Chapter 2 - Water 9/8/2014. Water exists as a H-bonded network with an average of 4 H-bonds per molecule in ice and 3.4 in liquid. 104.
|
|
- Ferdinand Francis
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 2 - Water Water exists as a -bonded network with an average of 4 -bonds per molecule in ice and 3.4 in liquid o -bond: An electrostatic attraction between polarized molecules containing -, N-, or F-. -bonds are strongest when linear i.e. the two heavy atoms and the shared are in a line. -bonding is a Weak Interaction compared to covalent bonding kj / mol. C N 712 kj / mol 20 kj / mol 389 kj / mol 1
2 Electrostatic Interactions: Attraction between oppositely charged ions or repulsion between similarly charged ions - up to 200 kj / mol. Some important -bond donors and acceptors in cells: C N N P Breaking -bonds requires the addition of enthalpy. For ice Melting = +6 kj/mol So why does water melt so easily at 25 o C? Because the liquid is more disordered than the solid and T S melt > melt. In fact, at 25 o C: T S melt = 6.6 kj/mol melt = 6.0 kj/mol and G melt = melt T S melt = 0.6 kj/mol So melting is an entropy-driven processes. 2
3 Biomolecules interact with water by: 1. -bonding. Ser 2. Electrostatic interactions: i. When NaCl dissolves in 2, enthalpy is required to break Na + Cl - ionic bonds. + ii. Enthalpy is also required to disrupt bonding of 2. + iii. Enthalpy is released when new water ion interactions form. This is called solvation. Na + - Cl iv. The net enthalpy change is small and slightly positive. v. Solid NaCl is highly ordered. NaCl in solution is highly disordered. So the large entropy increase favours dissolution. 3
4 G = T S T S >> and G < 0 3. van der Waals Interactions: A short range very weak attraction ~ 4 kj / mol. Non-polar e atoms form a liquid at 4K due to an induced dipole attraction Temporary Dipoles Non-polar hydrocarbons interact with each other by van der Waals interactions. C 3 C 2 C 3 C 3 C 2 C 3 4
5 What happens when a non-polar hydrocarbon dissolves in water? 1. ydrocarbon vdw interactions are broken Water -bonds are broken New water bonds are formed in an organized cage around the hydrocarbon. This optimizes the vdw interactions between the hydrocarbon and water, and optimizes the bonding among the water molecules. C 3 C 2 C 3 The entropy of water is reduced, disfavouring dissolution of hydrocarbons in water. S This is called the ydrophobic Effect. Amphipathic molecules contain both polar and non-polar groups. E.g. detergents, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Their lowest free energy states have hydrophobic groups clustered together away from the water, raising the water S. They help organize detergent micelles, membranes, proteins, and DNA. 5
6 A detergent: Sodium dodecylsulphate: Na + Ō S C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 3 It forms a micelle in which the hydrocarbons interact with each other via vdw to form a hydrophobic core and the hydrophilic groups associate with water. 6
7 ther interactions can occur with the ionized forms of water K eq = [ + ] [ - ] = 1.8 x o C [ 2 ] [ 2 ] = 55.5 M (moles / L) So (K eq x 55.5) = [ + ][ - ] = M 2 = Kw Knowing two, you can solve for the third. A convenient way to express [ + ] is p. p = log 10 [ + ] In pure water: [ + ] = 10-7 Molar So log 10 [10-7 ] = ( 7) = 7 = p p = log 10 [ - ] In pure water [ - ] = 10-7 Molar log 10 [10-7 ] = ( 7) = 7 = p When p = p we say water is neutral 7
8 p can range from 0 to 14. Below p 7 water is acidic gastric juice is p 1. Above p 7 it is basic - egg white is p 8. Strong Acids Cl is a strong acid. Cl + + Cl M 0.1 M M The acid dissociates completely and the p ~ 1. Strong Bases Na is a strong base. Na Na M 1 M + 1 M Complete dissociation gives p ~ 0 p ~ 14. Remember 10 0 = 1 Most biological acids and bases are weak. i.e. they undergo incomplete dissociation. C C Weak Acid Conjugate Base A weak acid is a donor of protons. 8
9 + N N Weak base Conjugate Acid A weak base is an acceptor of protons. Biochemists choose to express all weak acids and bases as weak acids, so: + N 3 N Weak Acid Conjugate Base In general, A A K eq = [ + ] [A - ] = K a [A] A A K a is the acid dissociation constant. pk a = log 10 [K a ] The weakest acids have the largest pk a s. The pk a of acetic acid is 4.76, the pk a of ammonia is
10 ften, biochemical reactions release + or -. ow do cells deal with this? With Buffers. Titration Curves indicate the p values of different mixtures of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The mixtures are produced by adding different amounts of a strong acid or strong base to the mixture. The p of a 0.1 M solution of C 3 C is about 1.8. Addition of 10 ml of 0.1 M Na to 100 ml of 0.1 M C 3 C raises the p to 3.7. What happened? 10 ml of 0.1 M Na contains moles = 1 millimole of moles = x 1000ml 10ml x=10ml 0.1moles = 0.001moles 1000ml 100 ml of 0.1 M C 3 C contains 10 millimoles of acid. So we added 1 millimole or 0.1 equivalent of - = 10% of the acid present. Some of the added - reacted with + to yield 2. The Law of Mass Action (AKA LeChatelier s Principle) then caused the A to ionize to release more protons. This continued until all the added - was neutralized. A A
11 So [A] has decreased, [A - ] increased, [ + ] decreased, [ - ] increased, and p increased. The added - (a strong base) will neutralize an equal # of moles of A (a weak acid). Similarly, a strong acid will neutralize an equal # of moles of conjugate base (A - ). When 50 ml of Na have been added, 5 millimoles of - have been added, neutralizing half of the A. The acid is half neutralized and so half dissociated [A] = [A - ] i.e. [Weak Acid] = [Conjugate Base] Remember, K a = [+ ][A ] [A] [ + ]= K a[a] [A ] So when [A] = [A - ], [ + ] = K a and p = pk a Near the end of the curve, when there is no more A to ionize, the p will rise sharply. The same graph could have been produced by adding Cl (a strong acid) to a solution of sodium acetate, the conjugate base of acetic acid (a weak base). Features of titration curves. 1. At the ends of the curves small additions of acid and base result in large changes in p. 11
12 2. In the middle, small additions of strong acid or base cause small changes in p. The region where p = pk a is called the buffering region. A Buffer is a mixture of WA and CB that resists changes in p when small additions of strong acid or base are added. ow does it work? Near the pk a [WA] ~ [CB]. The WA can neutralize added -, and the CB can neutralize added +. Cells require buffers because high concentrations of + and - can break covalent bonds. The main buffer system found in cells is : 2 P P P P 4 - The pk a of 2 P 4 - is
13 We can re-write [ + ]= K a [A] [A ] in terms of p and pk a p =pk a log 10 { [A] [A ] } r p =pk a + log 10 { [A ] [A] } Using this enderson-asselbach Equation we can calculate the p of a WA-CB pair if we know their ratio and the pk a. WA-CB pairs buffer well as long as: 1 10 < [CB] [WA] < 10 1 p =pk a + log 10 { [1] [10] }=pk a 1.0 p =pk a + log 10 { [10] [1] }=pk a +1.0 For acetic acid the range is: 3.76 to Example Calculation: What is the p of a 20 ml solution of 0.1 M Tris base (RN 2 ) after addition of 10 ml of 0.1 M Cl? The pk a = 8.1 First we calculate that we have 2 mmoles of Tris base and 1 mmole of Cl. 13
14 The reaction will be: 2RN Cl 1RN 2 + 1RN 3 + 1Cl - The above means that 1 mmole of strong acid has neutralized 1 mmole of conjugate base giving 1 mmole of WA and 1 mmole of CB. From : So p = = 8.1 1mmol / 30ml p = 8.1+Log{ 1mmol / 30ml } 14
H O H. Chapter 3: Outline-2. Chapter 3: Outline-1
Chapter 3: utline-1 Molecular Nature of Water Noncovalent Bonding Ionic interactions van der Waals Forces Thermal Properties of Water Solvent Properties of Water ydrogen Bonds ydrophilic, hydrophobic,
More information16 years ago TODAY (9/11) at 8:46, the first tower was hit at 9:03, the second tower was hit. Lecture 2 (9/11/17)
16 years ago TODAY (9/11) at 8:46, the first tower was hit at 9:03, the second tower was hit By Anthony Quintano - https://www.flickr.com/photos/quintanomedia/15071865580, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38538291
More informationWater, water everywhere,; not a drop to drink. Consumption resulting from how environment inhabited Deforestation disrupts water cycle
Chapter 3 Water: The Matrix of Life Overview n n n Water, water everywhere,; not a drop to drink Only 3% of world s water is fresh How has this happened Consumption resulting from how environment inhabited
More information2. WATER : THE SOLVENT FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
2. WATER : THE SOLVENT FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS 2.1 Water and Polarity Both geometry and properties of molecule determine polarity Electronegativity - The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself
More informationChapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions SUMMARY Section 2.1 Water is a polar molecule, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charges on the hydrogens. There are
More informationFull file at Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions SUMMARY Section 2.1 Summary Water is a polar molecule, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charges on the hydrogens.
More informationWater: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions 11 SUMMARY Section 2.1 Section 2.2 Section 2.3 Section 2.4 Water is a polar molecule, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive
More informationLec.1 Chemistry Of Water
Lec.1 Chemistry Of Water Biochemistry & Medicine Biochemistry can be defined as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry can be described as the science concerned with the chemical
More informationWhat determines whether a substance will be a solid, liquid, or gas? Thursday, April 24, 14
What determines whether a substance will be a solid, liquid, or gas? Answer: The attractive forces that exists between its particles. Answer: The attractive forces that exists between its particles. For
More informationChapter-2 (Page 22-37) Physical and Chemical Properties of Water
Chapter-2 (Page 22-37) Physical and Chemical Properties of Water Introduction About 70% of the mass of the human body is water. Water is central to biochemistry for the following reasons: 1- Biological
More informationChapter 02 The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
Chapter 02 The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water Multiple Choice Questions 1. The atomic number of an atom is A. the number of protons in the atom. B. the number of neutrons in the
More informationRama Abbady. Zina Smadi. Diala Abu-Hassan
1 Rama Abbady Zina Smadi Diala Abu-Hassan (00:00) (10:00) Types of Molecules in the Cell 1. Water Molecules: a large portion of the cell mass is water (70% of total cell mass). 2. Organic molecules (carbon
More information1) Here we review the various types of interactions that can take place between and among molecules.
Chem 431A-L02-W'05 page 1 of 6 Chem 431A-L02-W'05 Summary of lecture topics discussed in lecture 2-3: 1) Here we review the various types of interactions that can take place between and among molecules.
More informationProperties of Aqueous Solutions
Properties of Aqueous Solutions Definitions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in smaller amount is called the solute. The substance present in larger
More informationWater, ph and pka. Lecture 2: Margaret A. Daugherty. Fall Water: What makes it so good for life? Solvent properties.
Lecture 2: Water, ph and pka Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2004 Water: What makes it so good for life? Structure ice vs. water or more technically solid vs. liquid Solvent properties High heat capacity High
More informationChapter 1. Topic: Overview of basic principles
Chapter 1 Topic: Overview of basic principles Four major themes of biochemistry I. What are living organism made from? II. How do organism acquire and use energy? III. How does an organism maintain its
More informationWater. 2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Sy stems Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases 58
Home http://www.macmillanhighered.com/launchpad/lehninger6e... 1 of 1 1/6/2016 3:07 PM 2 Printed Page 47 Water 2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Sy stems 47 2.2 Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak
More informationWater and solutions. Prof. Ramune Morkuniene, Biochemistry Dept., LUHS
Water and solutions Prof. Ramune Morkuniene, Biochemistry Dept., LUHS Characteristics of water molecule Hydrophylic, hydrophobic and amphipatic compounds Types of real solutions Electrolytes and non- electrolytes
More informationThe Biochemistry of Water
The Biochemistry of Water The Biochemistry of Water 2.3 Water, ph, and Buffers Water is the solvent of life All organisms are composed primarily of water, such that most eukaryotic organisms are about
More informationAP Chemistry Big Idea Review
Name: AP Chemistry Big Idea Review Background The AP Chemistry curriculum is based on 6 Big Ideas and many Learning Objectives associated with each Big Idea. This review will cover all of the Big Ideas
More informationBCH 4053 Spring 2001 Chapter 2 Lecture Notes
BCH 4053 Spring 001 Chapter Lecture Notes 1 Chapter Water, ph and Ionic Equilibria Physical Properties of Water High boiling point High melting point High heat of vaporization High heat of fusion 3 Physical
More informationAtoms. Smallest particles that retain properties of an element. Made up of subatomic particles: Protons (+) Electrons (-) Neutrons (no charge)
Basic Chemistry Atoms Smallest particles that retain properties of an element Made up of subatomic particles: Protons (+) Electrons (-) Neutrons (no charge) Examples of Atoms electron proton neutron Hydrogen
More informationBiophysics II. Hydrophobic Bio-molecules. Key points to be covered. Molecular Interactions in Bio-molecular Structures - van der Waals Interaction
Biophysics II Key points to be covered By A/Prof. Xiang Yang Liu Biophysics & Micro/nanostructures Lab Department of Physics, NUS 1. van der Waals Interaction 2. Hydrogen bond 3. Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic
More informationIntroduction into Biochemistry. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Lecture 1
Introduction into Biochemistry Dr. Mamoun Ahram Lecture 1 Course information Recommended textbooks Biochemistry; Mary K. Campbell and Shawn O. Farrell, Brooks Cole; 7 th edition Instructors Dr. Mamoun
More informationWater - HW. PSI Chemistry
Water - HW PSI Chemistry Name 1) In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic
More informationChapters 11 and 12: Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids
1 Chapters 11 and 12: Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids 11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids The state of matter (Gas, liquid or solid) at a particular temperature and pressure depends
More informationSUPPLEMENTAL HOMEWORK SOLUTIONS WEEK 8
SUPPLEMETAL MEWRK SLUTIS WEEK 8 Assignment for Tuesday, March 7 th 7.36 a) + + b) + + c) 6 14 4 + 6 14 4 + + d) 6 5 3 7 + 6 5 7 + Be sure to write the correct charges for the products. 7.4 a) l + l + b)
More informationChap 10 Part 4Ta.notebook December 08, 2017
Chapter 10 Section 1 Intermolecular Forces the forces between molecules or between ions and molecules in the liquid or solid state Stronger Intermolecular forces cause higher melting points and boiling
More informationAqueous solutions. Solubility of different compounds in water
Aqueous solutions Solubility of different compounds in water The dissolution of molecules into water (in any solvent actually) causes a volume change of the solution; the size of this volume change is
More informationACIDS, BASES & ACID/BASE EQUILIBRIA
Chapter 5 ACIDS, BASES & ACID/BASE EQUILIBRIA ill, Petrucci, McCreary & Perry 4 th Ed. ACIDS & BASES The Arrhenius Definition: In Water: Acid Substance which increases the concentration of ydrogen Ion,
More informationSaba Al Fayoumi. Tamer Barakat. Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan
1 Saba Al Fayoumi Tamer Barakat Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan What is BIOCHEMISTRY??? Biochemistry = understanding life Chemical reactions are what makes an organism (An organism is simply atoms
More informationChapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment As far as we know, life depends on water. Chemical and physical properties of water determine many of the features and processes that are fundamental
More informationChemistry 6/15/2015. Outline. Why study chemistry? Chemistry is the basis for studying much of biology.
Chemistry Biology 105 Lecture 2 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 20-29) Outline Why study chemistry??? Elements Atoms Periodic Table Electrons Bonding Bonds Covalent bonds Polarity Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonding
More informationWater. Water participates in H-bonding with biomolecules.
Water Most biochemical reactions occur in an aqueous environment. Water is highly polar because of its bent geometry. Water is highly cohesive because of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Water participates
More informationThermodynamics. Gibbs Free Energy 9/15/2009. Entropy Laws. 1 st law finite amount of energy in the universe
Thermodynamics 1 st law finite amount of energy in the universe Many forms of energy are possible. 2 nd law Entropy always increases for spontaneous reactions. Couple your reactions an entropy lowering
More information1 A. That the reaction is endothermic when proceeding in the left to right direction as written.
1 Q. If Δ r H is positive, what can you say about the reaction? 1 A. That the reaction is endothermic when proceeding in the left to right direction as written. 2 Q If Δ r H is negative, what can you say
More informationName Chemistry Pre-AP. Notes: Solutions
Name Chemistry Pre-AP Notes: Solutions Period I. Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) A. Attractions Between Molecules Attractions between molecules are called and are very important in determining the properties
More informationChemistry 8/27/2013. Outline. Why study chemistry? Chemistry is the basis for studying much of biology.
Chemistry Biology 105 Lecture 2 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 20-29) Outline Why study chemistry??? Elements Atoms Isotopes Periodic Table Electrons Bonding Bonds Covalent bonds Polarity Ionic bonds ydrogen
More information1.8 Thermodynamics. N Goalby chemrevise.org. Definitions of enthalpy changes
1.8 Thermodynamics Definitions of enthalpy changes Enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound is the energy transferred when 1 mole of the compound is formed from
More informationChemical Equilibrium. Many reactions are, i.e. they can occur in either direction. A + B AB or AB A + B
Chemical Equilibrium Many reactions are, i.e. they can occur in either direction. A + B AB or AB A + B The point reached in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction (product formation,
More informationWater. Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD Lecture 2 MD summer Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan
Water, DDS, PhD Dr.abuhassand@gmail.com Lecture 2 MD summer 2014 1 Lecture Content Importance of water in biological systems Noncovalent interactions Water structure Water properties Water as a solvent
More informationH 2 O WHAT PROPERTIES OF WATER MAKE IT ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF EARTH? Good solvent High Surface tension Low vapor pressure High boiling point
Unit 9: Solutions H 2 O WHAT PROPERTIES OF WATER MAKE IT ESSENTIAL TO LIFE OF EARTH? Good solvent High Surface tension Low vapor pressure High boiling point Water is a polar molecule. It experiences hydrogen
More informationBiochemistry I Fall 2015 Exam 1 Dr. Stone Name
Biochemistry I Fall 2015 Exam 1 Dr. Stone Name Ka for acetic acid = 1.74 x 10-5 Ka for formic acid, CH 2 O 2 = 1.78 x 10-4 Ka for lactic acid, C 3 H 6 O 3 = 1.41 x 10-4 Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] ph = pka + log
More informationAgua. Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras
Agua Steven E. Massey, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Biology University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Office & Lab: Bioinformatics Lab NCN343B 787-764-0000 ext. 7798 stevenemassey@gmail.com Why
More informationAbdullah Zreqat. Laith Abu Shekha. Mamoun Ahram
2 Abdullah Zreqat Laith Abu Shekha Mamoun Ahram In this sheet we will talk about carbon, water, acid and bases. Carbon: Carbon is the only element that can form so many different compounds because each
More informationChemical and Physical Properties of Organic Molecules
Chemical and Physical Properties of Organic Molecules I.Elements A. Chemical symbols: C H O P S N C=carbon, H=hydrogen, O=oxygen, P=phosphorus, S=sulfur, N=nitrogen B. Top 3 Earth s surface = O, Si, Al
More informationStudyHub: AP Chemistry
StudyHub+ 1 StudyHub: AP Chemistry Solution Composition and Energies, Boiling Point, Freezing Point, and Vapor Pressure StudyHub+ 2 Solution Composition: Mole Fraction: Formula: Mole Fraction of Component
More informationK w. Acids and bases 8/24/2009. Acids and Bases 9 / 03 / Ionization of water. Proton Jumping Large proton and hydroxide mobility
Chapter 2 Water Acids and Bases 9 / 03 / 2009 1. How is the molecular structure of water related to physical and chemical behavior? 2. What is a Hydrogen Bond? 3Wh 3. What are Acids Aid and db Bases? 4.
More information1) Which of the following represents the breaking of a noncovalent interaction? Topic: The Nature of Noncovalent Interactions
Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following represents the breaking of a noncovalent interaction? A) hydrolysis of an ester B) dissolving of salt crystals C) ionization of water D) decomposition
More informationChemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium Many reactions are reversible, i.e. they can occur in either direction. A + B AB or AB A + B The point reached in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction (product
More informationA Gentle Introduction to (or Review of ) Fundamentals of Chemistry and Organic Chemistry
Wright State University CORE Scholar Computer Science and Engineering Faculty Publications Computer Science and Engineering 2003 A Gentle Introduction to (or Review of ) Fundamentals of Chemistry and Organic
More informationChapter 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry
Chapter 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent - the water molecule is bent with and H-O-H angles of approx. 105 º - O-H bonds are covalent - O is slightly
More informationWe have considered how Coulombic attractions and repulsions help to organize electrons in atoms and ions.
CHEM 2060 Lecture 10: Electrostatics L10-1 Electrostatics of Atoms & Molecules We have considered how Coulombic attractions and repulsions help to organize electrons in atoms and ions. We now look at Coulombic
More informationStep 1: Solute particles must separate from each other. Since energy must be absorbed to overcome the forces of attraction between solute particles,
Step 1: Solute particles must separate from each other. Since energy must be absorbed to overcome the forces of attraction between solute particles, this process is endothermic. Step 2: Solvent particles
More informationIntermolecular Forces I
I How does the arrangement of atoms differ in the 3 phases of matter (solid, liquid, gas)? Why doesn t ice just evaporate into a gas? Why does liquid water exist at all? There must be some force between
More information1014NSC Fundamentals of Biochemistry Semester Summary
1014NSC Fundamentals of Biochemistry Semester Summary Griffith University, Nathan Campus Semester 1, 2014 Topics include: - Water & ph - Protein Diversity - Nucleic Acids - DNA Replication - Transcription
More informationThe Common Ion Effect
Chapter 17 ACID BASE EQUILIBRIA (Part I) Dr. Al Saadi 1 17.1 The Common Ion Effect A phenomenon known as the common ion effect states that: When a compound containing an ion in common with an already dissolved
More informationCHAPTER 2. Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions APTER 2 2.1 Water and Polarity Water is the principal component of most cells. The geometry of the water molecule and its properties as a solvent play major
More informationWeak acids are only partially ionized in aqueous solution: mixture of ions and un-ionized acid in solution.
16.6 Weak Acids Weak acids are only partially ionized in aqueous solution: mixture of ions and un-ionized acid in solution. Therefore, weak acids are in equilibrium: HA(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3 O + (aq) + A
More informationCH302 Spring 2009 Practice Exam 1 (a fairly easy exam to test basic concepts)
CH302 Spring 2009 Practice Exam 1 (a fairly easy exam to test basic concepts) 1) Complete the following statement: We can expect vapor pressure when the molecules of a liquid are held together by intermolecular
More informationAmino acids have the general structure: All amino acids have at least two acidic protons. One is the proton
Worksheet rganic Acids and Bases II Amino Acids Acids are proton donors in aqueous solutions: A + 2 3 + + A - acid base conjugate conjugate base acid The strength of an acid is measured by the [ 3 + ]
More informationThe ph of aqueous salt solutions
The ph of aqueous salt solutions Sometimes (most times), the salt of an acid-base neutralization reaction can influence the acid/base properties of water. NaCl dissolved in water: ph = 7 NaC 2 H 3 O 2
More informationStrong Acids and Bases C020
Strong Acids and Bases C020 Strong Acids and Bases 1 Before discussing acids and bases examine the concept of chemical equilibrium At reaction is at equilibrium when it is proceeding forward and backwards
More informationProperties of Solutions. Review
Properties of Solutions Review Matter Pure substance Mixture of substances compound element homogeneous heterogeneous Solution Definitions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
More informationUnit 10: Part 1: Polarity and Intermolecular Forces
Unit 10: Part 1: Polarity and Intermolecular Forces Name: Block: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction and Phase Changes Intramolecular Bonding: attractive forces that occur between atoms WITHIN a molecule;
More informationFrom Gen. Chem.: 1. WHAT is an ACID? 2. WHAT is a BASE?
Expt. 1: Biological Buffers Goals: 1. Learn how to use the Henderson-Hasselbach (H-H) eqn. 2. Learn how to prepare buffers. 3. Learn something about physical properties of biological buffers which are
More informationCHEMpossible. Final Exam Review
CHEMpossible Final Exam Review 1. Given the following pair of reactions and their equilibrium constants: 2NO 2 (g) 2NO (g) + O 2 (g) K c = 15.5 2NO (g) + Cl 2 (g) 2 NOCl (g) K c = 3.20 10-3 Calculate a
More informationThe change in free energy on transferring an ion from a medium of low dielectric constantε1 to one of high dielectric constant ε2:
The Born Energy of an Ion The free energy density of an electric field E arising from a charge is ½(ε 0 ε E 2 ) per unit volume Integrating the energy density of an ion over all of space = Born energy:
More informationmay contain one or more neutrons
Biology 115 Fall 2001 Campos/Saupe Atoms and Molecules I. Introduction - living things are composed of the same chemical elements as the nonliving world and obey the same physical and chemical laws - living
More information5.2 Energy. N Goalby chemrevise.org Lattice Enthalpy. Definitions of enthalpy changes
5.2 Energy 5.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy Definitions of enthalpy changes Enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound is the energy transferred when 1 mole of the compound
More informationChapter 10. Acids, Bases, and Salts
Chapter 10 Acids, Bases, and Salts Topics we ll be looking at in this chapter Arrhenius theory of acids and bases Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory Mono-, di- and tri-protic acids Strengths of acids and
More informationWhat Are Atoms? Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules & Life
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules & Life What Are Atoms? An atom are the smallest unit of matter. Atoms are composed of Electrons = negatively charged particles. Neutrons = particles with no charge (neutral).
More informationChemistry 12 Unit 2: Dynamic Equilibrium. KEY Unit 2 Problem Set A KEY
Chemistry 12 Unit 2: Dynamic Equilibrium KEY Unit 2 Problem Set A KEY 1. Water is boiling in a kettle at 100 C. Is the system at equilibrium? Explain. No. The system is not closed. 2. Ice and water are
More informationThe living world has a hierarchy of organizational levels - from molecules to ecosystems
The living world has a hierarchy of organizational levels - from molecules to ecosystems In order to understand the whole, biologists study the parts (reductionism) With each level, new properties EMERGE
More informationDefinition of Matter. Subatomic particles 8/20/2012
Interplay of Biology and Chemistry Here is a link to the video these beetles are fairly common locally an amazing adaptation, and a good example of chemistry and physics in biology. Also look for creationist-evolutionist
More informationLife s Chemical Basis
Life s Chemical Basis Life s Chemical Basis Ø Atoms and Elements Ø Why Electrons Matter Ø Atomic Bonds Ø Water molecule properties Ø Hydrogen Power (ph) Matter & Elements Ø Matter is anything that occupies
More informationWater and the Fitness of the Environment
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin
More informationSodium, Na. Gallium, Ga CHEMISTRY Topic #2: The Chemical Alphabet Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 9.2 to 9.7.
Sodium, Na Gallium, Ga CHEMISTRY 1000 Topic #2: The Chemical Alphabet Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises 9.2 to 9.7 Forms of Carbon Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter The kinetic-molecular theory
More informationLast week, we discussed the Brønsted Lowry concept of acids and bases. According to this model:
Last week, we discussed the Brønsted Lowry concept of acids and bases This model is not limited to aqueous solutions; it can be extended to reactions in the gas phase! According to this model: Acids are
More informationg. Looking at the equation, one can conclude that H 2 O has accepted a proton from HONH 3 HONH 3
Chapter 14 Acids and Bases I. Bronsted Lowry Acids and Bases a. According to Brønsted- Lowry, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Therefore, in an acid- base reaction, a proton (H
More informationDIFFERENT TYPES OF INTEMOLECULAR FORCES INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTEMOLECULAR FORCES Do all the exercises in your studyguide COMPARISON OF THE THREE PHASES OF MATTER. Matter is anything that occupy space and has mass. There are three states of matter:
More informationChapter 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces
Chapter 11 Liquids and Intermolecular Forces States of Matter The three states of matter are 1) Solid Definite shape Definite volume 2) Liquid Indefinite shape Definite volume 3) Gas Indefinite shape Indefinite
More informationChapter 6 Chemistry of Water; Chemistry in Water
Chapter 6 Chemistry of Water; Chemistry in Water Water is one of the most remarkable and important of all chemical species. We, and all living things, are mostly water about 80% of our brain; 65% of our
More informationWelcome to Biology 160! Welcome to Biology 160! Welcome to Biology 160! The Molecules of Life. Draw Biology. We re Made of Atoms?!
Welcome to Biology 160! Today s Agenda: 1. Introductions 2. Syllabus and Course Website 3. Getting to Know You! 4. Group Discussions 5. Chemistry for Biologists? Welcome to Biology 160! Syllabus and Course
More informationLife s Chemical Basis. Chapter 2
Life s Chemical Basis Chapter 2 Why are we studying chemistry? Chemistry is the foundation of biology Atoms Determine the behavior of elements make up all living things Building blocks of all substances
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CP Chem Review 2 Matching Match each item with the correct statement below. a. activated complex d. activation energy b. reaction rate e. free energy c. inhibitor 1. the minimum energy colliding particles
More informationName: Score: /100. Part I. Multiple choice. Write the letter of the correct answer for each problem. 3 points each
Name: Score: /100 Part I. Multiple choice. Write the letter of the correct answer for each problem. 3 points each 1. Which of the following contains the greatest number of moles of O? A) 2.3 mol H 2 O
More informationChapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body
Chapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body 1. In an atom, the number of Student: A. Protons always equals the number of neutrons B. Of protons always equals the number of electrons C. Of neutrons always
More information`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø
`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø Element pure substance only one kind of atom Ø Living things
More information10/16/17 ACIDS AND BASES, DEFINED WATER IS AMPHOTERIC OUTLINE. 9.1 Properties of Acids and Bases. 9.2 ph. 9.3 Buffers
ACIDS AND BASES, DEFINED A hydrogen atom contains a proton and an electron, thus a hydrogen ion (H + ) is a proton: Acids: Proton (H + ) transfer between molecules is the basis of acid/base chemistry Ø
More informationIntermolecular Force of Attraction
Note Packet # 11 Intermolecular Force of Attraction I Love Chemistry An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules. Remember! Molecules are groups of atoms that are covalently
More informationCHEMISTRY REVIEW FOR AP BIOLOGY Answer Key
CHEMISTRY REVIEW FOR AP BIOLOGY Answer Key Complete the following and be knowledgeable of the concepts on the first day of school. A. KINETICS = involves factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
More informationEquations. M = n/v. M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 if the moles are the same n 1 n 2 you can cancel out the n s. ph = -log [H + ] poh = -log [OH - ] ph + poh = 14
Equations M = n/v M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 if the moles are the same n 1 n 2 you can cancel out the n s. ph = -log [H + ] poh = -log [OH - ] ph + poh = 14 [H 3 O + ] = 10^-pH [OH - ] = 10^-pOH [H 3 O + ] [OH
More informationFor the following intermolecular forces:
Lecturenotes 1 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Lecturenotes 2 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Lecturenotes 3 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Lecturenotes 4 unit6_review_exercise_2017.odt Answers: 1. Ionic
More informationCh. 17 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria: Buffers and Titrations
Ch. 17 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria: Buffers and Titrations Sec 1 The Common-Ion Effect: The dissociation of a weak electrolyte decreases when a strong electrolyte that has an ion in common with
More informationAcids and Bases. Feb 28 4:40 PM
Acids and Bases H O s O Cl H O O H H N H Na O H H Feb 28 4:40 PM Properties of Acids 1. Taste sour 2. Conduct electrical current 3. Liberate H 2 gas when reacted with a metal. 4. Cause certain dyes to
More informationMolarity, ph, and Buffers
Molarity, ph, and Buffers BTEC 1015 A bit of chemistry review ELEMENT - a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions ATOM - the smallest unit of matter that still retains
More informationCHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Water, the common solvent Solution is a homogeneous mixture Solvent is the substance that does the dissolving Solute is the substance that
More informationGrace King High School Chemistry Test Review
CHAPTER 19 Acids, Bases & Salts 1. ACIDS Grace King High School Chemistry Test Review UNITS 7 SOLUTIONS &ACIDS & BASES Arrhenius definition of Acid: Contain Hydrogen and produce Hydrogen ion (aka proton),
More informationA) sublimation. B) liquefaction. C) evaporation. D) condensation. E) freezing. 11. Below is a phase diagram for a substance.
PX0411-1112 1. Which of the following statements concerning liquids is incorrect? A) The volume of a liquid changes very little with pressure. B) Liquids are relatively incompressible. C) Liquid molecules
More information