CHAPTER 8 BONDING: GENERAL CONCEPTS

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1 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Advanced Chemistry Approximate Timeline Students are expected to keep up with class work when absent. CHAPTER 8 BONDING: GENERAL CONCEPTS Day Plans for the day Assignment(s) for the day 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds Assignment 8.0 o Ionic Bonds Read section(s) 8.10 o Covalent Bonds 8.2 Electronegativity o Definition o Trends & Reasons Polarity & Dipole Moments o Polar Bonds o Nonpolar Bonds 8.4 Ions o Electron Configurations o Sizes Lewis Structures o Octet Rule o Shapes o Bond Angles o Polarity of Molecules 8.11 Exceptions to the octet rule o Shapes o Bond Angles o Polarity of Molecules 8.10 Lewis Structures o Summarizing the Basic Shapes 8.12 Resonance 8.13 Formal Charge problem Assignment(s): o Homework: o Read sections: 9.1 Hybrid Orbitals o Relate basic shapes in VSEPR theory to specific hybrid orbitals Assignment 8.1 Read section(s) 8.11 Assignment 8.2 Assignment 8.3 Read section(s) Assignment 8.4 Read section(s) Work on Assignment Assignment 8.5 Grade & discuss assignments 8 Review for Chapters 8 & 9 Test 9 Chapter 8 & 9 Test Read section(s) 10.1

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3 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Study Guides Chapter 8 & 9 Quizzes Advanced Chemistry Quiz Types of Chemical Bonds & Size of Ions 1. Describe what happens when an ionic bond is formed between two atoms. 2. Describe what happens when a covalent bond is formed between two atoms. 8.2 Electronegativity 3. Define the term electronegativity. 4. Describe the periodic trend in electronegativity moving: a. from left to right across a row b. from top to bottom down a group 8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 5. Know what it means to say a bond is polar. 6. Label chemical bonds as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent 8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes 7. Which is larger, the sodium atom or the sodium ion? Explain. 8. Which is larger, the fluorine atom or the fluoride ion? Explain. Quiz 8.10 Lewis Structures 9. Draw Lewis structures for molecules that obey the octet rule. 10. Use the Lewis structure to: a. predict the shape of the molecule b. predict the molecular polarity of the molecule c. predict bond angles within the molecule Quiz 8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 11. Draw Lewis structures for molecules that obey the octet rule. 12. Use the Lewis structure to: a. predict the shape of the molecule b. predict the molecular polarity of the molecule c. predict bond angles within the molecule Quiz 8.12 Resonance 13. Draw resonance forms for molecules and ions. 14. Calculate the formal charge of each atom in a molecule or ion.

4 Quiz 8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 9.1 Hybrid Orbitals 15. Give the arrangements of electrons pairs around at atom and the hybridization of the central atom Number of Electron Pairs Arrangement of Electron Pairs Hybridization of Central Atom

5 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Study Guide Chapters 8 & 9 Test Advanced Chemistry At the completion of chapter 8 you should 1. Know the definitions of the following terms. a. Ionic Bond b. Bond Energy c. Covalent Bond d. Nonpolar Covalent Bond e. Polar Covalent Bond f. Electronegativity g. Dipole Moment h. Octet i. Formal Charge j. VSEPR Theory 2. Predict whether a bond between two atoms will be ionic, nonpolar covalent, or polar covalent. 3. Know and explain the periodic trends for electronegativity. 4. Understand what is meant by dipole moment. 5. Know and explain the difference in size between an ion and its parent atom. 6. Be able to draw Lewis Structures a. molecules that obey the octet rule b. molecules that do not obey the octet rule c. resonance forms 7. Use the VSEPR theory to predict the shape of a molecule, bond angles within the molecule, and the polarity of a molecule. 8. Understand how double and triple bonds are treated in the VSEPR theory.

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7 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Assignment 8.0 Vocabulary Define each of the following terms. 1. Ionic Bond 2. Bond Energy 3. Covalent Bond 4. Nonpolar Covalent Bond 5. Polar Covalent Bond 6. Electronegativity 7. Dipole Moment 8. Octet 9. Formal Charge 10. VSEPR Theory

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9 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Assignment 8.1 Chemical Bonds & Electronegativity 1) Without using Figure 8.3, predict the order of increasing electronegativity in each of the following groups of elements. A) Na, K, Rb B) B, O, Ga C) F, Cl, Br D) S, O, F 2) Without using Figure 8.3, predict which bond in each of the following groups will be the most polar. A) C H, Si H, Sn H B) Al Br, Ga Br, In Br, Tl Br C) C O or Si O D) O F or O Cl 3) Indicate the bond polarity (show the partial positive and partial negative ends) in the following bonds. A) C O B) P H C) H Cl D) Br Te E) Se S

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11 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Assignment 8.2 Ions & Ionic Compounds 1) Write electron configurations for A) Mg 2+ B) K + C) Al 3+ D) N 3- E) O 2- F) F - G) Te 2-2) For each of the following groups, place the atoms and/or ions in order of decreasing size. A) V, V 2+, V 3+, V 5+ B) Na +, K +, Rb +, Cs + C) Te 2-, I -, Cs +, Ba 2+ D) P, P -, P 2-, P 3- E) O 2-, S 2-, Se 2-, Te 2-

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13 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Assignment 8.3 Lewis Structures & Resonance 1) Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following molecules and ions. (In each case the first atom listed is the central atom.) A) POCl 3 B) SO 4 2- C) XeO 4 D) PO 4 3- E) ClO 4 - F) NF 3 G) SO 3 2-

14 H) PO 3 3- I) ClO 3-2) SF 6, ClF 5, and XeF 4 are three compounds whose central atoms do not obey the octet rule. Draw Lewis structures for these compounds. 3) Some of the important pollutants in the atmosphere are ozone (O 3 ), sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide. Write Lewis structures for these three molecules. Show all resonance structures where applicable.

15 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Assignment 8.4 Formal Charge 1) Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for the following species. Assign the formal charge for each central atom. A) POCl 3 B) SO 4 2- C) ClO 4 - D) PO 4 3- E) SO 2 Cl 2 F) XeO 4 G) ClO 3 - H) NO 4 3-

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17 Advanced Chemistry Name Hour Assignment 8.5 Molecular Structure & Polarity 1) Predict the molecular structure (the shape), bond angles, and polarity for each molecule below. Also give the hybridization of the central atom. (You will need to draw the Lewis Structure first. All Lewis Structures will obey the octet rule.) A) POCl 3 B) XeO 4 C) NF 3 D) SeO 3 E) H 2 CS F) SeO 2

18 2) Predict the molecular structure (the shape), bond angles, and polarity for each molecule below. Also give the hybridization of the central atom. (You will need to draw the Lewis Structure first. None of the Lewis Structures will obey the octet rule.) A) PCl 5 B) ICl 3 C) XeCl 2 D) SeCl 6 E) ICl 5 F) XeCl 4