PARCS Team. Jet Propulsion Laboratory NIST. Harvard-Smithsonian. University of Colorado. Politecnico di Torino. Steve Jefferts
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1 PARCS Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space
2 PARCS Team Jet Propulsion Laboratory Bill Klipstein Eric Burt John Dick Dave Seidel JPL engineers (lots) Lute Maleki Rob Thompson Sien Wu Larry Young Harvard-Smithsonian Ed Mattison Bob Vessot Politecnico di Torino Andrea DeMarchi NIST Steve Jefferts Tom Heavner Liz Donnelly Don Sullivan Leo Hollberg Tom Parker Bill Phillips Hugh Robinson Steve Rolston Fred Walls University of Colorado Neil Ashby
3 GPS Clock Comparisons: MISSION GOALS Relativistic Frequency Shift Gravitational Frequency Shift x35 x1 Local Position Invariance Test x10 Realization of the Second 1x Local Position Invariance Cs H Studies of the Global Positioning System A With a Cavity Oscillator: - Local Position Invariance - Kennedy-Thorndike Experiment - Michelson-Morley Experiment Frequency Shift
4 Frequency Shift Measurement Accumulated Phase Observable: 1 1 c dt A B B B t t A G A A B r 1 1 v t t B B A D t t A D c c dt A r v Grav Non B B t t A D dt c a r 1 Limitation: Ground Clock uncertainty of 5 x Expected Results: 1.7 ppm Requirements: position uncertainty of 1 m velocity uncertainty of 10 m/s non-gravitational acceleration of 130 x 10-9 g
5 PARCS Configuration H-MASER ELECTRONICS FRGF H-MASER PARCS ADAPTOR PLATE FRAM PIU MICROWAVE SYNTHESIZER RUCTURE DC/DC VERTER LOB GPS ANTENNA & ELECTRONICS CPP THERMAL MANIFOLD CPU CPP DETECTION ELECTRONICS BULKHEAD THERMAL ZONES LOS ELECTRONICS
6 PARCS as a JEM-EF Payload PARCS as a Truss Attached Payload
7 SAO Maser
8 Cesium-Clock Concept
9 Cesium Clock Physics Package
10 Atom-Beam Shutter Shutters are used inside the vacuum system to shield the atoms in the clock region from laser light. esign Goals include: High reliability (1 year operation at 3 Hz) Fast (< 3 ms time from 100% closed to 90% open) Non-magnetic (< 1- µg stray field at 1cm) Ultra-high vacuum compatible (<10 1 atm) Relatively large aperture (> 1 cm) Cannot disturb microgravity environment. Light tight Prototype of high-performance nonmagnetic shutter. Device is built using commercial PZT actuators and nonmagnetic materials
11 Laser and Optics System
12 Frequency vs. Phase Modulation Advantages: Insensitive to Acceleration, Reduced Dead Time, and System Is Always On Resonance f 0 (Cs)
13 Independent phase control of cavities f const 1 Shorter attack times (clearing time is for second cavity only)
14 Vibration Sensitivity Frequency Modulation: y FM ( f ) 11 m -1 x( f ) 10 Accelerations at harmonics of the modulation frequency alias in to DC Phase Modulation: y PM ( f ) 16 m -1 x( f ) 10 Dramatic reduction in sensitivity to vibrations
15 Systematic Frequency Shifts Major Systematic Effects for PARCS are: Zeeman Effect For 1% field stability, f/f < Cavity Phase Effects For a titanium cavity and T < 0.1 K, f/f < 5x10-17 Spin Exchange Shift For a Ramsey Time of.5 s, f/f < 4 x Blackbody Shift For a T and temperature uncertainty < 0.1 K, f/f ~ 3 x 10-17
16 Spin-Exchange Shift with Phase Modulation
17 Time-Transfer & Clock Stability 1e-13 Time Transfer vs. Clock Stability Allan Varience 1e-14 1e-15 1e-16 Clock - 5x10-14 / 1/ Time-Transfer ps long term stability Time-Transfer - 50 pseconds PARCS Accuracy Limit 1e-17 1e+3 1e+4 1e+5 1e+6 1e+7 Averaging Time - seconds
18 The Next Generation Atomic Clocks Optical? Calcium Standard Chris Oates Anne Curtis Frequency Chain Scott Diddams Tanya Ramond Albrecht Bartels(Aachen) Thomas Udem (MPQ) Eugene Ivanov (UWA) Isabell Thomann Mercury Standard Jim Bergquist Sebastian Bize Bob Drullinger Wayne Itano Rob Rafac Brent Young Dave Wineland Special Thanks to: Fred Walls, Tom Parker (NIST) John Hall, Jun Ye, Steve Cundiff (JILA) Robert Windeler (Lucent Technologies)
19 Cold atom Optical Clocks The fractional frequency instability: (Allan deviation) y Noise v 1 Tcycle 1 Q( Signal) v N C T cycle = time to measure both sides of atomic vresonance Q = line quality factor C = fringe contrast Q 0 v = averaging time N atom = # of atoms detected in T cycle 0 atoms Eg. What should be possible w/ Calcium transitions? = 657 nm, 456 THz clock transition = 400 Hz C = 30 % 0 = 456 x Hz N A =10 7 y = 3x10-16 in 1 ms! T cycle = T Ramsey Other optical w/ 1Hz wide line y () = 3x / y () = 1x /?
20 Oscillator Stability Quantum Limited Instability () Allan Deviation -- Instability Ca Cs Ca H-maser Hg + ( ) ~ f f o N 1 1 day 1 month Averaging Time (s)
21 657 nm probe laser system 657 nm ECDL Master Slave # Servo AOM EOM Fs-laser system Slave #1 AOM Detector AOM Cavity = 9 khz
22 Quenched narrow line laser cooling - First demonstrated with trapped ions (Diedrich et al.) - Use 657 nm pulses to pump atoms towards zero velocity - Use 55 nm quenching light to pump atoms to ground state Excitation Probability hk hk Velocity (cm/s) 1 S 0 (4s5s) 1.03 m 1 P 1 (4s4p) 43 nm 1 S 0 (4s ) 55 nm quenching 3 P nm velocity selection
23 1-D Quenched narrow-line cooling - Results Normalized Fluorescence (arb. units) T = 4 K v rms = 3 cm/s Velocity (cm/s)
24 Fluorescence (V) rd Stage, Single Frequency Cooling 5 ms blue cooling/trapping 5 ms red/green cooling/trapping 3rd stage single frequency cooling x 5 cycles 15 us pulses x 8 cycles 5 us pulses (no final green repump) HWHM = 15.7 khz (Lorentzian fit of narrow feature) v rms = 1.0 cm/s (~/3 of a recoil) T = 50 nk 60 % of the atoms in narrow peak
25 Borde-Ramsey Fringes after 4ms Red/Green Trap 40 Percent Atoms Excited khz Resolution single 100 s sweep
26 Optical Bordé-Ramsey fringes - natural linewidth Demodulated Fringe Amplitude (V) seconds data acquisition Relative Probe Frequency (Hz)
27 Single Hg + Ion Optical Standard P 1/ F=1 F=0 199 Hg + Observe fluorescence ( = 194 nm) S 1/ D 5/ F = 1 F = 0 clock f o 1.06x10 15 Hz F=3 F= Clock Transition (=8 nm) T probe = 0 ms ~ 6.5 Hz T probe = 10 ms
28 Hg+ Optical Frequency Standard J.Bergquist S. Bize U. Tanaka B. Young R. Rafac W. Itano R. Drullinger D. Wineland Stability about 5x10-15 / 1/ Projected uncertainty 10-18?
29 Comparison of High Stability Optical Frequency Standards: Using fs optical frequency comb 180 m Optical Frequency Standard #1 (Mercury) Optical Fiber Optical Frequency Comb (~1 million colors ) Optical Frequency Standard # (Calcium) High Stability Reception
30 Allan Deviation Hg - Ca optical beat ' Hgbeat1.Allan' ' Hgbeat1.Allan' ' Hgbeat1.Allan' 6 x Averaging Time (s) ' Hgbeat1' (forward) mean: x ' Hgbeat1' (backward) mean: ' Hgbeat1' (backward) mean: Hz (Hg AOM shifted by 7 Hz: Corrected ) x
31 Albrecht Bartels, Tanya Ramond, Scott Diddams f(offset) Self referenced (f-3f) fs comb without microstructure fiber Locked to diode laser locked to Ca reference cavity Offset of f0 from 100 MHz (mhz) Offset of f beat from 600 MHz (Hz) x10 3 Time (s) Phase-locked f(beat at 456 THz) x10 3 Time (s) 14 Hrs continuously locked! ffset of repetition rate from Hz (Hz) Ca Optical cavity converted to 1 GHz vs Maser x10 3
32 Ca absolute frequency measurements- comparisons Measured Frequency - NIST Value (Hz) PTB harmonic chain PTB fs-laser CCDM NIST fs-laser Jul 94 Dec 95 Apr 97 Sep 98 Jan 00 Jun 01 Date
33 f Hg (Hz) Hg+ Optical Frequency Measurement Preliminary Weighted Average of all Data: (1.0) Linear Fit: -0.5 ± 1. Hz/year Original Measurement [PRL 86, 4996 (001)] (.5) Hz Bergquist, Bize, Diddams MJD
34 All - Optical Clock Self-Referencing of Comb Offset f o Femtosecond Laser + Microstructure Fiber I(f) f f b f m Optical Frequency Standard (f A ) f r Clock Output f r f A /m Counter
35 00 Difference in 1 GHz output between Optical Clocks (1 s Gate Time) Difference Beat (Hz) Time (s) Allan Deviation Instability of 1 GHz Output of Optical Clock x / in seconds
36 Residuals ,98,685 Ca Cavity vs. Hg+ 118,98,680 Effective Ca - Hg Beat (Hz) 118,98, ,98, ,98, ,98, ,98, ,98, Time (1s per point) Allan Deviation x10 3 x Averaging Time (s)
37 Comparison of Hg + and Ca Cs clock Allan Deviation Fiber Noise Averaging Time (s)
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