljo - Lennard-Jonesov potencial E ~ E odboj - E privlak Pada z r 12 Pada z r 6 Učinkovina v bližini vezavnega mesta! Celoten doprinos k vezavi učinkovine ponavadi razmeroma velik

54 Plinska faza Tekoča faza Šibke privlačne sile med molekulami

55 Vpliv na vrelišče

56 Hidrofobne interakcije Posredne interakcije, prisotne samo v vodi. Posledica vodikovih vezi med vodnimi molekulami in entropijskih efektov Sorazmerne velikosti nepolarne površine Kratkosežne in usmerjevalne

57 Hidrofobne interakcije Hidrofobne regije makromolekule in tarče niso solvatirane Molekule vode interagirajo med seboj in tvorijo organizirane plasti okoli teh regij-negativna entropija! Interakcije med hidrofobnimi regijami učinkovine in makromolekule sprostijo organizirano vodo Rezultat je povečanje entropije pj in porast celokupne vezavne E E~ 0,1-0,2 kj/molå 2

58 Hidrofobne interakcije Entropija povzroči nastanek komleksnejših struktur v vodi Urejanje vodnih molekul ob nepolarni površini pomeni zmanjpševanje entropije micel

59 Definicije Hidrofobni efekt: nizka topnost ogljikovodikov in drugih nepolarnih molekul l v vodi in njihova povečana tendenca po združevanju. Hidrofobne interakcije: so posredne in vodijo do združevanja nepolarnih molekul v vodi.

60

61 Opis vezave učinkovina-receptor Sterična komplementarnost (+/-) Desolvatacija (-) Izguba translacijskih in rotacijskih p.s.(-) H vezave, H H-vezi med mol. vode (+) Inducirano prileganje Bioaktivna konformacija?!

62 Dikofenak / COX-2

63

64

65 Nekaj vprašanj 2Fbin%2F %2F

66 Literatura predavanj Farmacevts ska kem mija 3 G. L. Patrick: An introduction to medicinal chemistry, Oxford University press, 3nd ed., 2005: 2 poglavje

ija 3 m Kislost-bazi - čnost Hammettove konstante ska ke acevt Farm Izr. prof. dr Izr. prof. dr. Marko Anderluh. Marko Anderluh 23 oktober.

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